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Alaskan Oil Drilling, 2006.
A look at the Alaskan oil reserves and the affect on business and consumers.
1,884 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the issue of the Alaskan oil reserves and their potential for the economy of the United States has become extremely contentious. The Bush Administration and the corporate sector are of the opinion that the Alaskan oil reserve offers a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the country. However, there are also contending voices which see the usage of the reserves as ecologically unsound. Another perspective, which is explored in this paper, is that the Alaskan reserves will make very little difference to the overall energy problems and economy over the next decade.
From the Paper
"The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." "
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Appalachia, 2006.
This paper discusses the Appalachian mountain region and its natural resources.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Appalachian mountain region. The writer notes that today the region has a reputation that is rich in resources with a notoriously poor economy and people. The writer maintains that this is no doubt the legacy of the exploitative nature of early industrialization in the Appalachia area. The writer concludes that as infrastructure is developed there is less and less need for some of the region's riches and conversely as the resources available are depleted, industry looks elsewhere for a point of need, leaving behind the generations of workers dependant upon this type of development. The writer contends that it is for this reason that the future of the Appalachian region is yet unknown, and will continue to be a region of flux for many years to come.
From the Paper
"The Appalachian mountain region was the first American frontier, sought after as a place to romantically recreate the American dream of idealistic frontiersmanship. The mountains were the back door to many of the original American colonies and within them to the settlers of the nation lay unknown riches and exotic cultures, yet to be experienced or some would say exploited by the Europeans and the American settlers. They were the first areas to be traversed and eventually developed. The name of the area is a result of the goals of the Spanish to find wealth through gold mining as the area is named for the first group of Native Americans to point toward the forests and claim them rich in gold, the Appalachee. It is thought that they may have done so to send their unwanted guests away from them but none the less the name stuck."
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Monsoon Weather, 2006.
Through an annotated bibliography, the paper examines the effects of the monsoon.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the monsoon, one of the most intense climate phenomena in the world. Global weather patterns rely on monsoon rains and weather conditions, and individuals within the monsoon climate areas rely heavily on the monsoon rains for agricultural production and water supplies. Variations in these monsoon climates can produce deadly results, including drought, flood, and a lack of food supplies. By understanding the basics behind the monsoon climate, and its weather patterns, it is possible to comprehend the global effects of this climate pattern. The paper provides information on a variety of different media sources regarding the monsoon climate, its causes, effects on other regional weather patterns, and effects on global production through an
annotated bibliography. Additionally, the resources provide information regarding the prediction of those monsoon variations in an effort to assist residents in predicting proper growth seasons.
From the Paper
"This chapter focuses on the major influences over the weather and climate of tropic regions, including the conditions that create the monsoon season in summer, as well as monsoon depressions, north-east monsoon flows, south-west monsoon flows, and the seasonal conditions which cause the monsoon climate. This is of particular interest, in that the authors carefully and meticulously examine each season in Asia in relation to its effect on the creation of a monsoon climate. This chapter's focus is on the monsoon climate in detail, so its usefulness in examining this weather pattern cannot be exagerated. Further, the information is recent, providing the latest information available about the monsoon weather climate."
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The Alaskan Oil Reserves, 2006.
A review of the Alaskan oil reserves and how they potentially benefit the United States.
2,069 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Alaskan oil reserves and how these reserves offer a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the United States. This paper also reviews how using these reserves could mean possible exploitation of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
From the Paper
" The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." (Big oil numbers for Alaska)
At first glance there seems to be very little reason not to make use of these oil reserves. The US Geological Survey estimates that the reserve contains between 5.9 billion and 13.2 billion barrels of oil. (US expands oil exploration in Alaska). Other estimates are that the area "... is expected to produce between 5.7 billion and 16 billion barrels of oil for decades." (Murkowski L. 2005)"
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Scrub Jay, 2006.
A discussion of the scrub jay bird in Florida.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a short description of the scrub jay. It continues to explain that the scrub jay is an endangered species. The paper explains that as the scrub jay is a protected bird, land where these birds reside may not be developed. The author concludes with an explanation of the controversy in Florida surrounding development and the scrub jay.
From the Paper
"Scrub jays, aside from being on the Endangered Species list, are attractive.
Mating for life, one of their characteristics seems always to attract humans. These birds build a nest about 8 feet above ground, build a shallow nest basket of twigs and palmetto fibers, and raise one or two broods of hatchlings from clutches of three to four eggs. For a long while, it was thought that displaced bird families would simply move on to another scrub brush stand. However, that is not so. Scrub jays are "highly territorial. Disruption of habitat quickly leads to upset reproduction, rejection and isolation" (ecofloridamagazine Web site, 1999-2000) and disruption of habitat has already diminished the scrub jay population to about 2,000."
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Darwinist Theory, 2006.
This paper discusses Ernst Mayr's writings in "One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought".
1,253 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the text 'One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought' by Ernst Mayr. The writer contends that Mayr shows that the Darwinian Revolution was the most far-reaching of all intellectual upheavals of the Victorian age and this stems from the Victorian assertion of the supremacy of human rationality and the importance of the human moral triumph over the baser morality of animals. The writer maintains that Mayr's book is a clear and unapologetic outline and defense of Darwin's theories combined with an intelligent explanation of why theories are accepted or not accepted socially, and by the scientific academic community. It also shows how Darwin's theory is not a constant, but has been expanded upon by biologists since Darwin's death, by scientists such as August Wiseman, Mayr and others.
From the Paper
"The centrality of reproduction in Darwin's writings was quite shocking to many Victorians as the mechanism or the determination of the origin of a new species was the inability of one species to mate with the other species, generated purely by environmental needs not by appearance, as assumed in previous attempts at categorization. This brought to the forefront one of the most important insights that Darwin illuminated, namely the slow but steady nature of the change of all animal species in the environment through the process of natural selection. Animals as individuals did not change--another challenge to the Victorian stress upon the ability of human self-improvement. Rather, the more environmental suited or fittest of a species survived, and reproduced, causing new species eventually to be formed from these more environmentally suited beings. Fighting over scarce resources like food and shelter caused other species to die out."
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Endangered Species Act, 2006.
This paper discusses the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) that was designed to protect plant and animal species that were - and are - threatened by extinction and to provide punitive measures for persons and organizations that violate the Act. This paper focuses on just the animals that are endangered (not those on the "threatened" list), not the plants, although there are numerous plant species listed as endangered and thousands of species of plants already extinct. The writer looks at the animals this act concerns and discusses the proposed legislation. The writer discusses challenges and complications related to the Act.
Contents:
Introduction
Animals Placed on the Endangered Species List
Removed from the Endangered Species List
Legislation Proposed will Radically Change the ESA
Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone Park
Cut Throat Trout Numbers Shrinking in Yellowstone Park
Florida Home Builders Association Sues
Florida Native Americans Sue Interior Secretary Gale Norton
International Marine Mammal Project
Marketing Endangered Species and Wildlife Conservation
From the Paper
"One of the animals that may soon come off the ESA's list in a certain, prescribed area, is the Grizzly Bear. The Department of Interior (DOI) (which runs FWS) has decided to remove the 600 or so Grizzlies "in and near Yellowstone National Park" from the federal endangered list. Why? It would put protection of the bears in the hands of state wildlife officials in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, according to a USA Today article.
The other reason for taking the Grizzly off the federal protected list is that the bears' population in the Yellowstone area has increased from around 200 in 1975, to about 600 today. The Grizzly once number around 50,000 throughout the western United States and now there are about 1,200 remaining. They live primarily in four regions: Yellowstone, Glacier National Park (Montana), the Selkirk Mountains (Idaho), and in the Cabinet Mountains in Montana. The Grizzlies in those other three areas will remain on the ESA list of protected animals."
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Kyoto Protocol, 2006.
An examination of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming and the environment and how current and past US governments have dealt with environmental issues.
4,025 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Kyoto Protocol which became effective in February 2005. The paper discusses how the United States has stayed out of the Protocol as it feared that accepting the Protocol would give the developing countries like India and China an unfair advantage. The paper further examines how the Bush government has faced severe criticism for its opposition to Kyoto Protocol both internationally as well as from general public and state governments, while a few states have taken steps to reduce green-house gasses (GHG) by regulating on state level. The paper shows that even if America does not meet the Kyoto targets it will be able to show considerable progress in GHG reduction to satisfy its own public opinion as well as the international community.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Introduction
Environmental Policies of Past Governments
i) President Regan Environmental Approach
ii) President Bush Senior's Environmental Policies
iii) President Clinton and Global Warming
iv) President G. W. Bush Junior Actions on Kyoto Protocol
Europe's Views on US Defiance
Public Opinion on Global Warming
Congress Views on GHG Controls
State Policies on Global Warming
US Policies on Environment
President Bush's Alternative to Kyoto Protocol
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Environmental issues have gained high public importance and can win or loose local senate and even presidential election. The 2004 election was probably the first where candidate of both political parties avoided the issues relating to the environment. The public pressure and that of environmental lobbies makes the government enact environmental regulations. The business lobby, on the other hand knows that implementing environmental measures adds to the cost of doing business and deprives them of business opportunities due to environmental concerns."
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Ecological Restoration, 2006.
This paper discusses ecological restoration and restoring the natural balance of the land.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the matter of restoring the natural balance of the landscape. The writer discusses Robert Elliot's apparent distaste for ecological restoration in close detail throughout the first portion of this paper. This article explores the circumstances in which restoration may be considered benevolent, through careful examination of Elliot's philosophy and that of Murray Krieger. The writer concludes that in the case of restoring the natural balance of the land, one is not attempting to profit from the restoration or create a fake situation, but rather restore the original version to its original grace and glory so it can be better appreciated.
From the Paper
"Robert Elliot in his work "Faking Nature" rejects the idea that restoration ecology is useful in many instances. Elliot asserts that attempting to restore the natural ecology of the land is nothing more than an attempt to forge that which was once natural and beneficial. In this light restoring the natural ecology of the land seems nothing more than an attempt to fake that which is natural, which in and of itself promotes no intrinsic value.
Further Elliot asserts that one can not reproduce the value that original ecosystems had to offer. The field of environmental ethics proposes that the natural value of nature should be preserved rather than the value of nature purely for human purposes including survival or consumption. Under this assumption nature isn't necessarily valued by humans desiring to create artificial landscapes purely for humanistic benefits."
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Ecological Competition, 2006.
A discussion on the principle of competition as it pertains to ecology.
3,078 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper defines and describes the principle of competition as it pertains to ecology and outlines the underlying physical, chemical, and/or biological principles that operate within the ecological principle. The paper includes a description of general textbook observations that support this principle. In the conclusion, the paper describes four real world studies from specific scientific articles published in research journals that demonstrate the principle, including an examination of how the principles discussed here are investigated by ecologists.
From the Paper
"Competition is described as an interaction that leads to an increase in one species population density and also to a decrease in the per capita growth rate and population density in another. It has also been suggested that species richness in a habitat decreases with increasing levels of competition- the more competition there is for a particular resource, the fewer individuals there will be in a species population. Further, the number of species in a habitat will become excluded due to the intensity of competitive activity."
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The Impact of FEMA on Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath, 2006.
An examination of the faults of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) following Hurricane Katrina.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the failures of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), as witnessed by Americans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The article lists a timeline of events following the hurricane, as well as enumerates the errors made by FEMA and its results for the people of New Orleans.
From the Paper
"Chicago was not the only city to offer help and be declined . In the days following the hurricane, several local and state governments, corporations and nonprofit organizations across the United States offered to help in the relief effort, only to be declined by federal officials, who actually provided very little aid to the needy victims of the hurricane. Claiming security concerns, the Department of Homeland Security prevented the American Red Cross from entering New Orleans with food and supplies. Five hundred Floridian airboaters were prepared to rescue stranded victims, but FEMA turned them down. Many other cities and groups also had their offers refused."
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The Nomadic Mongolian Pastoralists, 2006.
This paper describes the nomadic Mongolian pastoralists and discusses their future.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that pastoralism is the practice of human populations using the products of herd animals for survival in areas with scarce other resources; however, most pastoralists are nomadic only between seasons because the seasonal changes in their environments require movement to areas with greater grazing capabilities. The author points out that the Mongolian pastoralists, many of whom are now herding for profit instead of subsistence, are increasing the size of their herds using modern technology resulting in overgrazing, which is challenging the ecology of the nation. The paper concludes that, unless measures are taken, either by the Mongolian pastoralists themselves or by the government of Mongolia, the subsistence of the Mongolian pastoralists may be in jeopardy, centuries of tradition will be lost and an economic pattern of survival, which has sustained a nation, will be challenged.
From the Paper
"The political patterns, too, have changed drastically. As mentioned, the changeover from a Soviet leadership to a Democratic government has also meant drastic changes to landscape protections, an issue which directly affects pastoralist communities. Following the Soviet collapse, a number of vital grassland areas have been placed under national protection in the new democracy. According to Bedunah and Schmidt (2004), by the year 2000, over 13 percent of Mongolia was under federal protection. These restrictions mean fewer lands for herd animals, and with an increase in herding due to a loss of economically viable positions in urban areas, the results are a lack of sustainability and biodiversity within the existing rangelands."
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Wind Farms in Nantucket (Cape Code), 2006.
An in-depth analysis of the changing nature of the international energy industry.
4,166 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the attitude of the energy industry internationally has changed, focusing on the factors that are the prime reasons for this. The paper analyzes the environmental impact due to the different international protocols that have been agreed on, and the cost of the energy at present, along with the likely movement of the base source of the energy in future years.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Analysis
Impact on Other Fuels
Pollution and Other Impacts
Problems with Nantucket
The Real Reason For Bird Deaths
Political influences
Technical Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The three leading states in installation of wind power during 2005 are currently expected to be Texas, Oklahoma and New York. According to the industry spokesmen, the growth of the industry is expected to be sustained and even increase further due to the impact of the Congress extending the wind energy production tax credit through December 31, 2007. This is expected to ensure the growth of wind power in United States by 51 percent and reach a total of 14,000 megawatts. This growth will affect the growth of use of natural gas, and that is used mainly for industry and heating of houses. Only a quarter of the energy is used for producing power. The environmental impact of the wind power produced in United States during 2005 will reduce the emission of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by about 7 billion pounds. This is the same as keeping 500,000 sports utility vehicles out of the roads."
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Hydrogen Fuel, 2006.
An analysis of the vision to switch fossil fuels for hydrogen fuel cells.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the feasibility of switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the ways in which a hydrogen economy holds much technical and political appeal and analyzes the many complications that exist in trying to make this vision a reality. It also focuses on the investment and political interest, especially among the Bush administration in the U.S.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction: The Draw of Hydrogen is Significant but Not without Challenges
The Appeal of Hydrogen: Political and Environmental Bonuses
The Freedom Car: Hydrogen on the Road Not All It's Cracked Up To Be
The Myriad Issues with Hydrogen: Availability, Extraction, and Storage Are Just the Beginnings
Conclusion: Hydrogen Simply Not a Feasible Fossil Fuel Replacement
From the Paper
"In January 2003, President Bush proposed allocating $1.2 billion towards the development of what he dubbed the Freedom Car, an automobile that would use fuel cell technology and hydrogen instead of gasoline by the year 2020 (Lynn par. 1). Currently, the development of this kind of a vehicle has been the primary push of the proposed hydrogen economy. Automobiles are highly polluting and highly dependent on imported oil."
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Halting the Revival of Nuclear Energy, 2006.
A discussion of the merits of using nuclear power as an energy source.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the benefit of reviving nuclear power plants. The writer discusses the many alternative options for generating electricity while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The paper further discusses the potential threat of terrorist attacks and the current problem of nuclear waste storage and the lack of safety in nuclear power plants. The writer concludes that the focus should be put into pursuing other energy options that have fewer safety issues and fewer potential consequences.
From the Paper
"In contrast, storage of nuclear waste and the safety of nuclear power plants is a current problem that already exists for the power plants in operation. Grossman (p. 206) notes that current nuclear power plants were not designed for more than 40 years of use and are considered hazardous. Grossman (p. 207) also notes that the government is currently planning to store nuclear waste in the Yucca Mountains, an area that is near 32 earthquake fault lines and has a high likelihood of both earthquakes and volcanoes."
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The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 2006.
An examination of the public relations aspect of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
1,563 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper analyses the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989. The paper examines the environmental concerns of the oil spill, Exxon Valdez being the largest ship ever built for the world's largest oil company. The writer explains that it was not only an industrial accident, but a "technological and organizational disaster" as well. The paper further analyzes the public relations disaster that followed, and concludes that had the crisis been handled differently, Exxon's reputation might well have been enhanced, rather than damaged.
From the Paper
"The industry's insistence on having its own way regarding the regulation of the Valdez tanker trade, and the government's incremental accession to industry pressure, culminated into a disastrous system failure (Details pp). The general public reacted with anger over the environmental damage and the mar upon the Alaskan wilderness (Details pp). The Exxon spill remains on the list of the world's largest oil spills during the past twenty-five years, and has come to be seen as the nation's largest environmental disaster, since Three Mile Island (Details pp)."
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Ecological Community Concepts, 2006.
This paper describes the different types of ecological communities found in nature.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes the different sorts of ecological communities found in nature. Each section of the paper defines and explores specific ecological concepts. The Caspian Sea region is selected as a biologically diverse and thriving ecological community.
Food Webs
Succession
Climax Community
Biodiversity
The Nature of a Community
From the Paper
"Furthermore, characterization of communities can occur based on the number of species and feeding links per species. As community diversity increases, the number of trophic levels, such as the herbivore or omnivore levels, and the number of guilds, such as the leaf eaters of the herbivore trophic level, also increase. These trophic levels, then, help influence the food web by describing either a top down or bottom up energy chain. In top down chains, predators depress populations of other animals, such as herbivores, resulting in a "green" earth. In bottom up chains, plants resist consumption by toxins and digestion inhibition, resulting also in a "green" earth. In both cases, predation and production form intricate parts of the food web (Ricklefs, 2001)."
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The Physical Environment of Iran, 2006.
This paper discusses the impact of human activity on the environment in Iran.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.
From the Paper
"Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."
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N.O.A.A. Emergency Response to Oil Spills, 2006.
This paper discusses the responsibilities and actions of the N.O.A.A.
3,557 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that N.O.A.A. stands for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and that the organization's main responsibility is to clean up mess made by oil spills in the ocean. In this paper, the writer examines issues regarding oil spills and discusses the tasks of the N.O.A.A.
Contents:
What is N.O.A.A.?
What is an Oil Spill?
History of Oil Spills.
How NOAA Responds to Spills?
What Kind of Chemicals Do they Use for Cleanup?
How Long Clean Up Takes?
How Tools Being Improved Such as High-pressure and Hot Water Washing?
What is Done for Oiled Animals?
Are there Precautions Taken Against Spills?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Oil spreads rapidly especially when it is light and the water is wavy because it helps the oils to move faster and spreads out easily. But then when the oil is heavy such as black oil, the spread of it is so slow because they are contained together and the fluidity is sticky. The condition of the water also matters with the spread of the oil and the temperature also. When the weather is cold the oil are somewhat frozen and solid so the spread of it is slow. In terms of weather, when it is windy and there is storm, we are expecting the oil to spread quick and fast, and what is hard to clean up is they are not contained in one area, some of them can be found in different areas and can be found also in the shoreline thus damaging the corals and the animals in the water."
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