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Globalization in Comparison, 2008.
Reviews three articles on globalization: Simone Borghese and Alessandro Vercelli's "Sustainable Globalization", Nicholas A. Ashford's "Globalization and the Environment" and David Suzuki's "Economics and Politics.
1,324 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer compares and contrasts three articles - "Sustainable Globalization" by Simone Borghese and Alessandro Vercelli, "Globalization and the Environment" by Nicholas A. Ashford and David Suzuki's "Economics and Politics". The writer argues that each article raises intelligent points but that each one is also given to emotional or infelicitous language as well as to conclusions that are not infallible. The writer maintains that the main idea, fundamentally, of all of the articles is that globalization has exacerbated global inequalities and that international and domestic efforts must be undertaken to rectify the situation.
From the Paper
"By comparison, the second article, "Globalization and the Environment," an article penned by Nicholas A. Ashford, does not devote its opening pages to outlining the structure of the argument being set forward. Rather, Ashford begins right away by criticizing how the laws governing public health policy in the United States have been dominated and shaped by rational choice theory and by other free market economic fetishes. Ashford's first page is committed wholly to outlining the characteristics of the "American Disease" in health policy - a "disease" he attributes, in part, to government non-interventionism (the government, in other words, sees itself as a mediator and not as a trustee for public health and for the environment) and to the curious conviction that the industries which are creating problems in various aspects of public living are nonetheless the industries which will find a way to resolve the problem."
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Environmental Factors and Human Activity, 2008.
This paper compares Ronald Wright's "A Short History of Progress" and Jared Diamond "Guns, Germs and Steel".
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper compares how Ronald Wright in "A Short History of Progress" and Jared Diamond in "Guns, Germs and Steel" approach the issue of human civilization and its interaction with the environment. The paper argues that while both authors place a heavy emphasis upon environmental factors in determining the history of human civilization, Diamond's consideration of cultural factors in addition to purely environmental factors renders his analysis the more valid of the two.
From the Paper
"Both Wright and Diamond, in their respective texts, attempt to address the question of why the history of human civilization has unfolded in the manner that it has, and what has been the role of the environment in this process. Wright's perspective on this question is to challenge the emphasis many scholars place on technology in explaining why some human societies succeeded in dominating others. He argues that we "should be wary of technological determinism" (Wright 47) and that human civilization "differing in detail but alike in essentials, had evolved independently on both sides of the earth" (Wright 51). There is an old saying that the "devil is in the details" and this certainly applies to Wright's argument here for it was precisely these differences in "details" that explain why European states were able to conquer their non-European counterparts in a remarkably short span of time."
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Canadian Forest Management, 2008.
This paper discusses the need for sustainable forest management policies in Canada.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian forests have been significantly depleted due to poor management practices centered solely on production and monetary gain. The paper shows how forests need to be managed in a sustainable fashion, allowing the industrial exploitation without endangering the many other vital roles this natural resource plays.
From the Paper
"Almost one half of Canadian landscape is covered in forests that extend from the one coast to the other (Dufour, 267). According to the 2001 inventory, the Canadian landmass covered in forests was 402.1 million hectares (National Resources Canada, 2001). However, the distribution of forested areas varies between the provinces with British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario having the most forested area. In this light, it is not surprising that forestry plays an important role in the Canadian economy. In fact one fifth of the world's forest products are exported from Canada (Dufour, 268). The forest industry provided over 750 000 direct and indirect jobs in 1991 with this number steadily increasing during the next decade. In the same time period the income for forestry doubled: from $17 billion in 1991 to $34 billion in 2001. (Dufour, 271)."
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Waste Management in Canada, 2008.
This paper examines the social factors that make waste disposal issues difficult in Canada.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at how the not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome affects how sites for waste disposal facilities are located. The paper then examines particular problems facing landfills and incinerators. The paper shows how current waste disposal strategies in Canada are ineffective due to undesirable by-products and strong resistance to these facilities. The paper concludes that the most obvious solution to these problems would appear to be to adopt waste diversion programs like the ones being developed in Toronto.
From the Paper
"To begin this discussion it is necessary to look at the social phenomena known as NIMBY syndrome. NIMBY stands for Not In My Back Yard(Meredith 480). When discussing NIMBY syndrome in "Assessing Environmental Impacts in Canada" Thomas Meredith states,
"...A society collectively accepts the need for a project, say a landfill site, an airport, or a nuclear power plant, but no one wants it near them" (Meredith 480)."
"In this sense NIMBY syndrome can be seen as a way in which land can be made socially unavailable for facilities like incinerators or landfills. This can be seen as a major contradiction because two totally different social and environmental factors are being expressed at the same time. Everyone knows that these facilities are necessary for society to function and are largely unwilling to live without them. However, they are also unwilling to live near the facilities that they desire. Since these two desires can't both be fulfilled it is necessary to look for other options."
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Aquaculture and Marine Coral, 2008.
An overview of the cultivation and sustentation of coral for aquarium hobbyists.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how although it is not known to what extent the use of aquaculture will assist in the preservation of coral reefs, it is certain that aquaculture will help promote the health and longevity of corals when kept in a personal fish tank. It looks at how the aquaculture process facilitates appropriate animal husbandry methods that are already widely used in facilitating and improving the health of other domesticated plants and animals.
Outline
Introduction
Coral Reefs and the Marine Aquarium Hobbyist
Applications of Aquaculture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To be sold as a piece of authentic aquacultured coral, the organism must have propagated a minimum of two times in captivity, suggesting that the size of the organism has reached a size sustainable for harvest two or more times since the original parent colony was harvested from the ocean (Pillay & Kutty, 2005). This process has been likened to that of houseplants, where a houseplant has grown large enough to divide a minimum of two times before the successive harvested generations are considered to be domesticated. "
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The Norwegian Forest, 2007.
This paper discuses Norway's vast natural resources contained in its forestry industry.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Norway boasts some of the most ecologically diverse forest areas in the world and that the diversity of the topography creates prime locations for some of the most sensitive ecosystems. The author reviews Norway's five forest areas, which have been identified as being in need of management and conservation protection: Western Pine forests, Coastal rain forests, the Canyon and Humid Spruce forests, Northern Pine forests, and the Hemi-deciduous forests. The paper relates that, even though Norway has one of poorest records for ecological conservation of all the major forestry producing countries, it is not without protective legislation, for these resources such as The Forestry and Forest Protection Act, The Nature Conservation Act, and the Building and Planning Act.
Table of Contents
Review of Norway's Forests
Percentage of Land Coverage
Economic Impact of Norway's Forestry Industry
Economic Value
Exports
Primary Forestry
Secondary Forestry
Bio-Energy
Transportation
Norwegian Forestry Policies and Protection
The Forestry and Forest Protection Act
The Building and Planning Act
Norwegian Forest Restoration and Sustainability Plans
From the Paper
"The forestry industry in Norway is second only to the Norwegian fishing industry. Excluding petroleum exports, forestry products comprise 11 percent of the total exported value. In 1995, 6,180 people were employed by the lumber industry, 5,000 in forestry and another 9,000 in pulp and paper industries. These numbers would increase even more if transportation and other ancillary functions related to the timber industry were included in the employment statistics. The high degree, to which Norway relies on forestry and forestry related industries, opens the country up to vast amounts of international competition."
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Community Ecology, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of logging and fires on temperate deciduous forests.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that a large part of temperate deciduous forests have been removed by logging, land clearing and fire suppression. The paper examines various theories that look at the effects of logging versus fire in the disturbances of temperate forests. The paper details the effects of fire and logging on tree, understory and wildlife diversity.
From the Paper
"Reviews on the fire effects on tree, understory and wildlife diversity are as follows. Thonicke and Cramer (2006) suggest that a fire model be used as a simulator to determine the patterns of how the fires would dominate long-term vegetation composition. Accordingly, the immediate effects are historical in terms of the range of impact on canopy conductance and litter moisture in Brandenburg (Germany) forests. Yet, burnt areas would not excel and "fire changes had no implication for vegetation composition in Brandenburg but reduced vegetation carbon would be gained" (Thonicke and Cramer, 283). With the fire model (LPJ Dynamic Fire Model), the spread is more likely to change climate conditions along with carbon for long-term best effect in natural vegetation from precipitation patterns."
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Sustainability, Waste Management and Incineration, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of waste management and waste incineration as a way to manage waste.
2,573 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies, as more things are produced and more waste is generated. Environmental, economic and social factors involved are examined and waste incineration is compared and contrasted with land filling and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle. The writer discusses that the growing concern for the environment, a constant increase in the amounts of waste produced, economic, land and social costs involved in developing new landfill sites and public opinion have brought about the need to approach waste management in a new way. The writer maintains that the use of waste incinerators does provide certain advantages to landfill, particularly in terms of waste reductions as well as through waste-to-energy schemes. The writer concludes that the 3Rs method of waste management has the greatest potential for growth and improvement and is a sustainable way of approaching waste management.
From the Paper
"A waste incinerator involves burning waste at high temperatures inside a specially engineered and purpose-built incinerator facility. Some of the positive impacts include the reduction of the volume of waste, less fossil fuel use and less land required for disposal of leftover solid residue as well as the potential of energy-from-waste incinerators. For example, by incinerating waste, its weight and volume are greatly reduced, often by as much as 90% . Pitchtel also stated that a third, albeit unintended benefit of incineration is detoxification - the destruction of microbial and other pathogenic organisms - of the waste . Waste-to-energy incinerators boil water to make steam for heating spaces or for production of electricity."
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Canadian Forestry Resources, 2008.
This paper explores strategies to combat the forest resource depletion in Canada.
1,346 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian forest ecosystems and resources are threatened because of intensive forestry operations, especially clear-cutting. The paper also looks at how forests have been poorly managed across Canada with some badly designed solutions to the problem of disappearing forest resources. The paper shows how the proposal to export in quantity is a very damaging one under present conditions. The paper is of the opinion that Canada's forest industry needs a new perspective based on balance and diversity, specifically, an ecosystems approach.
From the Paper
"Forestry resources in Canada a few decades ago were available in great abundance. These resources are poorly managed and definitely should not be exported in quantity. Forest covers nearly fifty percent of the total surface area are in Canada. These forests supply about one-fifth of the total world's demand for timber. Forest resources are seen as a renewable resource and they have been exploited. At the same way, forests have been seen as inexhaustible and therefore they have been exploited intensively. For decades, there has been no concern about how these resources might be renewed. Forest resources cannot be renewed and made available without any limits, at least not with present methods."
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Coal in Electricity Production, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits and concerns regarding the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation.
2,444 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation. It describes the debate over the use of fossil fuels - citing the arguments both for and against their use. It focuses on the reasons why fossil fuel production is important and necessary and describes the benefits of its use. The paper then looks at the environmental concerns regarding the use of coal for electricity production.
From the Paper
"Obviously, using any fossil fuel for massive energy generation will be a mixed bag. Developers will always be fighting a battle against environmental destruction, as fossil fuel technologies tend to be highly polluting and contribute to global warming through the production of carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, fossil fuels will be a significant component of the world's energy supply for at least the next few decades as no alternative energy source is currently mature enough to supplant fossil fuel technology. In the end, coal power--if properly utilized in technically advanced gasification plants--has the potential to provide cheap, plentiful power to the world with fewer environmental issues than would have been the case even a few decades ago. New technology makes sustainable coal power a possibility, if not a certainty."
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Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water, 2008.
This paper explains that lead contamination of drinking water is a serious and persistent health issue in the developed world.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the negative health effects of lead-contaminated drinking water are significant and occur at very low concentrations. The author points out that the primary source for contamination has been identified as corroding plumbing, which means that almost the whole of the developed world is faced with this danger. The paper urges that samples of real-world concentrations of lead in the drinking water supplies in the developed world should be taken from residential, commercial, industrial, and public buildings. The author suggests that this information should be used to develop public health policies.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion and Analysis
Summary of Findings
From the Paper
"Even at very low levels of lead exposure, individuals can experience measurable and permanent neurological damage. This is especially true for the young. Bryant (2004) contends that children are most susceptible to lead exposure from birth until the age of six. This is consistent with remarks by Watt et al. (1996), who outline the effects of minimal lead exposure to infants via drinking water--from bottle feeding, breast, or directly from the mother's blood before birth. Watt et al. (1996) points out that exposure to low levels of lead in infants has been positively correlated to decreases in intelligence over the course of an individual's life."
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Community Economic Development, 2007.
An examination of impact models as educational devices in
community economic development initiatives.
1,388 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an empirical economic impact model based on market research at the community and municipality level. The writer discusses the belief that communities and municipalities require effective economic impact models in order to adequately build and estimate budgets as well as to plan for future development needs. The writer proposes a community based cooperative action program that emphasizes a three component economic analysis model.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impact Model Applicability
Economic Impact Analysis
Economic Impact Component
Community Impact Component
Fiscal Impact Component
Three Phase Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The contemporary economic climate ensures that communities require ready and immediate access to information that allows them to respond more effectively to economic volatility. Community leaders as well as citizens within the community constantly are required to make decisions that impact various aspects of the community, such as business growth, dimensions of traditional industry activities, land use issues, and a host of other common community concerns (Gibbs 18). The growing observation is that all these issues and more also impact the overall economic indicators within communities as well which consist of employment/unemployment concerns, income issues such as poverty or affordable housing, or the demand for expanded public services. In researching these issues it becomes vital to identify the particular issue or problem which allows both the researcher and the community leader the ability to better address such issues specifically (Green, et al 6). Thus, developing effective economic models relies on cooperation between both researcher and, in effect, the researched."
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Global-Warming, 2007.
A discussion of the significance of the global warming debate and a demand for immediate action to halt global warming.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the increase in global temperatures and how this is directly related to human activity. The writer looks at a report which states that the current decisions made by the majority of developed nations are a direct contribution to global climate change and that climate change is reversible with minor financial commitment and infrastructure change on the part of these developed nations. The paper explains that in order for positive change to occur, it is necessary for all countries to commit to reform. The writer notes that researchers have developed low-cost strategies to curb the precursors to global warming. The paper concludes that these strategies are likely to improve the economies of most countries through increasing job opportunities, and by helping to stop global climate change while the planet is still able to recover.
From the Paper
"Each year, almost one million persons are lost within sub-Saharan Africa to drought, water shortages, and lack of food (Young, Dooge,& Rodda, 62). Global warming has been linked directly to these outcomes, as well as other changes in ecologies throughout the world. Researchers argue that global climate change will potentially be the single greatest challenge faced by the human race, but also that if actions are taken immediately then the negative outcomes of global warming can be stopped. Moreover, there is a moral imperative that global warming be stopped in order to help those hardest hit by its outcomes, such as those currently dying in sub-Saharan Africa."
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Recycling, 2008.
This paper discuses the arguments for and against recycling.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that recycling has been accepted in every major city as a way of enabling people to actively participate in increasing environmental sustainability and in reducing waste. The author points out that the idea behind recycling is to reduce the amount of waste to be dealt with through burning or landfill, as well as the amount of energy needed to produce goods to replace what is wasted. The paper also looks at the argument put forth by critics of recycling, which states that recycling may be more of a "feel-good" matter than a program achieving real value and the argument of supporters of recycling who see a value even if recycling does not solve all environmental problems.
From the Paper
"A concern is that the EPA will not do a real job of oversight when an administration, such as the current Republican administration, does not want the recycling program to work or be found to work so that a different set of criteria are used in judging the system. Administrators can always change the criteria so as to make a program seem to be failing, and people will believe that the program has actually diminished in effectiveness because they think the same criteria are used now as were used last year."
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Wastewater Treatment in New York City, 2008.
This paper describes wastewater treatment in New York City, which has one of the most extensive wastewater systems in the country.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the New York City water system delivers drinking water to more than 8 million city residents plus 1 million consumers in other counties and then returns the used water into the New York's extensive wastewater treatment system. The author points out that the Metropolitan Sewerage commission was created in 1904 after the discovery of the link between waterborne bacteria and human disease. The paper relates that one of the leading challenges and causes of wastewater collection system blockages is FOG---fats, oil and grease. The author relates that solutions counteracting FOG are large monetary penalties requiring the polluter to appear in court every time a fine is issued, helping businesses comply with regulations and installing grease interceptors. The paper includes a figure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History and Overview of New York City's Wastewater Treatment System
FOG: A Primary Challenge to New York City's Wastewater Treatment System Faces
Solutions to FOG
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Grease interceptors are used to prevent FOG materials from entering and clogging the sewer lines. All City business that dispose of grease, fats or oil should have a grease interceptor installed, including: restaurants, hospitals, day cares, senior centers, nursing homes, and other food handling operations. The interceptor works by separating the grease and oils from the wastewater. FOG laden wastewater enters the interceptor and passes through a vented flow control fitting that regulates the flow of the wastewater."
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A Windshield Survey, 2007.
This paper explains the use of a windshield survey as executed in the Boyd Hill area of Rock Hill, New York in Sullivan County.
2,395 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that a windshield survey of a community requires making observations, either by walking or driving, at different times of the day and week to more fully understand and evaluate a community. The author points out that this windshield survey for the Boyd Hill community was conducted as a community health project to assess the community and to identify any problems. The paper concludes that this survey of the neighborhood shows it to be a true neighborhood, which has seen better days, but the real problem with the community is that it has been isolated and divided by the road system in the town. The paper includes many charts and a graph.
From the Paper
"The community does contain a recreational center called the Boyd Hill Recreation Center, located at 1165 Constitution Boulevard. The center is situated on a 22-acre park and includes a gym, a conference room, an activity/games room, three outdoor basketball courts, ands a lighted baseball field on two small lots. The center also has two lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a wooded trail for hiking. One of these trails is accessible to the handicapped. The park operates Monday through Thursday from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm and on Fridays from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm."
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Solid Waste in Toronto, 2007.
This paper discusses the problem of solid waste in Canada's largest city.
1,218 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at the issue of solid waste in Toronto and discusses what can be done to address a matter that has grown in importance in recent years. Specifically, the paper looks at the background of the situation, discusses possible policy responses and evaluates those alternatives. The writer offers a recommendation for one or more preferred options, complete with a brief overview of how they should be implemented. The writer concludes that Toronto would richly reward itself by placing the onus for solid waste management upon private citizens and businesses - a step which might be politically unpopular in the short-term, but which will benefit the city in the long-run.
From the Paper
"For some time, many Toronto residents have been outraged at what they view as the city's shameful inability to keep waste disposal and sanitation at a level commensurate with the city's pre-eminent status among Canadian municipalities. For one thing, many believe that solid waste should be recycled into steam for heating and for other energy-related purposes; as well, in light of the fact that Toronto's garbage pick-up has been the object of ridicule in many precincts for some time, there appears to be a sentiment that supervised sites whereat taxpayers can drop off tires, appliances, construction waste and other refuse should have been put into place years ago. Further, resentment seems to linger over the fact that Toronto has made remarkably little effort (at least in recent years) to establish guidelines at transfer stations that would mandate the separation of aluminum and other ferrous metals from organic products being shipped elsewhere; needless to say, this too is seen as a wasteful process that curbs what might be the productive recycling of still-useful items."
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Food Knowledge and Power, 2007.
An examination of the sociological, technological, environmental and safety issues related to a lasagna-based meal preparation.
2,263 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the sociological, technological, environmental and safety issues related to food. It details one meal, lasagna, and then discusses several issues related to the production of the meal and the ingredients used. The paper analyzes the environmental factors involved in the ingredient preparation and growth, the risk and safety associated with some of the ingredients and the skills and knowledge involved in creating the meal.
Table of Contents:
Meal Chosen: Lasagna And Chips, Bread, Wine, Tea, Tap Water
Environmental Impacts Of Your Meal
The Social And Economic Relationships That Created Your Food
The Technology, Skills And Knowledge Involved In Creating Your Meal
Your Meal And Risk
From the Paper
"This leads to another major issue - the safety requirements for exports and safe import standards. In order to support the economic requirements of global agriculture, Mitullah (2000) tells us that sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, as required for compliance with the World Trade Association (WTO) are often difficult for third-world countries to comply with. The costs associate with such an effort make competing in the agricultural market, based on the technology requirements, prohibitive. These restrictions are seen in the same light as tariffs or quantitative restrictions on trade (Mitullah, 2000) even though they are entirely technology driven and based. Mitullah (2000) estimates the cost of a hazard analysis and critical control point program to be $82.7 million for a five-year period."
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The Law of Thermodynamic Economics, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between thermodynamics and neo-classical economics.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses unsustainable consumption patterns and the laws of thermodynamics. It discusses the relationship between thermodynamics and the study of neo-classical economics and free-market society and its importance in the current economic model. Finally, the paper examines why ecological economics is antithetical to neo-classical economists and free market advocates and then discusses the need for further research on the topic.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Thermodynamics in Economics
Current Importance
Objections
Further Research
From the Paper
"The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation and this law is critical in the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns within a free-market economy that rejects all forms of constraints (Lawn pars.2-5). Although this law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created it illustrates that materials that result in energy can be depleted through transformation processes that result in forms of energy that cannot be harvested in an economic sense. Entropy is essentially the second law of thermodynamics and as such is central to thermodynamics as it is applied to ecological economics. Entropy is the concept in ecological economics that describes the state of potential energy as being less than the initial energy contained within an item or unit (Finch & McMaster 135). It describes the necessity of continually introducing new energy into economic activity to produce ever greater results or outcomes at the risk of economic shutdown."
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