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Nigerian Natural Resources: Blessing or Curse?, 2007.
Questions whether natural resources are a blessing or a curse in the development process of a country, using Nigeria as a case study.
9,950 words (approx. 39.8 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 201.95
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Abstract
The concept that countries that are endowed with natural resources such as oil, natural gas, and gold should exploit them to promote economic growth and development has long been recognized as one of the fundamental principles of development economics. The principle of comparative advantage also maintains that countries should exploit those factors that they hold in greatest abundance. The revenues that are generated by natural resources can be used to assist in the promotion of economic growth in this view, which will then allow the economy to diversify and produce the kinds of higher value-added goods that are necessary to further accelerate economic development. The resource curse theory. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to determine the relationship between economic growth and human capital, and what current theories and models provide insights into this process. A case study of Nigerian underdevelopment is presented to determine how, in spite of abundant natural resources, the country has failed to fully realize the potential of many of its natural resources. Further, research on the role of western nations in conflicts in Africa as an indirect factor for the mismanagement of natural resources in Africa is also provided. A summary of the research, salient conclusions and timely recommendations are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"While petroleum products are a relative newcomer to Nigeria's "resource curse" mix, coal and tin have been mined in the country since the early colonial period; however, coal production decreased following World War II, as a consequence of the redirection of resources to the potentially more lucrative oil industry. Nevertheless, substantial coal reserves of varying quality remain throughout Nigeria's south-central states (see map at Appendix B) in a strip of country that stretches from Benin to Cameroon. Furthermore, columbite and tin can be found in the Jos Plateau and there are iron-ore deposits in the Lokoja area (situated close to the Ajaokuta steel complex in the lower Niger valley)."
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Waste Management of Maltese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, 2007.
An analysis of the history of waste management in Malta and a recommendation for the future.
2,828 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the waste management of Maltese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. The paper discusses the history of poor waste management in the area. The paper suggests that there is a gap between the ideals of the government and its investors, particularly in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the actual and current want of strict protocols, official guidelines and better methods of handling dangerous or hazardous waste that comes out of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. It also suggests the need for further studies into the problem.
Table of Contents:
Discussion
Limitations And Recommendations
From the Paper
"These guidelines and SOPs are limited to pharmaceutical manufacturing companies now operating in Malta at this present time and cover only the management of their hazardous waste products in each stage indicated by the guidelines and SOPs. They are also to be applied in accordance with current legislations in force in the island and from an agreement with the EU.
This study recommended that these guidelines and SOPs on pick up, packaging and loading and export be tested on other and next-largest pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Malta for a reasonable period and the findings compared with those of Actavis, Ltd. The difficulties encountered in the case of Actavis, Ltd. should be noted and used as guide in the study of other similar firms in the island."
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The Oil Industry, 2007.
An in-depth study of the oil industry and its profitability.
5,616 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the oil energy industry and how it affects us. The paper discusses the manner in which oil prices affect individual citizens, the airline and transportation industries. In addition, the investigation explores government regulations on energy. The research substantiates the claim that in the modern world the top privately owned oil companies are extremely profitable, because western society is addicted to the oil energy. The paper explains that, as a result, energy companies' profits are related to supply and demand.
Outline:
Introduction
Oil as a Commodity
Petroleum Sector
Transportation Industries
Government Regulations on Energy
Foreign Affairs
Black Energy Trade
Future Trends
Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Oil has long been a source of fuel in America and throughout the world. During the last three decades America and other nations have greatly increased their dependence on foreign oil, however America was not always so dependent on foreign oil. According to Han (1994) during the late 1940's America was both the main producer and consumer of crude oil and petroleum products in the world. The author explains that there was "an average annual production of 1,906 million barrels of crude oil during 1947-49, the United States alone accounted for nearly two-thirds of the combined production of all market-oriented economies. This situation existed simply because the United States was a large industrial economy that thrived on oil more than any other country in the world (Han 1994, pg. 11)." "
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Watershed Protection Plans, 2007.
This paper discusses watershed protection plans and the impact on public health.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer provides an analysis of how developing watershed protection plans can impact public health. The researcher predicts that watershed protection plans (WPP) can improve public health by preserving and protecting the environment and water supplies. The writer notes that current statistics suggest that the quality of water available through watersheds throughout the nation is declining. Further, the writer points out that this will affect not only natural ecosystems but also impair the public's health as the public generally relies on various bodies of water as a source of life sustaining drinking water, entertainment and recreation. The writer highlights that it is vital that federal, state and local agencies adopt policies that will proactively result in positive changes to the quality of watershed protection plans currently under consideration.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview WPP
Watershed Protection Plans and Public Health
New Jersey Efforts at Promoting Watershed Management
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"In recent years an emphasis has been placed on watershed based protection plans in an effort to help restore and protect aquatic ecosystems. This follows what some have referred to as a "broader trend" toward "ecosystem approaches to environmental protection in general" . The intent is addressing the environment in a way that focuses not only on the health of the ecosystem but also the public. For purposes of this paper watershed will include "the entire surface drainage area contributing to water in a lake or river" . Watershed management and protection measures have recently resurfaced in response to complex concerns regarding water problems and the quality of water available in watersheds throughout the country."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2007.
A metadata analysis of the capacity of intensification of agricultural production via genetic engineering to feed a growing population.
16,724 words (approx. 66.9 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assumption that the gene revolution--represented by the integration of genetic engineering techniques into the field of agriculture--is capable of positively affecting the current human population crisis. The study examines this very ideological assumption that has not largely been challenged in the popular or critical literature on the subject. It then attacks that assumption and illustrates its erroneous base.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One: Introduction and Statement of Problem
1.1 Statement of Problem
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Importance of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Rationale of the Study
1.6 Definition of Terms
1.7 Overview of the Study
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Scope of the Literature Review
2.2 Intensification of Production is Favourable
2.3 Intensification of Production is Unfavourable
Chapter Three: Methodology
3.1 Approach
3.2 Data Gathering Method
3.3 Database of Study
3.4 Validity of Study
3.5 Originality and Limitations
Chapter Four: Data Analysis
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In order to fully examine that relationship, it was necessary to critically examine literature, statistics, and historical examples that might shed some light on the relationship that exist between food production and population growth. Additionally, studies were consulted that spoke to the capacity for genetically modified foods to increase agricultural production. In all, the range of information required for this study was significant and at times may have appeared to stray beyond the limited scope of genetically modified food. However, in order to demonstrate the manner by which genetically modified food would have its greatest negative impact upon human societies, it was essential to take a broader look at the role that genetically modified foods have played in the intense push to intensify agricultural production year after year in order to presumably keep up with geometric population growth by always generating more food than is needed."
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Oil, 2006.
A discussion on oil supply, foreign relations and future use in the US.
1,857 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion on America's demand for oil, at any cost, to produce energy. It includes schematic representation to qualify points made. It continues to explore the correlation between America's foreign relations and its need for oil. The author also expands on the importance on planning for a replacement of oil and securing oil supply for the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Oil Supplies and Foreign Relations
Securing Future Energy Requirements
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Environmental concerns, high cost of domestically produced oil does not promise huge oil increases from domestic resources. But US will have continued access to international market. Rehabilitation of Libya in international community will allow US to import oil from this desperate for cash country. Even Russia has offered to sell Oil to America. The present panic in the oil markets is due to the uncertain political situation. It seems very likely that as soon as this crisis is over we will perhaps once again discard our search for increased domestic supplies and go back to the business as usual of relying on cheap supplies from the Gulf."
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Risk Perceptions, 2006.
The paper analyzes the relevance of individuals' perceptions of risks to the actions of the government in managing potential hazards.
4,839 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 56 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the role risk perceptions play in shaping citizens' policy preferences on three issues involving types of potential harms: air pollution, crime, and hazardous waste storage and disposal. The paper uses cases studies to illustrate that risk perceptions are relevant to the public's views on environmental issues. The analysis shows that crime, as a personal safety/social policy issue, and air pollution as an environmental regulatory issue are extremely similar in terms of determinants of policy preferences. Hazardous waste storage and disposal is quite dissimilar. The paper concludes that that it is evident that most individuals do see the role of government as inclusive of a duty to protect the citizenry from such hazardous materials and environments.
Outline:
Introduction
Specific Case Studies Regarding Waste Management Issues
Specific Relationships between Risk Management and Policy
Risk in Individual Policy Preferences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Individuals' perceptions of risks are relevant to the policy process. The degree of risk individuals assign to activities (e.g., cigarette smoking) or technologies (e.g., genetic modification of foods) involving possible harm helps shape their attitudes toward public policy on such issues. Extensive literatures explain both the underlying causes of risk perception per se and the determinants of assigning risk to particular activities, situations, or technologies. But relatively few studies account for how those risk perceptions specifically influence preferences toward government policies designed to manage potential public health, personal safety, or ecological hazards."
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Charlotte Adelman, 2006.
A look at the environmental contributions of the author Charlotte Adelman.
763 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Charlotte Adelman is an excellent example of one person making a significant difference in improving the condition of the environment. It looks at how she has made it a personal mission to rectify the environmental injustices she finds in her community and in her own backyard.
From the Paper
"Garlic mustard would be her next personal challenge. The invasive plant had overrun Adelman's local park. She nobly asked the park district to allow her to organize a garlic mustard pull. It took three years of requests, before they agreed. Adeleman gathered a few friends and removed tons of the invasive weed. Upon their success, Adelman asked the park district to make it an annual event. The following year, the Sierra Club joined in, and although the three-year delay allowed the garlic mustard to gain a good foothold in the five-acre park, thanks to Adelman, it's now being dealt with (Adelman)."
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International Environmental Clean-up Efforts, 1998.
A discussion of environmental pollution and the efforts made to clean-up and reduce the damage caused by the pollution.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses various regions and how soil degradation, air or water pollution, pesticide misuse, overpopulation, wildlife extinction or threatened biodiversity, and deforestation impacts these regions. The paper examines the root causes of these problems, and the strategies that local governments, businesses, or individual citizens can implement to lessen the negative impact on the environment in these regions and help prepare them for a more sustainable future. The paper considers factors such as limited resources in the region, focusing on practical solutions to the problems in relation to funding development and implementation on a local level. The writer considers whether outside sources might be needed and how much or what extent the outside source will be involved.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Capacity for Management
UNEP & UN-HABITAT
Project Combination Brings About Improvement
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"The plan for clean-up was supported through proceeds of fundraising. UNEP implemented a total of 16 "works projects at the four hotspot sites" which was at the cost of $12.5 million. Further provided through international bilateral support partners was the means to fund six more projects totaling twenty-two efforts.
UNEP worked with Novi Sad Waterworks immediately beginning construction work on a hydraulic barrier for prevention of the contaminated ground water migrating from the refinery to the wells holding the drinking water. UNEP and others they partnered with at the Pancevo petrochemical plant performed the installation of equipment needed at the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) plant for recovery and treatment of 400 tonnes of spilled EDC that had come from the damaged storage tanks at some point during the conflict."
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The Narmada Dam Project, 2005.
This paper discusses India's Narmada Dam Project including details of the project such as its location, general description and the ecological and human implications of the dam.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the Narmada Dam Project represents modernity and a source of national prestige, it also poses a risk to the environment, economy and way of life for people in the region and has come under fire from environmentalists, politicians, human rights activists and local citizens. The author points out that proponents of the dam project, which has been in existence for over 20 years, claim the cost-benefit of power drawn from the dam system outweighs potential environmental and human rights issues. The paper relates that people have been displaced by this project resulting in a mass exodus within and outside the region of western India especially to Bangladesh, which has placed a burden on this country and international aid resources. This paper includes a map and two pictures of the area.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Project Details and Issues
Implications
Ecological
Human
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Barclay's (2005), a large bank in England and financier of the project, is concerned by the controversy embroiled in this this issue and is showing growing concern for their involvement when it was found that, "the dam reservoir will submerge up to 5800 hectares of forest" endangering preserved forests and peoples. The bank is concerned what kind of image this project will reflect toward theirs. There is concern for the instability of the land not only just environmentally but also geophysical. Still while the bank is concerned over the public relations issues of the project as it violates its own "green: policy, it has not pulled its funding but changed its involvement to an advisory basis."
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Drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 2006.
The paper examines the debate regarding drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
2,563 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the most promising onshore area for oil exploration and one of the wildest areas remaining in the United States. Therefore, the conflict between the need to develop energy resources and the desire to preserve wild areas has led to the prolonged debate over the merits of programs to lease the region for oil exploration and development. According to the paper, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would cause environmental costs that include some elements that are essentially certain, as well as elements that are uncertain, such as the unpredictable effects on the number and health of certain important species. The paper concludes that development is environmentally damaging no matter the cautions, because it alters the wild state of the region forever.
From the Paper
"When Alaska entered the Union in 1958, Congress transferred an exceptionally large amount of land to the new state, and at the same time, the Department of the Interior used its authority to administratively reserve land for federal use, resulting to decades of controversy and disputes (Grover). Since 1957, the United States Department of the Interior has exercised primary administrative authority over most of the land comprising modern-day ANWR Grover). This fact has meant that a great deal to people who care about the Refuge (Grover). Federal management has produced a land that is valued as much for its unique wilderness character as it is prized for its suspected mineral wealth, and in particular, it has precluded significant petroleum exploration and development of the Refuge (Grover)."
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The Influence of Environmental Organizations on U.S. Policy, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on the influence of three environmental organizations on U.S. Federal Government environmental policy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
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Environmental Toxins, 2006.
A discussion on the effects of environmental toxins on children.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a brief overview of the subject of environmental toxins so that we can better understand the dangerous effects that these toxins pose to children and the need for active intervention. The paper discusses the contribution of industrialization and rapid development over the years, to the dangerous levels of contamination. It also discusses the effects that these toxins have on the population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Children and Their Vulnerability
Permanent Damage
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Further, it is important to realize that young children are still at a developmental stage. Their organ systems are still undergoing growth. In particular, their immune system and the nervous system are in the progress of development and at this stage any damage would seriously affect their cognitive development. The structural disorders that occur during this period may not be rectifiable because the nervous system is not sufficiently developed to recondition the affected pathways. Thus, environmental toxins can result in severe and permanent neurobehavioral dysfunctions. The child may be crippled with severe cognitive deficits, loss of intelligence and associated behavioral problems. Another important factor is that many of the toxic substances take years together to effect their damage. Examples include mesothelioma linked with asbestos, leukemia caused by benzene, Parkinson's disease caused by neurotoxins, etc. So naturally, children, because of their long life have increased risk of manifesting these degenerative diseases from their early exposure. [The Future Of Children]"
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Global Warming, 2005.
This paper argues that global warming is the single major environmental problem of the 21st century and should be a major concern.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as a by-product of the industrial revolution, the natural equilibrium of earth is being altered by man-made conditions resulting in global warming or the heating up of the earth's surface. The author points out that the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon; however, the burning of fossil fuels has contributed to a huge increase in CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which now trap more heat and thereby increase the temperature of earth more than usual. The paper relates that there is still a minority of scientists who are hesitant to accept the fact that global warming is a man-induced condition; nonetheless, their notions are silenced by the observed climatic facts that the eleven hottest years of the previous century occurred between 1983 and 2000 while 1991-95 are the five consecutive hottest years of the century.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Global Warming (A Real Problem)
Undeniable Facts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At this rate of increase, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations are projected to increase the average global temperature by around 3 to 7 degrees F by the end of this century. This increase over a hundred-year period represents a huge shift compared against the entire time scale of the planet. Those who argue that global warming is a natural happening have to explain why nature would shift gears all of a sudden? Also, how could increased CO2 levels also be part of the claimed natural process? These questions and the true facts make it unambiguous that global warming is definitely a man-induced phenomenon. These arguments can be buttressed with the recently documented drastic climatic shifts."
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Oil Prices, 2006.
A discussion on the inflation of oil prices.
1,177 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the different factors which together influence and effect changes in oil prices in the global market. It explains that natural calamities that are an ever-present danger for the rich oil shores along the Gulf of Mexico, the volatility of the Middle East, swelling domestic consumption and natural disasters together contribute to the high oil prices in the nation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Increase in Oil Price (Different reasons)
Oil Refineries
Natural Disasters
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, different political and economic reasons affect oil prices. First of these is the political unrest in Iraq. As a huge oil-producing nation, Iraq has a considerable effect on the global oil economy. The 1978 revolution in Iran affected oil production. [LSA] During the 1980'war between Iraq and Iran, we saw the drastic increase in oil prices. Then again during the first gulf war between Iraq and Kuwait, we witnessed the shooting up of oil prices. So the political instability of these nations that come under the oil belt have a direct influence on production capacity and consequently affect the price. Currently, American invasion of Iraq has created a volatile situation with increasing terrorist activities. The insurgents are targeting the oil fields and the important pipelines. Monitoring the complete stretch of pipelines is practically impossible."
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In the Wilderness, 2006.
This paper looks at the writings of Henry David Thoreau with regard to the concept of wilderness.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses author Henry David Thoreau's writings relating to the American idea (and ideal) of the wilderness. The writer explains that Thoreau wrote about the spiritual bond between humans and the natural world and that Thoreau's work ranged widely from writings on nature to justice and truth. In addition, the writer looks at how Thoreau combines the ideas of the study of nature as well as the more transcendental approach of contemplation and unconscious attachment. The writer also looks and compares Thoreau's ideas to the beliefs of John Muir regarding wilderness. Further, the writer discusses the development of Thoreau's ideas in his works.
From the Paper
"In fact, adds Oeschlaeger, Muir does not only go beyond transcendentalism, but includes dimensions that even Thoreau's idea wilderness did not attain. Why is it, then, that Muir does not always have the recognition he deserved? The first reason is that he wrote significantly much more as a naturalistic essayist in the tradition of Gilbert White than a systematic philosopher. Although there is philosophical prose in his work, he does not push his arguments but is discrete in his approach. There is a relentless questioning of anthropocentric viewpoints on nature and a regular acceptance of a biocentric perspective where humans have developed into an empathetic part of nature instead of a scientific observer separate from it.
Secondly, Muir's approach is more theological than philosophical. His love for nature is so great, that he can not divorce his ideas about God from what he sees around him."
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Oceanography, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on oceanography.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general definition of oceanography. It continues to paint a more realistic picture of the work of an oceanographer. The paper offers details on different focuses of oceanography,like climatological, palaeoceanographic and physical to name a few. In conclusion, the author highlights the importance of the information derived from this particular science. It also includes graphic representation to qualify points made.
From the Paper
"Long Bay in California is a heavily populated coastal region that has many tourists visiting it at all times. Sand resources are here for recreational purposes, as well as for coastal habitat. It must be noted that earlier studies of the same have revealed a large amount of sand deposits, which are situated oblique tot eh existing shoreline. This is oriented clockwise in the offshore direction, and the sand feature is about ten kilometers long, two kilometers wide, and more than three meters thick. It is assumed that these sand deposits are providing a rich source of beach nourishment material. This study was undertaken in order to, at the outset, measure and models the oceanographic circulation in the area, and secondly, to identify and recognize the various processes that maintain the presence of this particular sand feature."
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Pesticide Laws and the Judicial Process, 2006.
An in-depth look at pesticide laws and cases that were brought before the Supreme Court to change the laws.
3,935 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the judicial process as applied to pesticide court cases, which have seemingly not resulted in any significant changes in pesticide law. The paper analyzes how the most consistent feature of the decisions in the court cases was that when harm was caused to a business or the livelihood of farmers, the U.S. Supreme Court generally agreed to hear the case, and found in favor of the plaintiffs against the chemical manufacturers. The paper further discusses that when the case was brought by an individual, and it was a matter of personal injury resulting from incidental contact with the substance in question, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, in some cases, a settlement was negotiated. The paper further analyzes a case that succeeded where the suit brought on the basis that the chemical companies were unreasonably withholding information that should be made available to the public.
Table of Contents:
Bates et al v. Dow AgroSciences LLC and Citizen Right to Sue
Precursor Legal Battle: Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.
Three Additional FIFRA Suits
League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren (2002) Raises Timber Issues
Guzman v. Amvac Chemical Corporation Won Workers' Rights
Judicial Process in Two Related Lawsuits
Endangered Species and Pesticides
The Court Refused to Hear a Pesticide Case
Roundup
Discussion
Findings
References
From the Paper
"While manufacturers were required to disclose all ingredients to the EPA, even inert ingredient, the EPA "routinely withholds this information from the public because of industry claims that the information is subject to trade secrecy laws. The plaintiffs argued that EPA wrongfully accepted manufacturers' blanket claims of confidentiality without first ascertaining that the inerts in the six pesticide products qualified as trade secrets" (Daily Environment Reporter)."
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Air Pollution, 2006.
An overview of the definition and effect of air pollution and what can be done to prevent it.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste. It discusses how it has been been a growing problem since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and how the health problems from particulates and other pollutants in the air can be severe. In particular, it looks at how, since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the United States has made significant strides in the control of air pollution.
Outline:
What Is Air Pollution?
History of Air Pollution
What Substances Pollute Our Air?
Health Problems
Status of Air Pollution in the U. S. Today
Future Directions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By many accounts, ozone presents the most serious air quality problem in the United States. Ozone is not a particulate. However, particulates released into the atmosphere help create excess ozone. Ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet rays of the sun and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes called hydrocarbons. This reaction is called "phytochemical" and cannot occur without polluting emissions from power plants, industrial plants, and internal combustion engines from cars, trucks, and construction machinery (Whitman, 2005). Other sources include commonly used chemical compounds such as those used in paint or in dry cleaning plants (Whitman, 2005). These problems are often aggravated by summer's heat, and contribute to thousands of deaths every year in the United States (Whitman, 2005). "
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