| Papers [20-38] of 2448 :: [Page 2 of 129] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
|
|
Environmental Determinism and Probabilism, 2008.
Defines the theories of environmental determinism and probalilism and their application to understanding mankind.
1,390 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 46.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that environmental probabilism states that almost all or any behaviors may be probable within one or in any environment; whereas, determinism states that it is the physical environment and not social conditions, which shape a person's character and behaviors. The author points out that the concept environmental probabilism has emerged as a direct result of reactions to the supposed shortcomings and inadequacies of environmental determinism. Although these environmental theories today are being used in anthropological research to better understand the exact role human beings play in nature, the paper concludes that hopefully more theories related to these theories will emerge soon, which will explain human behavior in a more succinct and terse manner.
From the Paper
"Reportedly, Winston Churchill made the statement that a human being shapes a building, and thereafter, the building shapes him. He meant to say that there exists a subtle relationship between one's building and one's behavior; environmental psychologists have found this to be true after extensive research on the subject. The relationship is viewed through a list of possibilities and probabilities, and this then is the principle upon which 'probabilism' is based. This concept has given rise to the idea that there is a probability of the built environment playing a positive or a negative role on organizations and campus environments."
| |
|
Cellphone Towers, 2008.
A review and discussion on whether we can be assured that cellphone towers themselves do not produce radio-frequency radiation.
1,229 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses cell towers and antennas and questions their safety in the community. The paper confirms that the number of cell sites has increased over the years in proportion to the expanding number of subscribers. These tower structures are erected on various locations such as parks, schools and fire houses. The paper considers if these towers really put us at risk and states that according to the Food and Drug Administration Act, exposure to cellphone radiation on the ground is significantly weaker than exposure on the direct path of the transmitted signal of the antenna. This exposure is several thousand of times less than the minimum safety levels recommended by expert studies. Thus the paper confirms that civilian exposure to cellphone radiation is well within the safety margins.
From the Paper
"Electromagnetic radiation, composed of electric and magnetic energy moving at the speed of light, is the one feared by most people. The electromagnetic spectrum is a wide range of electromagnetic signals ranging from high-frequency x-rays and gamma rays to low-frequency radio waves. Your cellphone's electromagnetic radiation has a 3kHz-300GHz frequency. This falls just after the very low frequency like your computers and before or just the same frequency as your everyday microwave oven. And still the radiation coming from the sun poses more danger than your cellphone."
| |
|
Environmental Issues, 2008.
This paper examines the environmental problems in the Caspian region.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper focuses on the Caspian region that is particularly affected by environmental problems. The paper examines the problem of pollution and the reduction of arable land and shows how they are set to increase in the future, especially if one takes into account the threat of global warming. The paper concludes that the only solution to this problem is an integrated and internationally monitored plan of action or remedial plan, as was implemented in the case of the Great Lakes in North America.
Outline:
Introduction
The Caspian Region
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has been a considerable growth in the interest and concern about the global environment during the past decade. Governments, policy makers and environmental bodies are becoming more involved in the way that problems such as pollution and unmanaged ecosystems affect the environment in the world. This concern has been recently increased by the acceptance in the scientific community of the reality of global warming and climate change, which has been almost certainly linked to human causative factors such as carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. These concerns have refocused attention on various problems areas around the world."
| |
|
A Global Environment, 2008.
This paper discusses how we are creating and living in a world without borders.
751 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how the environment became a global concern at the end of the 20th century. The paper also discusses the newfound ability to interact with people instantaneously around the world using the Internet relay chat (IRC). The paper then discusses a change from the end of the century that is not positive, namely the fact that progress in eliminating hunger is slow. The paper quotes the report "Are we Really Reducing Poverty?" by Vandemoortele that argues that global poverty figures under-estimate global poverty and over-estimate poverty reduction. The paper concludes that the major implication of today's global world is that people of all backgrounds and cultures are going to have to get along with each other.
From the Paper
"As the last century ended, the world continued at a faster and faster pace with changes occurring rapidly and regularly. It was just an indication of what would be happening in the next decades. Many of the major changes that took place at that time dealt with the new concept of "A World Without Borders," where countries everywhere were being impacted by similar issues and challenge and communication and transportation allowed people to quickly move interact with others on the other side of the globe."
| |
|
Environmental Ethics and Morality, 2008.
An analysis of the ways that people are contributing to environmental problems on the planet.
3,830 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the environmental problems of the world, including world hunger and disease, lack of democracy, overpopulation, resource depletion and the destruction of habitat and species. It looks at the ways that people are contributing to these problems and briefly discusses the political aspect of the overwhelming planetary problems. The paper also looks at the role of media in these problems.
Table of Contents:
Deep Ecology
Social Ecology / Murray Bookchin
Barry Commoner, Michael Coor, And Paul J. Stamler
Ching Lai Cheng
UN Compact & Human Rights In Depth
From the Paper
"Ching talks on page 328 about a very important point brought up in this class and that is "over-advertising" (which supposedly stimulates the "consumption of goods"), which in this paper I will call "manipulative" advertising, in solidarity with the instructor. The lies, distortions, and basic con jobs that are part of today's television, movie, magazine and Internet advertising campaigns should be attacked with logic and facts by legislators and other leaders. Much of the advertising on television today is morally disgusting; but while there is no way to really stop it, people in positions of influence should condemn it. The materialistic attitudes in America, unfortunately, are here to stay. But educating young people in schools, churches, and other social venues is more and more necessary. Many millions of young people today are addicted to electronic games (X-Boxes, Nintendo, etc), cell phones, text messaging, emails, movies and other technologies. While they are certainly influenced by advertising perhaps more than any previous generation, at the same time they seem to have more autonomy from their parents than any previous generation as well. Rather than legislate what advertising should be acceptable for the mass marketing of goods and technologies, leaders should encourage parents to teach their children about the natural world, and share values with them that transcend their immediate desire for fun and games."
| |
|
Hurricane Andrew, 2008.
An analysis of how emergency management could have improved the ways that they dealt with Hurricane Andrew.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses Hurricane Andrew which hit Miami-Dade County in 1992. The paper specifically discusses how emergency management dealt with problems during the hurricane. The paper describes a chronology of events surrounding the hurricane and then looks at how emergency management could have improved the way that they dealt with the disaster.
From the Paper
"The devastation and the problems that were caused by Hurricane Andrew did not just involve people, however. The ecosystem was also badly damaged. Florida has many coral reefs, and a percentage of them were badly damaged or destroyed when the storm came through (Peacock, 1997). Millions of fish were killed as well, and this hurt both the ecosystem and the economy, as fishermen were suddenly out of business and stores could not stock the fish that people had been accustomed to buying (Peacock, 1997). The damage to the Homestead Air Force Base was also excessive, and it no longer operates as a full-time base. Instead, it houses only reserve troops now, since much of it was never rebuilt (Peacock, 1997)."
| |
|
Historical Preservation, 2008.
Examines historical preservation as a major land use program and development rights transfers as an historic preservation technique.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 92.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that historic preservation, a major form of land use in some areas of the country, is a concerted and detailed effort of federal, state and local government. The paper then reviews the development of laws and various court decisions, which govern historic preservation. The paper relates that laws permitting the transferring of development rights are designed to clarify certain zoning laws and to ensure that certain lands and structures can be protected.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The National Historic Preservation Act
Historic Preservation" as a Major Land Use Program
Historic Landmark Protection
Constitutionality of Historic Preservation
Transfer of Development Rights
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to the regulations that govern the preservation of historic sites, there also exist protections for historic landmarks. According to the National Park Service Historic landmarks are sites of historic significance that are designated by the Secretary of the Interior because they contain extraordinary worth in demonstrating the heritage of the United States. There are currently less than 2,500 historic sited that have the national distinction of Historic Landmark. In collaborations with citizens around America, the National Historic Landmarks Program utilizes the knowledge of National Park Service staff responsible for nominating new landmarks and assists established landmarks."
| |
|
The Black Mesa Coal Mine, 2008.
This paper examines the conflict regarding the Black Mesa Coal Mine in Northern Arizona.
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the Black Mesa coal mine site and the battle over the rights of the Hopi and Navajo native peoples to protect their sacred lands and the Peabody power company's wish to expand operations. The paper explains this issue as the struggle for a balance between the needs of the more developed areas and the needs of the Native Americans. The paper further explains that this is an issue of protecting the environment's resources as well as dealing with the issue of how the Peabody company receives water for virtually nothing and therefore wastes this resource.
From the Paper
"The Black Mesa Coal Mine is in Northern Arizona and is owned by the Peabody Coal Mining Company, which leases the land from the Hopi and Navajo tribes under an agreement from 1964. There are actually two mines in the ore, both owned by the same power company under the same agreement, one at Black Mesa and the other at Kayenta, with each mine providing coal for a different power plant. The site today is the focus of a battle over the right to protect sacred lands and to maintain the way of life associated with that land and the desire on the part of the power company to expand operations and to make the lease permanent for the life of the mine."
| |
|
Animal Rights, 2008.
A discussion on how ethics and morality extend to matters associated with the treatment of animals.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 99.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper summarizes and critiques several different theories associated with the ethical treatment of animals. The paper focuses on the treatment of animals as it relates to hunting and trapping animals, eating animals, using animals for research, and the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated. The paper summarizes and critiques several theories including anthropocentrism, animal liberation, strong animal rights theory, weak(er) animal rights theory, two-factor egalitarianism, biocentric egalitarianism and ecocentric views.
Outline:
Introduction
Anthropocentrism
Animal Liberation
Biocentric Egalitarianism
Weak Animal Rights Theory
Strong Animal Rights Theory
Two Factor Egalitarianism
Ecocentric Views
Opinion Concerning Ethical Issues and the best Theory to Address These Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Finally, as it relates to the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated, there must be standards associated with their treatment. As it relates to domestic animals there are many laws that govern their treatment and the responsibilities that owners have for their pets. As it relates to wild animals there is a definite need to have animals at zoos for the purpose of educating people. If an animal is near extinction people might have more compassion and a greater understanding of the plight of the animal if they were educated about their existence and why it needs to be preserved. Educating people may also challenge them to do what they can to preserve a particular species. As with domestic animals there are rules a regulations that govern the treatment of animals at zoos and aquariums, these regulations should be adhered to and in some cases the laws. "
| |
|
Block Billing and Water Restrictions, 2008.
This paper discusses the water restrictions in the city of Lubbock, Texas.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes water restrictions in Lubbock Texas. Specifically, discusses local water restrictions and the block billing system that the city council designed. The paper criticizes Lubbock's introduction of block billing and raising water rates as a tool for water conservation. The paper explains that the billing is based on faulty calculations and will result in home and business owners paying more than their fair share of water costs. The paper suggests that to really gain the support of residents, the City Council should reconsider block billing and the time period used to set the rates, as it is faulty, unfair and results in water mismanagement rather than conservation.
From the Paper
"Block billing is a system of averaging water (or other utility) usage, establishing guidelines, and billing according to an average of water consumption for residential and commercial enterprises. In Lubbock, block billing for water was proposed and adopted in 2006, and went into affect in April 2007. The block billing structure was built on an average from September 2006 through February 2007, but this is a time when consumption is lower than in the warmer summer months. Thus, consumers will be penalized for using normal amounts of water in the summer, because the average is faulty and does not take into consideration the warmer summer weather in Texas. Using a time that water consumption is lower may seem to be a way to ensure consumers conserve more water, but that has already been proved wrong, as the system was only in effect a little over two months when residents were placed on emergency water restrictions."
| |
|
Global Environmental Policy, 2008.
This paper explores the problems facing the international community in convincing developing nations to enter into, implement and enforce environmental treaty obligations.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the impossibility of reaching an unanimous agreement over the need to act against pollution and gas emissions. The paper explores the elements that define the overall framework of the global environmental policy and discusses the causes and effects of the lack of action, both political and practical, coming from developed and developing countries alike. The paper focuses on the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and its failures. The paper concludes that to face up to the challenge of protecting the environment, solutions and forums are not the answer, rather, the solution lies in the diligent implementation of the agreements reached.
From the Paper
"In recent years there have been numerous signals coming from scientists regarding the aggravating condition our planet is in. In this sense, it is considered that man, through its continuous development and industrial evolution represents a constant strain on the limited natural resources. The signal was drawn decades ago, when the level of mechanization of the means of production was somewhat limited. Given the current state of affairs, it can be said that the situation is worsening, especially taking into account the increasing number of the world's population as well as the desperate attempts of the national economies, supported by the transnational actors, to face up to the growing demand of the global society."
| |
|
Sustainable Development, 2008.
This paper explores sustainable development and the Clean Water Act.
2,096 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that sustainable development involves balancing human needs with the preservation and protection of the natural environment. The paper then discusses the Clean Water Act and its many environmental and social benefits but highlights the difficulty in enforcing this type of legislation. The paper concludes that individuals that are concerned about their environment must speak up and make a strong case for sustainable development.
From the Paper
"The term 'sustainable development' is one that many people still do not understand the meaning of, and there are arguments as to whether it is even a correct and proper term for what it is intending to describe. Broadly, however, sustainable development involves the balancing act that is required between human needs and the preservation and protection of the natural environment (Girard, 1998). This balance is not easy to attain, because there are always individuals ready to argue for one side of the issue or the other, and often they have difficulty finding any kind of willingness to meet in the middle. This is unfortunate, but it is the human condition in today's society and it does not appear to be changing. "
| |
|
Hybrid Car Technology, 2008.
An in-depth discussion on the challenges involved with hybrid car technology.
3,539 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 99.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that although the new vehicle technologies such as hybrid electric automobiles and diesel-electric buses and trucks are lauded as important tools in the fight against global warming and rising fuel costs, they also pose new challenges and risks. The paper then discusses the social and cultural issues that any changing technology faces in the market. The paper also looks at the many other concerns with the technology and the design used in hybrid cars. The paper concludes that educating the public and ensuring that good safety standards are observed can help ensure that the new auto technology will prove to be safe for all concerned.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The trend to save the environment for future generations while at the same time maintain our current lifestyle has proved to be a constant struggle. One of the most discussed and debated issue of modern time is the increased use of petroleum based products for automobiles. Cars are considered consumer goods. There is an expectation then, that autos will be updated within three to five years. Automobiles are run using an internal combustion (IC) engine that burn hydrocarbons to generate energy that helps move the vehicle. Currently, the two most commonly used hydrocarbons are gasoline and diesel."
| |
|
Extinction, 2008.
An examination of extinction and its relation to the total ecosystem.
1,674 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses that fact that the ability of a species to survive the extinction of another, depends on its ability to adapt. The paper continues and states that omnivores fair better than those with a limited range of food because if a single food source disappears from the environment, it can more easily find another suitable food source. More highly specialized members of the ecosystem will not be able to substitute food as those that can eat a variety of food. The paper details that the extinction of a single food species will quickly follow the elimination of their major food source. The paper supports the thesis that non-random species loss will have a more devastating effect on the community and than random species loss.
Outline:
Research Methods and Extinction
The Example of Plants and Avian Species
Conclusions
From the Paper
" In order to understand the extent and severity of the current crisis that we are facing regarding the rapid decline in bird species, we must look to past extinction events. Geochemical analysis is often used in conjunction with paleontological data in order to examine past extinctions more closely (Martin, 2007). Fossil evidence analyzed in this manner demonstrates that increasing oxygen levels increases the number of species as well. As oxygen levels decrease, the number of species in the fossil record decreases as well."
| |
|
Environmental Degradation and Poverty, 2008.
An argument that there is a strong relationship between environmental degradation and worldwide poverty.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper argues that there is a deep-rooted relationship between environmental degradation and poverty that is often poorly understood by policy makers at the international and local levels. The paper asserts that as a result, efforts to fight poverty in recent decades have shown slow progress. The paper examines the ways in which environmental degradation causes poverty and discusses some possible solutions to the problem.
From the Paper
"The poor are particularly vulnerable to environmental degradation because most of world's poorest population lives in rural areas and is critically dependant for their livelihoods and well-being on environmental factors such as fertile soil, clean water and healthy ecosystems. This has been conclusively shown in recent reports prepared for Poverty-Environment Partnership-- a network of bilateral aid agencies-- by international agencies such as UNDP, UNEP, IIED, IUCN and WRI."
| |
|
Challenges in a Hybridized World, 2008.
An analysis of hybrid vehicles in terms of fuel-economy, servicing, safety and environmental-friendliness.
2,927 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 86.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper researches and examines the hybrid vehicle in relation to safety, features, fuel economy and the environment. It first examines a number of factors that may affect the individual's decision in making a purchase of a hybrid vehicle rather than a traditional gasoline powered vehicle. The paper also discusses the fuel-economy and the environmental-friendliness of the hybrid, as well as drawbacks relating to servicing safety of the hybrid vehicle. The paper contains an annotated bibliography, figures and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The battery for the hybrid vehicle consists of 250 individual cells that are similar to the shape of a size battery generally used for flashlights. Each of these individual battery cells are housed in a stainless steel case and each cell has 1.3 volts. These cells are "welded and wrapped together in groups of 5 to form a module." (FMC, 2007) Each battery pack has 50 modules with the total voltage of the battery pack is 300 volts DC. The batteries are NI-MH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) The battery pack includes sealed batteries that are much like the batteries in radio control toys, cell phones and laptop computers. Within each battery cell is a base electrolyte that consists of potassium hydroxide as the dominant active ingredient which special paper absorbs. The electrolyte will generally not leak from the battery unless it is crush and then only a few drops will generally leak. One important concern related to the hybrid vehicle is the high-voltage system in these vehicles and the dangers associated with being electrocuted."
| |
|
Disaster Management, 2008.
This paper explores the development of emergency plans for disaster preparedness, warning and relief.
3,801 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the options that are available to companies to manage and prevent disasters whenever possible. The paper explains that developing advance-warning systems can prevent extensive loss to life and in some cases, precautionary measures can be undertaken to prevent damages to property. The paper also shows how the best defense humans have against natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, hurricanes and storm is public awareness and offering the public sufficient time for evacuation. Some aerial photos are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Tornado Trend Analysis
Confirmation of Fatalities and Injuries
Estimation of Damage to Homes, Business & Infrastructure
Debris Removal for the Purpose of Regaining
Taking Care of the People Impacted by the Tornado
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) makes provisions for federal funds to be provided on a high priority basis to help mitigate hazards at local levels. In addition, the act also calls for identification and assessment of natural disasters that can disrupt the normal functioning of governments and communities, and adversely affect individuals and families with great severity. The act defines an "Emergency" as any occasion or instant for which, in the determination of the President, federal assistance is needed to supplement state and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. (FEMA.gov, 2003)"
| |
|
Introduction to Sustainability, 2008.
This essay gives an overview to sustainability by defining it, providing examples and showing the importance of 'going green' in current society.
1,847 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper gives an introduction to sustainability. It defines some of the major terms relating to sustainability and discusses the benefits of going into sustainable practices. The paper relates, for example, that in many instances using sustainable practices can save money and allow the reuse of materials that in the past were discarded and sent to the landfills. It also discusses the certification process of becoming a qualified sustainable business and gives business profiles of certain companies that are 'going green'.
From the Paper
"Just about any day of the week a person can pick up the daily newspaper or go online and find articles about companies that are showing signs - directly or in terms of strategic planning - of supporting sustainability within their own corporate framework or elsewhere in the world. For example, in April, 2008 Marriott Corporation announced that it has pledged $2 million in order to protect a rainforest in Brazil. This money will go to the 'Amazons sustainable Foundation,' which oversees the protection efforts of 1.4 million acres of the rainforest.
"The article appeared in GreenBiz.com and points out that hotel guests ad Marriott Hotels will soon have technologies in their rooms that will allow them to calculate and pay the cost of the greenhouse gas emissions that are associated with their hotel stay, the article explains. The money they elect to contribute - based on their carbon footprint during they stay - will go into the fund to support the rainforest sustainability efforts."
| |
|
Urbanization, 2008.
A look at how sustainable development policies could solve the problems of urbanization.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 61.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an examination of urbanization and how the problems of urbanization can be met with a policy of sustainable development. The writer explores various key issues and matches them with sustainable development policies that address those issues.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Sustainable Development
Urbanization
Sustainable Development as a Policy against Urbanization Problems
From the Paper
"Policies of sustainable development should include policies with regard to world pollution. If environmental issues are not tackled now and dealt with in a manner that will provide the future with natural resources the future looks very dim. As long as sustainable development policies are in place to carefully and strategically plan the use of the earth's resources while at the same time working to replace them as often as needed this will be one element of sustainable development that can be successful."
|
|
|