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Cirque Glaciers, 1993.
An examination of cirque glaciers, with a focus on their traits, formation, location, topography and geological theories.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Cirques
Glaciers are formed in areas where the annual accumulation of snow exceeds the amount melting or evaporating each year (4:80). This snow, under the pressure of its own weight, eventually turns to ice (4:80). When the ice becomes sufficiently thick, it begins to flow under the influence of gravity (4:80). Of the various types of glaciers, those found in mountainous areas show considerable variation in size (4:80.82). One of the smaller glacier types commonly found at higher elevations is known as a cirque glacier (4:79).
Cirque glaciers are characterized by the rocky hollows, or cirques, that contain them (4:80). The glacial ice tends to erode backwards and downwards forming a depression that accumulates snow (4:80). The formation of these glaciers is..."
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Gold Mining Destruction, 1992.
Discusses this issue in relation to California in the 1800s, examining environmental damage done by Gold Rush techniques and methods.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"Destruction Caused by Miners in the 1800s
To say that the gold miners in California of the 1800s had a devastating impact on the land is a great understatement. As Robert Kelly says in his book, Gold vs Grain, "They tore up the underbrush, stripped off overburden, and even uprooted soaring pines in their search for gold.". The miners pitched camp anywhere and everywhere, never mindful of the precious and fragile environment which they encountered. All forms of their mining contributed to the destruction of woodland, including sluices, booming, placer mining, dredging, drift mining, mercury and chloride processing, and hydraulic mining. Even their sheep took a toll on the vegetation of California.
Droughts and floods increased because of miners' damage to the land. Miners would callously divert streams for their use ..."
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Earthquake at CSULA, 1992.
Examines the California State University at L.A. program for earthquake studies.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"In the fall of 1987, a fairly large earthquake struck the Whittier Narrows fault in Southern California. The damage from that quake showed that the California State University at Los Angeles is located near the Whittier Narrows fault line (Kimball, 1988, p. 54). During that earthquake, a facade fell from a campus parking structure and crushed a young female student to death. In addition, severe structural damage was sustained in the university's library building. If another large earthquake were to hit the Whittier Narrows fault or any of the other surrounding faults, further damage and injury to human life could result. It is important that the staff and students at CSULA be prepared to deal with this type of emergency. One of the reasons for this importance is the fact that the university is a vital social and economic institution within the Los Angeles community."
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Lepidolite, 1992.
A look at the mineral in the mica group including symmetry, structure, sites found, uses and chemistry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Lepidolite
Abstract
The mineral lepidolite has many uses, both aesthetic and economic, in society today. Those uses are described within, along with the chemical content of the mineral, its many properties, its description in general, and the locations where it is to be found.
INTRODUCTION
This paper is a discussion of the mineral lepidolite. Different aspects of the mineral lepidolite will be discussed here concerning the mineral's symmetry, physical description and distinguishing features, the manner in which the mineral forms and the rocks in which it is found, and important sites in which lepidolite is found. Also to be discussed are lepidolite's..."
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Solar Radiation, 1991.
The impact of the sun's energy on the layers of Earth's atmosphere including Physics, absorption and evaporation, sunspots, the ozone layer and magnetism.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Solar Radiation and the Atmousphere
As the earth's nearest star, the sun determines much of what happens on the earth--its energy is what allows continued life on the earth, and its actions create the earth's weather, in the form of wind, clouds, and other climatic examples. The sun's warmth and energy are so important that without them the earth would become encased in ice (1:74). However, the earth is not completely open to solar radiation. The different layers of the earth's atmosphere provide different interactions (and different results from those interactions) with solar radiation.
The earth's atmosphere, the receiving end of the sun's radiation, is divided into four parts: the troposphere, which is the bottom-most layer and extends from the earth's surface to about 11 kilometers high (at which point the stratosphere..."
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Glaciation, 1991.
An examination of the effects of glacier ice movement on land as a concept developed by the 19th century Swiss scientist Jean Agassiz.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The idea that the unique scourings of the earth along with the strange positionings of rocks found in Switzerland were a result of the Biblical Flood had long prevailed in science. It took a persuasive individual, highly respected in his profession, to finally turn that belief around, to realize that the real explanation was glaciation. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the theory of glaciation in light of the contributions provided to the science by Louis Agassiz. The research will include a brief biography of the man as well as the impact he had on the concept of glaciation.
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was born in 1807 in Switzerland among the spectacular mountains that were to play a significant role in his life. Originally planning to become a physician, Agassiz' love of nature eventually redirected his training. By..."
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Yosemite Valley, 1991.
This paper is a geological study of Yosemite Valley: Its fall, glacial erosion, rocks, volcanic activity and earthquakes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Yosemite Valley is the product of many geological forces. One such is glacial scouring, which left the spectacular glaciated granite terrain that can be seen today. Valley glaciers have been described as "tongues of ice in mountain ranges [that] start in ice-worn rock basins called cirques". In these cirques, old snow develops into firn, or nev?, a "mass of ice pellets compacted by the weight of the snow above".
As more snow falls on the firn, it spills over into the valley below, filling it with ice. As this ice moves across the landscape, it collects rock debris, which polishes and scours the valley walls and floor. This scratching action leaves a definitive calling card in the form of grooves that identify ... "
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Corundum, 1991.
This paper discusses the types of stones that are categorized under the geological heading of corundum: The ruby and the sapphire.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The ruby is one of the two stones categorized under the heading of corundum-- sapphire is the other. Ruby and sapphire may appear to be quite different but are in fact color varieties of the same mineral, chemically and physically the same, differing only in the amount of impurities they contain. It is in fact the chemical impurities that give them their value, for pure corundum is colorless. Corundum is a relatively abundant mineral. It is surpassed only by diamonds in hardness, so tons are mined each year to be used as an abrasive. The hardness contributes as well to the value of the gems consisting of this mineral. Corundum is composed of two light elements, aluminum and oxygen, and the close packing of these elements along with the strong bonding of the atoms are what give the gems their hardness and specific gravity. The ruby and the sapphire have long been prize ... "
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The Ocean as a Resource, 1990.
This paper discusses the ocean as a natural resouces: Mineral wealth, food, energy and oxygen creation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"As the earth cooled from its molten beginnings, water seeped out of it and collected in the rough rock basins on its surface. The result vas the earth's ocean which has existed ever since as an integral part of life. No other planet in the solar system has such a body of water. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the ocean as a key resource to human existence. Included in this will be a review of the various elements involved such as food, energy, oxygen and mineral wealth. In addition, the research will address the question of the ocean's survivability into the future as a result of human disregard for their environment.
While the earth is around 4.6 billion years old, the ocean has existed for about 2.5 billion years. Its total volume, which has maintained a steady state since its formation, ... "
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San Andreas Fault, 1990.
This paper discusses the role of the San Andreas fault in California earthquakes: Geography and geology, tectonic plates, discovery and major earthquakes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with earthquakes caused by the San Andreas Fault in the state of California. There are numerous earthquake fault systems to be found throughout California; however, the San Andreas Fault is by far the largest and "most conspicuous in the state".
Approximately 650 miles long, it is clearly the longest fault in the state. In addition, it is one of the deepest, dropping as far as 20 or 30 miles into the earth's crust at certain points. The San Andreas Fault varies widely in width throughout its stretch. In some sections, the fault is less than 100 yards wide. However, in other locations, the San Andreas Fault is "several hundred yards to a mile or more in width and is interlaced with any number of sub-parallel fault lines". The San Andreas Fault basically runs along the Coast Mountains which follow the ... "
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Thunderstorms: Forecasting, 1989.
Discusses seasonal & geographical aspects; causes; thunder & lightning elements; stages of development; dynamics; structure, hemispherics and types.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Thunderstorms are impressive and terrifying natural phenomena. Rattling the earth with sharp, explosive sounds of thunder, and lighting up the sky with electric bolts of lightning. As Mark Twain once said, "Thunder is good, thunder is impressive, but it's lightning that does the work."
Thunderstorms are defined in terms of their electrical manifestations which in fact are a product of the storm itself. The development of a thunderstorm is a continuous process but there are three recognizable stages through which the storm goes ((Hidore).
The first stage is the cumulus stage. During this stage cumulus clouds become larger and taller. There is a general updraft throughout the cloud formation and condensation in the form of water particles. The updrafts are strongest toward the (...)"
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Gold, 1989.
Discusses uses, significance & cultural role of gold in China & other ancient civilizations.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" The evidence of numerous ancient cultures suggests that gold played an important role in determining the course of history. Part of the reason why gold is so influential lies in its unique nature. Because of its purity, rarity and resistance to corrosion, it was commonly thought to be the ultimate metal and as a consequence became associated with eternity, divinity, royalty and wealth. Different civilizations used gold in a variety of ways to enhance their own existence. With gold, they adorned temples, built idols of their gods and monuments to their rulers and made jewelry and other decorative pieces for themselves. Throughout antiquity, it was the metal of choice for use by the rich, the powerful and the religious."
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El Nino, 1987.
Examines the causes & climatic effects of heated ocean current in general & specifically the 1982-1983 example. Discusses drought, animals, sea life and weather prediction.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"One of the most fascinating and far-reaching weather phenomena to occur in recent years has been that of El Ni?o. This paper will briefly describe what this phenomenon is, and specifically discuss the 1982-1983 El Ni?o which caused extreme changes in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere and often widespread devastation on land.
"El Ni?o is Spanish for "The Child," a reference to the Christ child, so named by South Americans because this ocean current is felt off their coast around Christmastime. According to Dr. Eugene Rasmussen of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, it occurs in cycles of about every four to five years and can be two years apart or as many as 10. The last El Ni?o occurred in 1976-1977 when the eastern United States had its worst winter and California its worst drought (Canby 153)."
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Tanzania, 1986.
This is a country profile of Tanzania looking at its area, population, government, trade, history, colonialism & independence, political structure, military & economic alliances, health & education.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 7 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"A. United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania).
B. Area: 931,082 square kilometers (363,708 square miles), with
boundaries of Mozambique to the southeast, Zambia and Malawi to the southwest, Zaire to the west, Burundi and Rwanda and Uganda to the northwest, Kenya to the north and the Indian Ocean on the east.
Population: A total of more than 18 million people, coming from a total of roughly 120 diverse tribal backgrounds, including more than 120,000 Asians, 100,000 Arabs and more than 25,000 whites. There are four principal areas within the country: the hot and humid coastal lowlands, the hot and arid zone of the broad central plateau, the high inland mountain and lake region including Mount Kilimanjaro, and the temperate highlands of the(...)"
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Water Pollution Control, 1984.
This paper examines issues of water pollution and its control, with particular emphasis on Los Angeles: Types and sources of pollution, effects, regulations, sewage system, hazardous waste, water quality management, control methods and politics.
1,012 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine issues of water pollution and its control, with particular emphasis on these issues in Los Angeles in recent years. Before discussing the problems of Los Angeles, this paper will focus on the major types of water pollution, the sources of water pollution, and the effects of water pollution. Following an extended discussion of control and problems in Los Angeles, this paper will discuss methods of water pollution control. It will conclude with a brief consideration of the politics and economics of water pollution in the United States over the past twenty-five years."
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Tornadoes, 1980.
This paper discusses tornadoes: Description, impact, susceptible areas, causes and forecasting.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The following research is on the subject of the tornado. A tornado is a storm that moves rapidly and leaves considerable destruction in its wake. This meteorological event happens several times each year in the continental United States, and the cost in life and property is usually high. The tornado is the msot violent weather phenomenon. The wind speed is greater than that in the worst tropical cyclone. The most affected American states are Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas and Iowa. In no other region of the world are the conditions so favorable to the formation of tornadoes, nor are they as frequent when they do occur. They usually occur in the spring and summer, accompanied by thunderstorms..
Tornadoes are revolving storms which turn counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They have a small diameter and a ... "
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The Case for Water on Mars, 2002.
Scientific analysis of some of the evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Viking landing missions on Mars twenty years ago and their tests for biological processes on the Martian surface. It looks at how a recent series of orbiting Martian missions has yielded a good deal of chemical and geographic observations from afar. The most exciting possibilities have come from the analysis and interpretation of Martian surface formations seen by these missions. The paper includes a detailed description of these formations such as outflow channels, seepage gullies and several others. In further searches for definitive findings, several missions in the near future will land on Mars and hopefully provide the best data yet. This paper details some of the discoveries made to date, the strongest arguments for water on Mars and what the future holds for Martian exploration.
From the Paper
"The thought of life on Mars has intrigued humans for centuries. As Martian astronomy has made incredible leaps in the past 100 years and many spectacular discoveries have been made, we are still not sure if life does or has ever existed on Mars. Over the last thirty years, as our knowledge of biological functions has increased, scientists have focused more and more on the existence of liquid water as the biggest single indicator of possible life. To that end, much work and controversy has surrounded man?s efforts to find evidence of that all important ingredient for the development of life on Mars."
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Global Warming, 2002.
A debate whether global warming is a real threat or an imagined one.
1,865 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper presents facts supporting the theory that global warming is occurring and it then presents facts indicating that global warming is only a perception. The paper analyzes these facts and concludes that the evidence does suggest that global warming is a threat.
From the Paper
"One of the main pieces of evidence global warming is based on is a rise in surface temperature over the last twenty years. The evidence for global warming according to Justus and Fletcher is based on the temperatures from 1980 to 2000, with 12 of these years being the warmest years ?since historical records have been kept.? While this may initially seem like significant evidence, closer analysis shows one major problem. The phrase ?since historical records have been kept? suggests that these twenty years are being compared to a long length of time. However, in reality, these temperature records only refer to around a century of data."
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Glacial Erosion, 2002.
A paper which examines the rate and type of glacial erosion.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper is divided into two parts. The first part distinguishes between glacial erosion and weathering and the second part discusses the varying influence of the factors affecting the rate and type of glacial erosion. The paper shows that the main type of glacial erosion is abrasion and the characteristics of both the bedrock and the abrasive rock have a large influence on abrasion rates.
From the Paper
"The concept of glacial erosion can be considered using the ?systems approach?, with the factors that influence the erosion as the inputs, the type and rate of the erosion itself as the processes, and the resultant landforms and characteristics as the outputs. The type of erosion that has the largest effect on the landscape is abrasion. Abrasion is the process by which entrained, subglacial debris grinds against the bedrock as the glacier moves, and wears the bedrock away as a result. There are three factors that are essential for abrasion to occur."
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