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Ocean Floor, 2000.
An examination of tectonics, trenches, ridges, seawater composition, topography and continental shelves.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The Sea Floor
The birth and death of oceans is a continuous process. As an example, one ocean may be growing by sea-floor spreading from a mid-ocean ridge while another ocean is closing because of the continents forcing the ocean floor down at the trenches. Some oceans, thus, are young and growing, while other oceans have reached maturity, and still others may be disappearing with the joining of the continental masses [1:1-7].
The theory of plate tectonics envisages the crust of the earth together with the upper part of the mantle, which form the lithosphere, as consisting of rigid slabs, or plates, that are continuously moving their position in relation to one another. Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which is thought to be plastic [2:1-11].
The plates are..."
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Ophiolite, 1999.
An insight into this igneous rock formation with definition and description, character, layers, location and creation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Ophiolite
Introduction
This research examines ophiolite, an igneous rock formation [1]. Descriptive information on ophiolite is included in this examination, and both the formation of ophiolite and the significance of ophiolite to the study of geology are addressed in this examination.
Definition and Description
Ophiolite is igneous rock material that has formed into slabs from the lithosphere that have been deposited at continental margins [2]. Ophiolite formations are known to have volumes as large as 50,000km2 [3]. Ophiolite formations, however, are thin-depths less than 20km. Ophiolite formations also are dense-3,000-to-3,300kg m-3 [3].
Character of..."
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Lightning, 1999.
Examines the physics of this natural phenomenon, types, structure, theories, flash and thunder.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder
From the Paper
"Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder. There are a number of different kinds of lightning produced by different conditions, and new information on lightning is discovered all the time. By its nature, lightning is an ephemeral phenomenon, making it difficult to study under all conditions and explaining why new types of lightning have been found as man makes his way higher and more often into different regions of the upper atmosphere. Lightning is an extremely common natural phenomenon. Since Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the electrical nature of the lightning bolt, lightning has been subjected to many scientific studies."
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Volcanic Dust, 1999.
Examines its creation, composition, short- and long-term environmental effects.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Volcanic dust is the residue that remains in the atmosphere after the eruption of a volcano. A volcano is a general term for any opening in the crust of a planet or natural satellite through which gases, lava or magma, and solid fragments are discharged. Volcanoes are typically classified as active, dormant, or extinct (Encarta, 1998).
The interior of the earth is composed of an inner solid-iron core surrounded by an iron-rich, liquid outer core. Beyond the core is the mantle, a chemically distinct silica-rich layer that extends to the earth's crust, about 4,100 miles from the center of the earth. The mantle is extremely hot, and convective ..."
From the Paper
"VOLCANIC DUST
Definitions
Volcanic dust is the residue that remains in the atmosphere after the eruption of a volcano. A volcano is a general term for any opening in the crust of a planet or natural satellite through which gases, lava or magma, and solid fragments are discharged. Volcanoes are typically classified as active, dormant, or extinct (Encarta, 1998).
The interior of the earth is composed of an inner solid-iron core surrounded by an iron-rich, liquid outer core. Beyond the core is the mantle, a chemically distinct silica-rich layer that extends to the earth's crust, about 4,100 miles from the center of the earth. The mantle is extremely hot, and convective ..."
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Extinction Of The Dinosaurs, 1999.
Examines theories for their extinction including genetics, climatic change, sea fluctuations and a meteor strike.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
"The earth has evolved in geologic terms, but it has also evolved in terms of the life that teems upon it. All the change that can be seen and inferred has to be explained. The argument in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was divided into two camps, the catastrophists and the uniformitarianists.
From the Paper
"The earth has evolved in geologic terms, but it has also evolved in terms of the life that teems upon it. All the change that can be seen and inferred has to be explained. The argument in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was divided into two camps, the catastrophists and the uniformitarianists. The catastrophists explained the changes by resorting to cosmic violence, to a succession of catastrophes that bring about change suddenly. The uniformitarianists saw the earth evolving in a uniform manner over time. Both groups agreed that catastrophes do play a role in the evolution of the earth and that catastrophes still occur to reshape portions of the earth's surface or to bring about biological changes in a relatively short time. However, this is different from holding that a ..."
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Global Warming and Ocean Circulation, 1999.
Examines definitions, natural and man-made causes and climatic effects, changing sea levels and models.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
From the Paper
"GLOBAL WARMING & OCEAN CIRCULATION
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
The circulation of the ocean normally involves the sinking of cold water in higher latitudes and the replacement of that cold water with warm water from lower latitudes (Schneider, 1989). This process "allows the inflow of warn surface currents that in turn warm the air above and held maintain relatively ice-free conditions" in the higher latitudes (Schneider, 1989, p. 47). These ocean currents cause regions such as western Europe to have moderate climates while other regions at similar latitudes, such as Siberia and northern Canada, have harsh, cold climates. The ..."
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Sedimentary Geology, 1997.
Examines role of sandstone in identification of geological properties in western Miditerranean, Massachusetts/Connecticut, eastern Australia, and California/Oregon.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Different landscapes are associated with the underlying bedrock on which they are found, and the relationship involves various evolutionary and developmental processes by which certain underlying strata influence the evolution of the landscape above. Research on this issue has postulated a number of processes to explain the landscape that has been associated with sandstone bedrock. This research has examined different regions of the world and traced the evolution of the region through different geologic eras. The nature of the sedimentary deposition has been examined in several parts of the world, along with the tectonic forces that helped shape the terrain. The nature of the landscape seems to depend in part on the specific locale with relationship to the interaction of continental plates, which.."
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"Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle "( Stephen Jay Gould ), 1997.
Reviews work on evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time in 17th Cent.-19th Cent.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"In Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time. Gould studied texts by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyell--three scientific writers who approached this question in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Traditionally, readings of these three writers tended to focus on the degree to which each man employed the scientific method in investigating the question of the Earth's age. The greater the scientist's dependence on scientific method, the historians reasoned, the closer he came to the truth. Thus, these scientists have often been ranked, and understood, on the basis of their adherence to standards that are familiar to the twentieth century, but were still evolving when they wrote. In the course of his repeated close readings of the texts, in which.."
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El Nino Southern Oscillation, 1996.
Causes & global effects on oceans & land of turbulent climatic phenomenon. Definition, history, examples, phases.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The El Ni o Southern Oscillation phenomenon affects the global climate; it is important that scientists, economists and medical personnel understand El Ni o implications on the climate. The El Ni o phenomenon is part of the larger climatic phenomenon known as the Southern Oscillation. The joint actions of these two weather phenomenon are known as ENSO (El Ni o-Southern Oscillation) events. The extreme weather patterns which can be produced by an ENSO event can cause devastation around the world. El Ni o is associated with ecological, economic, and medical disasters that coincide with torrential floods in the eastern Pacific, devastating droughts over the western tropical Pacific, and unusual weather throughout the rest of the world (6, 4). Teleconnection to most of the world's climate mean that changes in the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation are felt globally."
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Springtime Storms, 1996.
Causes & effects, models, features, dangers for pilots.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Springtime storms can be exceptionally severe. These atmospheric disturbances may be associated with low pressure, unstable air, southwesterly airflow, and occluded fronts. In addition to severe turbulence, they can spawn both thunderstorms and tornadoes. Although hurricanes are larger and generally cause more property damage, springtime storms can potentially result in a greater loss of life. They may, in fact, produce the most violent weather in the United States.
Individual storms can exhibit considerable variability (Whitaker & Dole, 1995, p. 1178). However, certain factors are thought to promote severe storm formation. Such circumstances may relate to atmospheric pressure, temperature, and wind direction. In addition, meso-scale features can also play a..."
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Hurricanes, 1996.
Examines the social & economic impact of three recent major storms: Hurricane Andrew (1992), Hurricane Opal (1995), & Hurricane Marilyn (1995).
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Each year, portions of the United States are battered by the high winds and rains of hurricanes. These storms can cause massive damage depending on the speed of the winds and the precise areas of land where the storms come ashore. These storms are carefully tacked by various scientific and governmental entities which measure the speed of the wind, the direction of the storm, and the course of the devastation wrought by them. During the hurricane season, there are likely to be a succession of such storms which fortunately do not usually assault the same locales and which may also miss the land altogether or dissipate before reaching land. An analysis of three recent storms will show the sort of devastation they can bring.
Probably the major storm of 1992 was Hurricane Andrew, which left behind considerable devastation in Florida and other regions so ..."
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The Kobe Earthquake, 1996.
Reviews typical earthquake characteristics. Describes the on in Kobe in 1/17/95. Assesses environmental impact of quake. Analyzes mitigation & repair efforts.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"A simple definition of an earthquake would be the shaking of the Earth caused by a sudden movement of rock beneath its surface (USGS, 1996a). A more definitive explanation of earthquakes would focus on the passage of seismic waves which in turn create the violent shaking or vibrating motion of the ground. These motions are termed tremors. Seismic waves are caused by the release of energy from a sudden movement along a fault. A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where there has been a displacement of rock (Marsh, 1987, 292).
The movement of air and water is easy to accept because we experience these things everyday. In truth, the physics behind..."
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Tsunami of Papua. New Guinea, 2002.
An analysis of the geological phenomenon known as a tsunami, which was caused by an earthquake near New Guinea.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive description of the cause and effect of the tsunami that hit Papua. New Guinea in 1998. The paper outlines and explains the issues involved in platetectonics and the physicality of tsunamis. Pictures are brought to illustrate the different aspects of the geography of the area and the geological occurances before, during and after the tsunami.
From the Paper
"An earthquake with a magnitude of approximately 7.1 on the Richter scale occurred at 8:49 UTC, (Coordinated Universal Time) in the Bismarck Sea, on July 17th 1998 in the South Pacific Region, off the Northern coast of New Guinea, causing a geological phenomenon known as a tsunami. The earthquake was followed by a series of three waves affecting a 40-km length of coastline from the mouth of the Bliri River east of the Sierra Villages, to the town of Aitape; a tsunami wave of catastrophic proportions hit the shores of Papua New Guinea causing massive loss of life and millions of dollars of damage. The South Pacific is indigenous to tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions within the Pacific plate and the Australian plate. 2182 people died as a result of the Tsunami and the run up of water that was associated with the tsunami. (ITST 1998)"
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Mt Hood Eruptions, 2001.
Technical discussion of geological history of the volcano. Atmospheric affects.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 16 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Analysis: Effect of Mt. Hood Eruption on Atmosphere
Introduction
Each of three major eruptive periods at Mount Hood (12,000-
15,000), 1,500-1,800, and 200-300 years ago) produced dacite
domes, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows, but virtually no pumice.
Most of the fine lithic ash that mantles the slopes of the volcano and the adjacent mountains fell from ash clouds that accompanied the pyroclastic flows. Widely scattered pumice lapilli that are present at the ground surface on the south, east, and north sides of Mount Hood may have been erupted during the mid-1800's, when the last known activity of the volcano occurred (REPORT: Recent Eruptive History..., 1998).
The geologically recent history of Mount Hood suggests that
the most likely eruptive event in the future will be the .."
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The PaleoIndians, 2002.
A study of the first inhabitants of North America who came at the end of the Ice Age by way of a land bridge that connects Siberia and Alaska.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The main focus of this paper is the establishment of the thesis that the first known inhabitants of America were the PaleoIndians of the Ice Age time period. This thesis is supported by studies and secondary sources that support this claim. In addition to the geological evidence found, the lifestyle, culture and tools of the PaleoIndians is discussed.
From the Paper
"The Clovis point is a piece of tool that was first found in Siberia. Several pieces of the same kind of tool was found in the U.S. states of New Mexico, Montana, and Colorado (Rose 1997). The tool was discovered after geologists studied the layering of soil, part of a study that might help lead to the discovery of an important artifact or preserved fossil resulting in evidence of the first inhabitants of America. The Clovis point was a crudely shaped hunting tool made of stone, often referred to as a ?spearpoint.? This tool became the key to the discovery of various information about the culture of the PaleoIndians."
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Earth and Mars, 2002.
A comparison of the two planets discussing whether Earth can become extinct the way Mars did.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper details the similarities between Earth and Mars explaining that Mars once had its own water cycle. The paper explains what an asteroid is and asserts that asteroids probably destroyed Mars. It speculates whether an asteroid can destroy Earth and discusses ways to prevent this from happening.
From the Paper
"A billion or so years ago, a frozen lake covered the plains that were alive. Most of the other volcanoes had stopped spewing gases, the temperature and atmospheric pressure on Mars were so low that ice from the lake surface sublimated. These formed into vapor without melting as water. The water vapor formed clouds that dropped snow onto the volcano?s slopes. The volcano?s magma chamber warmed the slopes enough to melt the bottom layers of the deep snow pack."
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Global Warming, 2002.
An insight into the cause and effect of global warming on the environment.
2,642 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what global warming is and gives an in depth analysis of its long term affect. It describes what we can expect if the temperature of the Earth continues to rise. Between flooding and coastal erosion, severe weather, disease, loss of farming, hunting and grazing land and the loss of inhabitable territory, the very existence of the human race would be threatened. Although we do not expect to feel the effects for at least another 200 years, examples of natural disasters in recent history are linked to possible effects of global warming.
From the Paper
"Scientific speculations about the possibility of global warming have been ongoing for years. During the last two decades, the truth about global warming was frequently called into question, and hotly debated. Conservatives, big business, and even many well-intentioned and intelligent scientists all proclaimed such scientific prophecies to be at best an error in computation, or at worst outright deception. Many condemned the prophecies as just another attempt by radical anti-technology, anti-human environmentalist-wackos to stifle everyone?s fun."
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Global Warming, 2002.
This paper discusses the debate surrounding the environmental phenomenon of global warming.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the article ?Until We Know More About Global Warming, the Best Policy is a Highly Flexible One?, written for ?The Chronicle of Higher Education?, by Warwick J. McKibbin and Peter J. Wilcoxen. It reviews the authors? discussion on the social and economic problems of global warming. It also reviews their comments on the effects of global warming on the environment and the global economy. Furthermore, the paper looks at the authors? reasons for their views. The paper concludes with an evaluation on the worth of these views by the writer.
From the Paper
"The article is one of the superbly written socio-economic principles that emerge every now and again from scientists and economists who have very little left to debate. As a result they bring forth the ideals and personalities that they feel should be discussed and leave out the basic issues as to how it truly effects the environment and also the inhabitants of the planet.
"The writers of the article are more concerned with the economics of the policies rather than the logistics. However it is a reasonably well written article that will undoubtedly leave those that can understand the socio-economic jargon feeling either some what perplexed, angered or concurring."
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