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Geological Features, 2006.
The study of various geological features including a volcano, a geyser and a coral reef.
2,301 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the most spectacular destinations on Earth. It begins with Mount Hekla, one of Iceland's most famous volcanoes and then moves on to Yellowstone National Park located in Wyoming, home to many geysers. In particular, it looks at Grand geyser one of the largest on Earth. It concludes with the Great Barrier Reef, home to a vast array of marine life and examines how it is a complete ecosystem unto itself.
Outline
Mount Hekla
Last Eruption
Predictions for Future Eruptions
Interesting Facts and Stories
Grand Geyser
The Formation of a Geyser
The Future of Grand Geyser
The Great Barrier Reef
Formation
Predictions of Future Activity
Marine Life and Tourism
From the Paper
"Grand geyser is one of the many geysers that can be found at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The most famous geyser located at Yellowstone is Old Faithful, but Grand geyser should not be overlooked. Grand geyser is one of the largest geysers on Earth and has an interval of eight to twelve hours with a height of 150-180 feet and a duration of 10-12 minutes. Grand geyser, like most geysers, is formed from a hot spring with an underground chamber. The future of Grand geyser is really unknown, but it is expected to remain active for many years to come. Yellowstone National Park is a major tourist attraction in Wyoming, thus it draws a large crowd to view the magnificent beauty of Grand geyser. Like most things, there is a danger to the geyser in the form of water contamination."
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Tectonic Plate Movement, 2006.
A look at tectonic plate movement and some of the destruction it can cause.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses tectonic plate movements and how they affect the surface of the earth by causing massive destruction produced by earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.
From the Paper
"The global ramifications of tectonic plate movement is scrutinized by examining the damaging tectonic activity caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruption as well as the hazards these earthquakes in turn generate, namely volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The damaging nature of these natural forces cause the world united grief as chilling images of vast wreckage are imbedded in their minds forever. These unstoppable tragedies remind us that we are insignificant in the greater scheme of life and we are still at the mercy of the throes of tectonic plate movement."
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Acid Rain: Causes, Effect and Control, 2006.
This paper examines why acid rain has emerged as one of the most controversial environmental issues of the decade.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the definition of acid rain which is created mainly by man made pollutants invading the air and its disastrous effect on the environment. The writer of this paper details the effects of acid rain on animals, marine life, lakes, streams and forests while stressing the importance of controlling the spread of this environmentally hazardous phenomenon while examining the different methods currently being used to reduce harmful emissions and pollutants. Includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The Ph of rain is dropping because we add tremendous amounts of material to the air. Some of this is in the form of particles and is pulled back to the earth by gravity, but water-soluble gases such as sulfur dioxide mix with the moisture in the atmosphere and return to the Earth as rain or snow. This return to Earth is called "deposition." (Gordon, 2002) The dust particles can leech into the soil, changing the nutrients available in our forests. One source for these extra elements in the air and precipitation is fossil fuels, fuels such as oil and coal. These fuels release significant amounts of both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, which become part of our rain and snow."
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Global Warming and Rising Ocean Levels, 2005.
A combined research and ethics paper that examines the negative effects of global warming and their contribution to the rising ocean levels.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper presents facts about global warming and the effect it has, and will have, on the oceans and the delicate marine life and habitat. The discussion involves the melting of polar caps and the effects resulting from such devastation. The paper examines how warmer temperatures will destroy marine life and concentrates on the delicate coral reef system which is already feeling the effects of the warmer ocean temperatures. The temperature rise and ocean rise are discussed, along with ideas on halting the progression of dangerous toxins contributing to higher climate temperatures.
From the Paper
"As the coral reefs die, so do many other species of fish, crab and several other species. Large increases in the volumes of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are already apparent. At current rates of change, carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere will double by the end of the next century (2100 AD). Calculations indicate that this rate of change in carbon dioxide alone will may result in a warming of between 1.5 and 4.5?C. The most likely effect of sustained global warming will be a melting of the polar ice caps, and a rise in sea level, while on land the deserts will expand."
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High Oil Prices, 2006.
This paper analyzes the reasons for high oil prices in the international oil market and the future of this situation.
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the oil prices are not only closely linked to the policies and capacity utilization of OPEC but also are a consequence of Iraq war, increasing demand, reduced supply and speculation such as oil futures. The author concludes that oil prices are likely to stay relatively high in the coming years because of capacity constraints due to low investments made in the late 1990s, lack of a healthy investment climate, greater competition among consuming countries to secure flows and geopolitical risks. The paper stresses that the world has to learn to live with the increased prices of oil by (1) improving the investment climate for capacity enhancement in oil-rich countries and (2) reducing oil intensity by means of shifting away from oil to some alternative fuels especially because the oil reserves are not likely to last longer than 40 years. Many figures and charts.
Table of Contents
The Iraq War
Demand
Supply
Speculation
(3) Is the Price-Rise Going to Stay?
Demand Factors
Effects on Global Economy
OECD Countries
Developing Countries
Supply Side Factors
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In August 2004, International Energy Agency reported that world oil demand was increasing faster than any other point in the last 16 years. It attributes the increase in demand due to rapid economic expansion in various countries, particularly China and India in Asia. China was only second largest consumer of petroleum products behind USA. The demand for oil is increasing sharply led by US, China and India, and in absence of corresponding increase in supply, price of oil is bound to rise. In the last decade, the consumption of oil and gas has increased by over 70% in Asia-Pacific Region vis-a-vis 15% in the rest of the world. During 2003-04, China consumed more oil than expected. There was more than 40% increase in the consumption by China over the previous year. Similarly, USA's import increased from 4.22 billion barrels in 2002 to 4.49 barrels in 2003. India's import of oil has increased from 1.1 million barrels per day in 2000 to 1.4 million barrels per day in 2003 (27% increase)."
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Coral Reef Decline, 2004.
An introduction and summary of the nature of coral reef decline in oceans across the world.
1,943 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the importance and value of coral ecosystems and details human-induced threats that are currently affecting corals such as overfishing, direct disturbance, coral bleaching, eutrophication and global climate change. The paper also briefly outlines recommended strategies for managing coral ecosystems in the future. Includes pictures.
From the Paper
"In the world's oceans, coral reef ecosystems contribute to a large portion of the biodiversity of marine life. Besides the living corals themselves, many plants and animals such as fish, algae, bacteria and invertebrates depend on the coral as habitat. Yet in recent years, coral reef ecosystems have declined and changed at alarming rates, leaving scientists trying to decipher the exact workings of these ecosystems and the causes of decline. Some recent suggestions on the factors contributing to reef change are overfishing, disease, large-scale disturbance events, global climate change (namely ozone depletion and global warming), pollution, overharvesting and overpopulation. Global warming in particular has been singled out as the greatest current threat to corals and is considered to play a key role in coral bleaching, an effect which can ultimately lead to mortality of corals. With the marine environment continually changing, coral reefs throughout the world, as well as the diverse array of life they support, are seriously threatened."
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Katrina's Impact on Tourism, 2005.
An analysis of how Hurricane Katrina affected the tourism industry.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the tourism industry should respond to high risk travel destinations. The paper explains how the hurricane season devastated much of the tourism industry in the United States. The paper focuses on Hurricane Katrina which affected tourism in areas outside the Gulf region. The paper explores the economic impact on tourism, its closely tied convention industry and a call for tourism security.
From the Paper
"These stark figures focus on New Orleans, however, Hurricane Katrina's economic impact on tourism reaches far and wide. Mississippi has lost $2.8 billion in travel spending, while Alabama needs to recoup $2 billion in lost tourism revenue. Diane Mosson is the director of Unpackaged Holidays in Birmingham, England has experienced the economic realities on the tourism trade across the Atlantic. Britons visit New Orleans as one of their favorite tourist destinations. She is dismayed by the paralysis of tour bus operations as well as the smaller cruise operations. (Mosson 1)"
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The Dinosaur Debate, 2005.
A look at the evidence for and against both the impact and volcanism theories on the extinction of dinosaurs.
6,456 words (approx. 25.8 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to prove why the impact theory is the most plausible reasoning behind the mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs and so many other species at the K-T boundary. By looking at the substantial amount of evidence for this theory, it examines how the impact theory as opposed to the volcanic theory is currently the most valid explanation for understanding why so many of the world's plants and animals died out at the end of the Cretaceous period.
Outline
What's in a Theory: The History of Mass Extinction Hypotheses
The K-T Boundary: The Cold, Hard Facts
The Impact Theory
The Volcanism Theory
Which is More Plausible?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As the years progressed and theories for mass extinction began to multiply, the concepts of catastrophism and uniformitarianism were born. Catastrophism is, "the doctrine that major changes in the Earth's crust result from catastrophes rather than evolutionary processes" (Catastrophism). In this definition, "catastrophes" include anything that cannot be explained by solid, proven, unwavering geological processes visible on the Earth. A flood of the magnitude recounted in the Bible would mean that the geological process of the water cycle would have to be sped up tremendously. This is a perfect example of catastrophism because at the time in which it was most widely-accepted, it was perfectly acceptable to society that the Flood was a largely disastrous event brought upon the Earth by God, and not a constant geological process such as weathering or volcanic activity."
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Mount St. Helens, 2005.
An examination of the volcano of Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly looks at how residents of the area have coped with having a partially active-volcano in their geographic domain. The paper addresses lifestyle issues, agricultural and ecological issues as well as a short history of the volcano's activity.
From the Paper
"While modern men created the hydrogen bomb, they have it in their power to decide when and where it can explode. But no one man, no corps of scientists or engineers, no politicians, no army of environmentalists, no governments can control the actions of aroused volcanoes. In one destructive flash they can wreak more pollution and devastation than anything man designs. Obviously we must learn to cope with these handsome deadly creations of nature if present and future generations are to live safely and happily alongside the volcanoes in the western United States. Hopefully, Mount St. Helens will teach us how to accomplish this. 8"
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The Destruction of Krakatau, 2005.
An overview of the events surrounding the destruction of the island of Krakatau due to a volcanic eruption in 1883.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The legendary annihilation in 1883 of the volcano-island of Krakatoa in 1883, was followed by an immense tsunami that killed nearly forty thousand people. Beyond the purely physical horrors of an event that has only very recently been properly understood, the eruption changed the world in more ways than could possibly be imagined. This paper discusses the events of that fateful August day and the experiences of some of the people who witnessed this natural disaster. The paper includes a map.
From the Paper
"The effects of the immense waves were felt as far away as France. Barometers in Bogota and Washington, D.C., went haywire. Bodies were washed up in Zanzibar. The sound of the island's destruction was heard in Australia and India and on islands thousands of miles away. Most significant of all---in view of today's new political climate---the eruption helped to trigger in Java a wave of murderous anti-Western militancy among fundamentalist Muslims: one of the first outbreaks of Islamic-inspired killings anywhere."
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Victoria, British Columbia, 2005.
An overview of the physical environment and geomorphology of Victoria, British Columbia.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
Since the colonial era Victoria has been the capital of British Columbia. It is located on the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. This paper outlines the physical geography of this region including its physical geography, geomorphology, soils, climate and vegetation. Additionally, the role of tectonic activity in the area is also explored.
Outline
Introduction
Physical Geography and Geomorphology
Plate Tectonics
Climate and Vegetation
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Plate tectonics are the single most important geological force operating on the Victoria Region. This assertion is true for four distinct reasons. In the popularly understood conception of plate tectonics Victoria is on the edge of a plate being relatively violently subducted. Second, as a consequence of this it exhibits the most frequent earthquake activity in Canada. Third, and also a consequence of plate tectonics, it is subjected to cycles of extremely violent earthquake activity every few centuries (a blink of the eye in geological terms). Fourth and less commonly, micro-plate activity and the creation of terranes has significantly impacted on the physical geography of the Victoria region."
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The Tsunami: Assigning Responsibility, 2005.
The paper argues that the absence of a tsunami warning system is the source of the December 2004 tsunami's high death tolls.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
Although the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster, the death tolls are a sign of government neglect because they could have been avoided or, at least, greatly reduced had the governments of these countries, and especially Indonesia, knowing that their area is sensitive to the risk of tsunami, placed restrictions on construction on coastal areas, developed a regional tsunami warning system, or paid attention to the warnings that a tsunami was about to occur and responded through evacuations. As far as Indonesia, which suffered the highest death toll, is concerned, the tsunami could not have been avoided, but the high death rates could have been, making this government at least partly responsible for the consequences of the tsunami.
From the Paper
"As the year 2004 came to an end, a devastating tsunami struck the countries of South East Asia. Considered one of the greatest humanitarian tragedies in recent decades, the tsunami killed almost a quarter of a million people and left five million homeless in just a few hours. This natural disaster is considered as the worst one in the last 40 years as the death toll reached about 100 000 dead people and thousands are missing and millions were left homeless "threatened by diseases that are spread through dirty water, mosquitoes and overcrowding" ("How the Deadly..."). Of the twelve countries that were hit by the tsunami, Indonesia had the highest death toll that reached about 80 000. Most people assumed that the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster and therefore, none of the governments involved were held even partly responsible for this great loss in life and the devastation of the infrastructure. Most may make this assumption because they do not have the knowledge and background about tsunamis to reach a different opinion but, those who have this knowledge insist that the governments of these countries are responsible for the majority of the deaths. Conrad Lautenbacher, the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, insists, the death toll could have been reduced by at least 85% (" Observing Earth"). The death toll could have been reduced if there had been a tsunami warning system in the region and the governments had applied some well-known rules regarding construction in countries that are vulnerable to tsunami, Although the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster, the death tolls are a sign of government neglect because they could have been avoided or, at least, greatly reduced had the governments of these countries, and especially Indonesia, knowing that their area is sensitive to the risk of tsunami, have placed restrictions on construction on coastal areas, have developed a regional tsunami warning system or, paid attention to the warnings that a tsunami was about to occur and responded through evacuations. As far as Indonesia, which suffered the highest death toll, is concerned, the tsunami could not have been avoided but the high death rates could have been, making this government at least partly responsible for the consequences of the tsunami."
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The Dust Bowl, 2005.
An analysis of the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the Great Plains as one of the worst ecological disasters of the modern age.
2,534 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the original Dust Bowl, tackling issues such as soil composition, climatological factors, and farmer negligence. It also addresses the continuing threat of another Dust Bowl-like crisis and what needs to be done to ensure that it does not happen
From the Paper
"The assertion that even without human-induced blunders there would have been at least somewhat of a crisis in the 30's seems like a distinct possibility. There was a definite shift in climate, consisting of severe blizzards, prolonged severe drought, and even a flood to start it all off. Temperature swings between summer and winter were even more severe than usual and dry spells and occasional downpours seemed to strike at the most inopportune moments time and time again (Bonnifield, 1979). Taking these things into account, it seems that even without over-planting, lack of erosion-control and other human mistakes, some sort of agricultural downturn would have taken place."
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Preparing for Tsunamis, 2005.
A look at the need for developing ways to predict and warn people about oncoming tsunamis.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the need for a rapid and reliable system for predicting and confirming the existence of a tsunami so that officials responsible for sounding the alarm of oncoming tsunamis are sufficiently prepared. The paper also describes efforts, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop a network of six deep-ocean reporting stations that will track and report tsunamis in real time.
From the Paper
"The word "tsunami" has become quite the catch phrase in light of the events that took place December 26th, 2004. All of a sudden people are aware of the destructive and awesome power of the Earth's oceans. But the reality is that between 1990 and 1999 ten tsunamis took more than 4,000 lives. In all, during that time span, 82 were reported worldwide. The idea of a large tsunami striking a coastal area and wreaking havoc is therefore not new. It is in fact a highly studied and researched area of the Earth sciences. The author of the article TSUNAMI!, From the May 1999 issue of Scientific America, Frank I. Gonzalez , is just one of many scientists working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (NOAA), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle whose focus is on developing ways to predict and warn people about on coming tsunamis."
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Water, 2003.
An analysis of water treatment and delivery issues in the United States today and in the future.
3,183 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the problems currently being experienced in delivering sufficient quantities of water to those who need it, followed by an analysis of potential alternatives and their expected consequences. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"In Greek mythology, Poseidon used his mighty trident to rule over the entire world's supply of water. Today, though, just ten enormous global conglomerates are exploiting the murky regulations that govern international trade to do just the same. According to the research presented in Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water, an emerging water cartel is exploiting cross-border pacts such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to buy up--and potentially dry up--the earth's over-extended freshwater supplies (Siegel, 2003). The trend continues in California and other western states, where the business of water-rights trading, particularly concerning the Colorado River, is gaining momentum. Furthermore, the niche market for bottled water (as exemplified by Nestle, Coca-Cola, and PepsiCo) has proven to be lucrative, yet largely unregulated."
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Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, 2004.
A paper on Tungurahua Volcano of Ecuador that has been in active volcanic state since the October of 1999.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the potentially disastrous effects of the Tungurahua Volcano on the village of Banos, which lies on the foothills of the mountain. The paper discusses the risks for the inhabitants and plans and solutions that could save the town.
From the Paper
"As of date, it has been nearly four years since the first of eruptions from the Volcano began spewing out ashes and poisonous smoke in the October of 1999. The authorities were swift to take action, and evacuated the entire population of the town of Banos, as well as all the adjoining areas to various shelters and larger cities to considerable distance from the volcano. In addition, all the roads and highways leading to the town of Banos, and villages at the foothills of the erupting volcano were sealed off for the public. Yet, the residents of Banos and villages wish to return to their homes, and after a brief confrontation with the authorities, villagers as well as townspeople were allowed to move back to their farms and homes, even though the heightened state of yellow alert is still in effect. (Dytt, 1929; Simkin, 1994; Ecuador Travel.Net, 2003)"
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Flooding on Park Lane, 2004.
A case study to resolve the flooding problems of Park Lane in Columbia County, Georgia.
1,887 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this case study is to perform analysis in order to recommend solutions to resolve the flooding problems from Reed?s Creek in the area at the end of Park Lane and also to convince the county commissioners to develop and implement a plan to provide a solution to the problem. It provides the background related to the problem, the magnitude of the problem, what the author believes to be the cause of the problem, and what affects the problem has on the residents.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Magnitude of the Problem
Causes of the Problem
The Affects of the Problem
Analysis
Goals
How the Goals Relate to the Problem
Alternatives for Achieving Goals
Costs and Benefits of Alternatives
How the Alternatives Affect the Problem
Assumptions
Pros and Cons of Alternatives
Preferred Alternative
Conclusion
Implementation Plan
Recommendation
Plans Success
From the Paper
"It is plain to see that the alternative that should be selected is allowing commercial contractors, with strict guidelines, the opportunity to develop and implement a plan for the development of a nature park that would inevitably solve the main problem of flooding in the flood plain area and subsequently solve all the other minor problems the flooding brings. The reason I choose this alternative is because the project would be fully funded by commercial contractors and the project would be implemented quickly with the long-term goals being reached in a relatively short amount of time. There is no reason to place this tax burden on the residents of Columbia County when there are viable alternatives such as commercial development."
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Cosmic Impacts, 2004.
A discussion of the result of meteor strikes on earth, the possibility of a 1 km meteor striking earth, and the effects the meteor would have.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how there is proof that earth has been bombarded by meteors in the past. These meteors have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, provided iron to jump-started the Iron Age, and caused a crater in Arizona. The possibility of a 1 km-sized meteor striking Earth, or even Duluth for that matter, is slim. This paper discusses the possible ramifications of such an event in the future.
From the Paper
"Earth is a target for destruction, but it?s not aliens or terrorists who are planning its ruin. Meteors have assaulted the Earth ever since our home planet came into existence, and they continue to bombard the Earth with broken pieces from asteroids and comets. Some of these results have been disastrous, and some have furthered along human development. In my essay, I hope to show that these meteors have crash-landed on Earth in the past, that meteors do pose a threat to Earth, and evidence for the need for protection against them."
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