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Volcanoes, 2002.
A study on the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of eruptions and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. It also studies the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. It concludes with a discussion on recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat.
From the Paper
"Volcanoes are mountains that are created by an accumulation of materials that erupt through vents. Most volcanoes are beneath the sea but the volcanoes that most people are aware of are above sea level. The Smithsonian Institution reports that there are 1511 active above-sea volcanoes during the past 10,000 years. Five hundred and thirty-nine of these have erupted at least once during recorded history. An average fifty-five above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year; about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new.(?Volcano?) The purpose of this discussion is to examine why eruptions occur and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. We will also explore the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. Finally we will discuss recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat."
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Global Warming, 2002.
An examination of human impact on the Earth's climate.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The growing population of humans on Earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. This paper looks at some of the scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth?s temperatures are rising. The paper shows how greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment. Today global warming is one of the most discussed and debated environmental concerns. Global warming concerns every life form on earth, and can cause major ecological disruptions. The paper discusses how the ozone layer forms and breaks up continuously and how there are several pollutants that can cause ozone to breakup more rapidly than it does naturally. It shows how the most drastic changes in the ozone layer are visible over the Antarctic continent, where a hole in the ozone has formed.
From the Paper
"Planet Earth is able to support life with the help of trapped radiation from the sun. Known as the greenhouse effect, radiation is absorbed by the Earth?s surface warming the oceans and land. Varying season to season, the sun heats the Earth creating sustainable temperatures for life. This sustainability has developed an overabundance of life, and helped human population soar. The growing population of humans on earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. There is much scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth?s temperatures are rising. Greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment."
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Weather Patterns and Storms, 2002.
This paper discusses weather patterns with an emphasis on storms.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the different weather patterns focusing on storms. The paper deals with small-scale weather patterns, the causes of storms and the nine different types of storms. The paper concludes with a discussion on predicting storms.
From the Paper
"The primary weather producers in the middle latitudes are large centers of low pressure that generally move from west to east, called middle-latitude cyclones. Middle-latitude cyclones begin along a front where air masses are moving in opposite directions. The frontal surface usually takes on a wave shape, which becomes more defined as the cyclone matures, and a cold and a warm front evolve."
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Volcanoes, 2002.
An insight into volcanoes - what they are, what lava is and how they erupt.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomena of the volcano. It describes the constituent elements of lava and the different kinds of lava that exist. It analyzes how the lava is ejected from the volcano and the effect it has on the surrounding environment.
From the Paper
"The makeup of magma determines how it moves, and magma with less than 55 percent silica (basalt) flows easily, while magma with more than 70 percent silica (rhyolite) flows with greater difficulty. Low-viscosity basaltic lava involves the rapid escape of gas which produces fountains of incandescent lava in blobs and drops. Such magma is often fluid enough when it reaches the ground to coalesce and form lava flows. The more high-viscosity rhyolite lava is such that gas cannot readily escape unless there is sufficient pressure. "
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Global Warming: Fact or Fiction?, 2002.
An argument presenting both sides of the global warming issue, focusing on whether it is a real issue or merely a hypothesis concocted by scientists to prevent environmental pollution.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines both sides of the global warming issue. The writer discusses the first issue, by making reference to ecological perspectives that claim that certain human activity such as population growth, deforestation, and fossil fuel burning, have lead to increasing solar radiation or heat in the earth's atmosphere, thus increasing the natural temperature of the earth. The paper also deals with the reverse argument which questions whether humans are really increasing the earth's temperature at a alarming rate, or whether humanity is just a ripple in the earth's pool of history, and warmth is simply nature taking its course.
From the Paper
"Global warming is a very important environmental issue concerning the world today and the future of humanity. The issue with global warming is certain human activity such as population growth, deforestation, and fossil fuel burning, have lead some scientists to hypothesize that humans are increasing solar radiation or heat in the earth's atmosphere, thus increasing the natural temperature of the earth. Some greenhouse gases are naturally produced in the Earth's atmosphere from water vapor, and carbon dioxide. The earth's history also shows how the overall temperature of the earth's surface has fluctuated throughout its existence. A problem that arises with the global warming debate is weather patterns have only been traced back to about one hundred and fifty years; therefore it is hard to predict the outcome of the future with such a short past. Another argument surrounding global warming is, are humans really increasing the earth's temperature at a alarming rate, or is humanity just a ripple in the earth's pool of history, and this warmth is nature taking its course? The answers to these questions depend on who you ask, or your view of nature's role on earth."
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Radiometric (Radioactive) Dating, 2002.
An examination of Radiometric dating, also known as carbon-12 or carbon-14 dating, including a look at dating using other radioactive methods.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
A paper which explains the beginning of radioactive dating - a process which can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began. The paper explores the progression of this method and its uses today, as well as discusses different methods that are used, other than carbon-12, such as potassium or argon dating.
From the Paper
"Many view radioactivity as the end of the world in the event of a nuclear war. With its astonishing power, radioactivity could perhaps destroy and thus end the world. What many don't know about radioactivity is that is has the potential to tell scientists the age - or the beginning - of the Earth. Quite ironically, radioactivity could very well be responsible for both showing the beginning and the ending of Earth. A process called radiometric dating can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began."
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The Climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, 2002.
The following paper discusses the climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, with respect to the climate classifications, its effects on farming and other activities.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses how climate governs the entire ecological structure of the planet earth. The author examines how climate, in relation to the topography and latitudinal location, determines the vegetative types, the hydrology, soil, agriculture, and various human activities.
From the Paper
"Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year averages to define climatological "normals" for these various features. Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked. Many factors, such as topography, proximity to large bodies of water, and latitude affect a particular location's long-term climate. It is important to note that because a region's climatology is a 30-year average, significant year to year variability is likely. For example, a particular location may have a dry, warm winter one year and a record snowfall the next year"
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The Detroit Lead Problem, 2002.
This research paper is about the lead poisoning problem specifically concerning Detroit.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines lead and its many uses. It gives an historical overview of leaded products, such as leaded gasoline and leaded paint and how they were used. It details Detroit specifically and how it has already begun fighting its lead problem. It concludes that the elimination of lead poisoning everywhere, and in Detroit specifically, will result in more educated people, less crime and therefore a better city of Detroit.
From the Paper
"One of the most pressing problems in American cities is the danger of lead levels in its suburbs. Excess exposure and contact with lead can result in lead poisoning. Throughout the 1900s, Detroit, in particular, used enormous amounts of leaded gasoline in automobiles and lead-based paint in Detroit housing. Unfortunately for Detroit citizens, lead is a poisonous substance that does not break down over time. Lead poisoning results in an array of physical and psychological defects, but poisoning can be prevented if the lead hazard is detected and if appropriate measures are taken to remove or contain the hazard. Detroit must take action to eliminate its lead poisoning problem."
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World Water Supply in Crisis, 2001.
This paper discusses the crisis that planet Earth is facing regarding drinking water.
3,170 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses where the world?s water sources are located, what classes of contaminants are found in drinking water, how it is processed to become safe for human consumption, and lastly, special attention is given to the problem of lead in drinking water.
From the Paper
"The type of water we generally use in human activities is freshwater. Only 3% of the world's water supply is freshwater and two-thirds of that is frozen, forming the polar ice caps, glaciers, and icebergs. The remaining 1% of the total world water supply is freshwater available as either surface water or ground water; ground water accounts for two-thirds of this amount. Surface water is water that is visible above the ground surface, such as creeks, rivers, ponds and lakes. Ground water is water that either fills the spaces between soil particles or penetrates the cracks and spaces within rocks. Most people get their water from ground water sources. Roughly 9 out of every 10 public water systems. Public water systems operate wells to tap ground water and just over half of the total population served by Public water system drinks water from a ground water source. Millions more get their water from private wells which also tap ground water sources. Ground water systems tend to serve smaller numbers of people, while surface water systems generally serve large populations. The quantity and quality of the world's water supply depends on how we choose to use water. Our use can be consumptive, which means that the water is not returned to nature (such as drinking water), or noncomsumptive. Nonconsumptive use returns water, polluted or not, to the system. Creating hydroelectric power is an example of nonconsumptive use. "
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Analysis on the Gasification of Coal, 2002.
History of coal and up-to-date coal gasification techniques.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The following paper gives the reader a brief history of coal and its uses. It also analyzes the refining technique known as the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle or IGCC as well as some history and new technologies associated with this fossil fuel.
From the Paper
"Coal is a sedimentary organic rock that contains a lot of carbon, typically between 40 and 90 percent carbon by weight. Ancient plants and animals accumulating in moist peat bogs form coal. As plants die off in a wet area, they pile up into peat. It takes between 4,000 and 100,000 years for one meter of peat to accumulate. This process happens best in river deltas or coastal plains. Over time, further deposits compress these peat seams and the carbon content of the coal is concentrated. The older the coal gets, generally, the harder and blacker it gets. There are four "ranks" of coal. Listed from lowest to highest rank, they are: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Rank is determined by energy content and chemical composition. Lignite is the youngest form of coal and is soft and brown, not much different than dried peat. Lignite has a low energy content, typically about 13 million Btu per ton. The carbon content is low also, around 40 percent. Lignite is typically used only when higher grades of coal are not available or affordable. Subbituminous coal is common in the US. It has an energy content of about 18 million Btu per ton, and is used mostly in coal-fired power plants. Bituminous coal is the most widespread form in the US and is high in energy content, averaging 24 million Btu per ton. Bituminous and subbituminous account for most coal use in America. The hardest coal, anthracite, is found mostly in Pennsylvania, but most supplies of anthracite there have been exhausted. The energy content is high, around 23 million Btu per ton, but it tends to have a high sulfur content. It is more than 90 percent carbon. "
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Seismic Stratigraphy and its Impact on the Petroleum Industry, 2001.
This paper examines seismic stratigraphy and the impact of hydrocarbon detection technology on the petroleum industry.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the geoscience application of using seismic data to gain information about strata layers, particularly with the intent of locating oil-rich deposits. Seismic stratigraphy involves analyzing the reflected patterns of elastic waves that have bounced off of sub-surface rock layers. The paper pays particular attention to significant technological progress that one of it's main applications has made in the the exploration of hydrocarbon which is of particular interest to the large petroleum industries.
From the Paper
"One of the newest tools in seismic stratigraphy is 3-D seismic data. Thanks to technological advances and more cost-efficient methods of gathering this data, it has come to the forefront as a valuable tool. Although oil companies have been using 3-D seismic concepts since the 1970's, the successes it has had have not been published in scientific journals (Hart, 1999). Consequently, the method has not received much attention in the scientific world until recently, when increased computer capabilities, visualization software, and lower prices made it more widespread. 3-D seismic application is still a relatively new tool working its way into other geoscience disciplines; however, it has been heavily utilized by the petroleum industry for some time now."
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A Global Warning, 2002.
This is an argument/research essay that analyzes the global warming trend that has developed since the onset of the industrial revolution.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the affects of global warming by utilizing extensive data to support the argument that global warming is a serious issue. This paper argues that he current global warming trend can be halted, but it will take the collaborative efforts of everyone to gradually phase out fossil fuels and replace them with alternative energy sources.
From the Paper
"Imagine that you own a piece of beachfront property on the beautiful coast of North Carolina. The house has been in your family for years and you plan on passing it down to your children. In fifty years the ocean will have slowly crept more than halfway up the beach. Every high tide, waves pummel the pilings that support the entire weight of the house. Hurricanes have also become much more frequent and far more powerful. You begin to worry that if this continues, eventually the house will succumb to the forces of nature and crash into the sea. The following year, a devastating class Five hurricane wipes out every home on the beach. All that remains of your once beautiful vacation home is a concrete ..."
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Issac's Storm: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, 2002.
Complete history of the Galveston, Texas hurricane of 1900.
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth look at the Galveston hurricane, the path it followed, the conditions and characteristics of the storm. The author discusses the loss of life and damage caused by the hurricane, as well as the cleanup efforts by the city and future precautions taken after the devastation in Texas.
From the Paper
"On August 27th, 1900, meteorologists began to notice a small storm developing in the equatorial mid-Atlantic. Still getting organized, it drifted westward through the Greater Antilles with moderate winds and torrential rains. In Jamaica, miles of roadway, railroad tracks, and sidewalk were washed into the ocean. Cuba was submerged in over two feet of rainwater, and much of southern Florida faced the wrath of the hurricane, as well. As it crossed over the tepid waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the storm gained strength, eventually making its way to the shores of Galveston, Texas."
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Global Warming, 2001.
This paper discusses the issue of global warming.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the topic of global warming. It explains the frightening process which is occurring to Earth and gives examples of government bodies which have been set up to deal with this problem. It also discusses the effects on the environment - plants and animals alike and finally how this could ultimately end up in mass destruction.
From the Paper
"The prospect of "Global Warming," a state of planetary change wherein the average ground temperatures of the entire earth are elevated to unnaturally high levels, has been around for a number of years. However, during most of the last two decades, the truths about global warming were frequently questioned and debated. It was decried by conservatives, big business, and even many well-intentioned and intelligent scientists. Global warming theory was called an error in computation, at best, or at worst it was an outright deception foisted on the public by radical anti-technology, anti-human environmentalist-wackos. However, it is now an established fact that the Earth's surface is growing warmer. Unless steps are taken to stop this progression of events, and even in spite of such steps, the vast majority of the evidence shows that the Earth will continue to grow warmer, with widespread and even catastrophic results."
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Global Climate Warming, 2001.
This paper looks at the issue of global climate warming.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of global warming and its causes, focusing on the consequences of global warming on the world's ocean systems. It basically describes the process of global warming, the forecasted effects by scientists and environmentalists and finally gives examples of what one can do to assist in reversing this phenomena.
From the Paper
"In one of his televised debates with Vice President Al Gore, George W. Bush said that scientists do not yet know the cause of global warming. This must have been a surprise indeed to all of those scientists in the world who have understood both the fact that our earth is getting hotter and the mechanism underlying this global climate shift for a number of years. This paper provides a brief overview of global warming and its causes, focusing on the consequences of global warming on the world's ocean systems."
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Complex Life on Earth: Cosmic Accident or Logic of Evolution?, 2001.
An analysis of the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe."
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe", by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. It discusses their theories of the beginning of life on Earth and additional theories to life on other planets. It challenges their research and data and offers other explanations and theories.
From the Paper
"Was the occurrence of complex life on the planet Earth an isolated event or simply the next logical step in evolution? Ward and Brownlee seem to believe complex life is unique to our home world or at least extremely scarce in the Universe.1 In addition to the factors in their Rare Earth equation, mentioned in their book are some specific factors peculiar to Earth that may have affected the development of complex life. Beginning with the planet Mars, W&B argue that the fossil record shows that the cooling Earth developed bacterial life as soon as conditions permitted. They suggest that this may be because the bacteria first developed on Mars, which cooled earlier, and that perhaps Earth was then seeded with these bacteria carried by meteorites reaching our planet after having been ejected from Mars by asteroid impacts. The low gravity of Mars makes this more likely, and it is estimated that ten percent of meteors ejected from Mars may impact Earth. A system lacking a Mars-like planetary companion might have been slower to develop bacterial life."
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Should the World be Concerned about Global Warming?, 2000.
Scientific details and debate on the greenhouse effect and global warming. Also touches on political and international issues.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with both the scientific and political details of global warming. The author describes how global warming is a disturbing and controversial trend that has received increased attention in recent years and how politics often come into play when dealing with international global warming issues.
From the paper:
"Global warming has been a topic of scientific research and debate for decades. In recent years there has been a significant increase in public and political concern over the issue. Many people wonder if global warming is nearly as bad as scientists claim it is. Some question its very existence, insisting that the world is wasting its time and money researching the effects of global warming. Although many people believe that global warming is not a problem, it is an important issue because there are international complications, there is sufficient evidence of its existence, and it is a potentially dangerous situation."
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Hurricane Andrew, 2001.
The causes and effects of Hurricane Andrew.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how a hurricane forms, looks at the special and unlikely circumstances which led to the devastating effects of Hurricane Andrew, and describes the damage caused in various states and why faulty building techniques were partially to blame.
From the paper:
"David Fisher?s book on hurricanes describes a Category 5 hurricane as the ?scariest place on Earth, and Andrew was a Category 5 hurricane when it hit both south Florida and Louisiana.
A hurricane is a giant heat pump (Fisher, p. 61). Both the heat of the sun and the heat generated as evaporated moisture condenses contribute to the development of the hurricane. As the spinning winds contract, they speed up, much as a skater speeds up by pulling her arms in more tightly to her sides. Organization of the storm also requires an upper level high over a lower-level low, which allows the tropical depression to organize into a well formed, rotating tropical storm. If these conditions persist, the tropical storm may strengthen into a hurricane."
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Weather Effects on Animals, 2001.
A look at the link between weather, seasons and animal behavior.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is mostly about seasonal weather effects on humans. It discusses the correlation between long dark winters and suicide rates, seasonal affective disorder, the lowering of immunity from infections in cold weather and the spread of disease in hot weather. Also mentioned are the effects on animals of El Nino and how weather changes bring certain predators and prey closer together.
From the paper;
"Weather is the No. 1 talked about topic among people. Just for small talk and conversation?s sake, the state of the weather is always brought up. Weather has a deeper effect on animals than determining what to wear for the day or providing a topic of conversation. During the winter, people claim to have cabin fever. When spring arrives, they catch spring fever. While these two terms have taken on meaning as figures of speech, there is scientific research showing that weather effects humans and animals on a physiological and psychological level. Weather changes alter mood, behavior, and general well being. In certain climates, people tend to be healthier than others."
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