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Volcanic Mountains, 2002.
Compare/contrast paper on Mount Saint Helen and Mount Rainier.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion on two volcanic mountains. The author of this paper explores facets and facts about Mount Saint Helen and Mount Rainier and compares and contrasts them to each other.
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The Geology of New Mexico, 2002.
An overview of the geological features of New Mexico including landscapes, mountains and volcanoes.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the geological feature that occurs in the state of New Mexico. It includes the information about the mountains, mountains range, volcano, and area of unusual landscapes, white sands, and Carlsbad Caverns. It also include the information about its physical dimensions, age, how it formed, its structure and history, and what it is like today.
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The Ray Copper Mine In Arizona, 2002.
Discusses the Ray Copper Mine in Arizona and its significance to the state.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Ray Copper Mine in Arizona. Arizona is the largest producer of copper in USA. There are some other states where copper reserves have been discovered but Arizona by far remains the leading copper-producing state accounting for 65 percent of the total US copper-production. Copper and its by-products represent over 80 percent of Arizona's nonfuel mineral value.
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Natural Disasters, 2002.
This paper discusses the trauma of natural disaster on European history of the 17th and 18th centuries.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of natural disaster on European society in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author focuses on the Lisbon earthquake, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and the Great Plague and fire in London. .
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Volcano Vesuvius, 2002.
This paper discusses the volcano Vesuvius in Italy.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reports the dates and types of eruptions emitted by the volcano Vesuvius throughout its history. The paper examines the possibility of future eruptions.
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Victoria, British Columbia: Physical Environment and Geomorphology, 2002.
Examines the geolographic characteristics of the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Since the colonial era Victoria has been the capital of British Columbia. It is located on the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. This discussion outlines the physical geography of this region including its physical geography, geomorphology, soils, climate and vegetation. Additionally, the role of tectonic activity in the area is explored.
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Geology of the Permian Basin, West Texas Area, 2002.
An overview of the geology of Trans-Pecos Texas and the Llano Uplift.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Precambrian rocks underlie Texas, which are more than 600 million years old. The deformed ancient volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks were formed early in the Earth's history. They are now exposed in the Llano Uplift and in a few small areas in Trans-Pecos Texas.
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Earthquakes: Origin And Effects, 2002.
General discussion of the science of predicting earthquakes and the impact earthquakes have had on the real estate industry in California.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Much as the science has progressed, it cannot, to this day, predict earthquakes with accuracy. This ten-page paper discusses earthquakes in general, the origins of its predictions, methods of predictions and any new technologies that might be associated with them. The paper concludes by discussing the impact of earthquakes on the real estate business of Los Angeles and San Francisco.
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South African Natural Resources, 2002.
Discusses the discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa and its effect on the country's history.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Because of its rich natural resources, South Africa has long been the victim of social, economic and political exploitation. European settlers in the 17th century took advantage of the country's location as a port and also began to exploit its rich land for agricultural purposes at the expense of the country's native population. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the 19th century made the situation much worse and the new economy found the natives becoming virtual slaves while their country became colonial. The eventual culmination of this colonialism, apartheid, would have devastating effects on the economic and political power of the natives, power which is being slowly restored by a more sympathetic and modern government.
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Vietnam Landscape, 2002.
Examines why the terrain in Vietnam was to the disadvantage of American and Allied forces during the Vietnam War.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
American military fighting men who saw action in Vietnam between 1965 and 1973 participated in perhaps the most unusual battleground ever. Often, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers did not wear uniforms, making the enemy virtually indistinguishable until they opened fire. But equally frustrating for American and other allied fighting forces was the unusual terrain of Vietnam, which not only protracted the way, but also made victory a virtual uncertainty. I will look at some of the geographic conditions in which allied forces fought and why the terrain put our men at such a grave disadvantage.
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Population Growth and the Environment, 2000.
Provides various perspectives on the population crisis and the problems it imposes on the environment.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the effects that human population growth has on the earth and the environment. As population increases, life sustaining resources are often depleted. Paul Ehrlich, Paul Harrison and Julian L. Simon shine significant light of varying perspectives and theoretical insight on these dark and ominous clouds of modern human forecast. The paper examines how, in three very diverse and distinguishable articles, they discuss the effects that population growth, environmental degradation and resource depletion will have on the environment and the future of human subsistence.
From the Paper
"Malthusians and Neo-Malthusians tend to regard environmental degradation as a direct result of human population growth. Ehrlich believes that while human population manifests itself in the form of food shortage and starvation in under-developed countries, it also triggers ?environmental deterioration? in more industrialized nations (Ehrlich 35). Harrison sees a decrease in population growth as the only formidable solution to environmental deterioration. He views humans as naturally destructive, and he feels that a depletion of this naturally negative force will eventually promote a more sound environment. Cornucopians like Julian Simon, however, believe that increased human population will produce more humans capable of solving problems attributed to population expansion. He suggests that humans are not the end, but the means."
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Dinosaur Extinction, 2003.
Presents several extinction theories and the thought process behind them.
1,118 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the method of scientific thinking in theories surrounding the extinction of the dinosaur. It examines several theories, from the outlandish (mental disorders, constipation, mass suicide) to the most widely accepted ones (climatic changes, gradual die-out). The author then combines two theories to create one of his own (a shift in the earth?s orbit which initiated climatic and biological changes).
From the Paper
"Over the years our ability to gather evidence from the geologic record has increased. New evidence can do many things to our ideas. It can reinforce them or invalidate them or even create new directions for truth seekers to go. The more valid theories fall into two categories, gradual die out and sudden catastrophic event. Most geologic changes occur gradually so this fact alone gives these theories some credibility. Climactic changes can be devastating over long periods of time, as can biological changes."
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Bottled versus Tap Water, 2003.
Examines the pros and cons of both types of water.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the advantages and disadvantages of bottled and tap water, both for the economy and for the consumer. The paper also examines the effects of both types on the environment, looks at the alternatives to bottled water and discusses the opinions of several experts on the subject.
From the Paper
"There are several alternatives to drinking bottled water. The main alternative is just adding a water filter to your main sink. The water filter will eliminate most of the chlorine and other chemical aftertaste that is prevalent in tap water currently. A water filter will cost approximately $100, but in the long term will save plenty of money, considering that the average family pays $90 a month for home delivery of water. Water does not nearly compare to the minerals found in fruit juices, which sell for approximately the same price. Another alternative is another drink that does not contain calories like unsweetened tea, which is also more nutritious than water. There are several other options that are more nutritious, and as affordable as bottled water."
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Stratovolcanoes, 2002.
An overview of these composite volcanoes.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Stratovolcanoes, so called because they are formed by alternating layers, or strata, of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs, are composite volcanoes. Some prominent examples of stratovolcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Shasta in California, Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount St. Helen and Mount Rainier, both in Washington State. This paper provides an overview of these geographic forms, including the different shapes the found in and their physical make-up. The paper also looks at what happens when a stratovolcano erupts.
From the Paper
"Lava flows either through breaks in the crater wall or from fissures on the sides of the cone, and lava which solidifies within the fissures forms ribs, or dikes, which greatly strengthen the volcano's walls. If a stratovolcano remains dormant for a long period, the cone is destroyed by erosion, hardened magma fills the conduits, and fissures filled with magma become exposed. After a prolonged period of dormancy, all that remains is the plug and dike complex."
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Water Pollution, 2002.
This paper examines briefly the phenomenon of water pollution by both foreign matter and heat.
944 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper lists the many sources of pollutants that can effect water, from chemicals to sediment from surrounding soil deposits. The writer then looks at the ways in which people are responsible for such pollutants. The paper concludes with a study of how scientists and government lobbyists are attempting to ameliorate the problem.
From the Paper
"Heat may also be considered a pollutant when increased temperatures in bodies of water result from the discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants. Although heat seems as if it would be relatively innocuous ? since heat will of course be dissipated from any body of water that it enters relatively quickly, and then further dissipated from the local atmosphere into the larger air basin. However, it must be remembered that raising the temperature of water depletes the oxygen available in it (heated oxygen molecules become excited and "gas out" of the liquid) and water that has a low-oxygen content is as deadly to aquatic creatures as a garage full of carbon monoxide is to a human. Aquatic animals suffering from the effects of thermal pollution may die, and their decomposing bodies will add to the pollutant levels of the body of water."
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Waves and Their Properties Analyzed in Light and Sound, 2002.
This paper examines the phenomenon of waves, looking to understand how waves work.
1,874 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper first defines and categorizes waves, looking at the different media that can carry waves, such as liquid with waves in the ocean, solid with sound carried through a wall, or gaseous with light traveling through the atmosphere. The writer then gives the mathematical formulae for defining and understanding the way in which waves are formed and travel through space.
From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to categorize waves. One method is to categorize them according to the direction of the movement of the individual particles of the medium relative to the direction in which the waves travel. Three categories result: longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit energy due to the interaction of the particles that creates the perpendicular movement. As a result, only longitudinal waves flow through gas and the majority of liquids, even waves in the ocean."
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Global Positioning System, 2002.
This paper discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS) and includes technical data.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that GPS provides all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for the military and is an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational uses such as boating, aircraft and hiking, corporate vehicle fleet tracking and surveying. The author states that the military's Precision (P) code provides positional accuracy to within approximately 20 meters. The paper reports that the first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system; the orbit inclination was 63 degrees, differing from the 55 degrees used for the operational system.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Background: Global Positioning System (GPS)
Problems to be Solved
Technical Discussion
Launch Facts
Future Prospects
From the Paper
"SLR will continue to be essential for measuring temporal variations of the gravity field given the passive simplicity of these orbit targets and the decadal span of precision data. With the launch of Lageos 2 in 1992 and Stella in 1993, in combination with the older geodetic satellites Lageos, Starlette, and Ajisai, estimates of the temporal variations of the gravity field will undoubtedly be improved in accuracy, and spatial and temporal resolution. Geophysical modeling of temporal gravity variations will also continue to be important, since their combination with the satellite estimates will improve our knowledge of the solid Earth, ocean, and atmosphere. The development of realistic eddy resolving multi-layer ocean models forced by real wind fields will be an important resource over the next few years for determining the role played by the atmosphere and oceans in the excitation of the Earth's gravity and rotational variations [Rosen, 1993]. Future improvements in the long-wave-length models of the time-invariant gravity field will depend on accurately modeling or estimating both the tidal and non-tidal gravity variations, as the current uncertainties for the low degree coefficients are at the same level as the known temporal variations of the coefficients. While tidally-induced variations have been modeled for many years, the importance of modeling non-tidal variations in gravity is only now becoming apparent."
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The Anoka Sandplain, 2002.
This paper discusses the geologic and environmental aspects of the Anoka Sandplain, a large sandy glacial outwash plain covering approximately 2200 square kilometers to the north of the Twin Cities Area in Minnesota.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the land use and management strategies of the Anoka Sandplain, which can be used for light industry such as sand and gravel mining, community districts such as business and residential areas and farming of alfalfa. The author believes that, when managing sandplains, we should take a cue from Mother Nature, which requires no outside inputs. The author feels that the best management is xeriscaping, which is landscaping that involves using plants that have minimal water requirements once established and require very little maintenance in general.
From the Paper
"Land management through erosion control is also important on the Residential and Commercial level. Practices in these areas include, the use of barriers preventing surface erosion from building sites to enter the natural environment. Also by using erosion blankets on loose soil, planting native grasses to hold soil, and by using retaining walls to hold critical slopes."
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"Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes", 2002.
Summarizes and analyzes the article, "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" by professor of meteorology Kerry A. Emanuel.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the article written by Prof. Kerry A. A. "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" which appeared in the July, 1988 edition of "American Scientist" and which calls for the placement of the physics of hurricanes in a more general context. The paper shows that Emanuel's reasoning behind this is that it would allow scientists to predict how the frequency and intensity of these storms would respond to changes in climate and allow scientists to relate hurricanes to seemingly different phenomena such as oceanic storms of the polar night and dust devils.
From the Paper
"The question of why hurricanes are so rare is considered next, for it is often known that there are several empirical condition that are necessary but not sufficient for the formation of hurricanes. There is some limitation which prevents these from being sufficient in most cases, and Emanuel considers a number of numerical simulations which may give a clue. He says there is a need for a strong starting disturbance, and this is consistent with the observation that real hurricanes never start spontaneously. The model of Rotunno and Emanuel is asymmetric and does not allow variations of the explicitly calculated fields around circles centered at the storm center. To start a hurricane, it was necessary to impose on the basic state a weak vortex which decays upward from the surface. This is the disturbance which starts the process toward a hurricane."
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