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Controlling Urban Congestion, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of data from London, Stockholm, and New York City in order to discuss variable pricing as a means for controlling urban congestion.
2,615 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that roadway congestion is a significant problem for nations with an active motorist population, especially in urban areas. The writer points out that traditional efforts to combat congestion have typically focused on increasing capacity through increases in roadway infrastructure. The writer then claims that research has shown, however, that these methods are ultimately ineffective for controlling congestion and its associated ills. Economists have long seen the value in associating usage costs with roadways in order to control congestion and encourage more efficient resource use. The writer relates that with technology finally catching up to this ideal, roadway-pricing schemes are becoming more popular in cities throughout the world. The writer concludes that a consideration of the pros and cons of pricing strategies implemented in London and Stockholm, and proposed in New York City, reveals that while there is still significant political and public resistance, the strategies are effective at achieving their stated goals.
Outline:
Introduction
The Myriad Negative Effects of Persistent Congestion
Why Congestion Continues Despite Increased Expenditures on Highway Infrastructure
Variable Congestion Pricing as a Viable Solution
Schemes to Alleviate the Problem of Urban Congestion
London: a System at Work
Stockholm: a Seven-Month Experiment Ready for Implementation
New York City: Public and Political Resistance
Schemes for Controlling Roadway Congestion
Analysis of the Costs and Benefits
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Congestion, both in urban centers and on connecting highways, has become a major problem for the transportation networks of cities throughout the world. In the world's major metropolises, the issue has become particularly acute, with congestion having profound negative effects on air quality, travel time, the cost of goods and services, and the general livability of cities. Congestion problems are literally becoming a liability for these cities. As the pressure of congestion increases, the capacity of a given city to function effectively is greatly diminished, resulting in hidden and overt costs for individuals, businesses, and public resources. The net effect, then, of congestion has been consistently deleterious."
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Global Warming, 2007.
This paper explores global warming, its consequences and the limited impact of the Kyoto Protocol.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the health implications of global warming and the possibility of widespread starvation. The paper discusses the Kyoto Protocol where countries committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases. The paper notes the exemptions granted to developing countries such as China and India and the refusal of the United States to ratify this protocol. The paper contends that the Kyoto Protocol must be revisited with exemptions eliminated and more incentives for countries to do the right thing.
From the Paper
"The reality of global warming can no longer be denied. Some of the harsh consequences of global warming on water, food production, health, and the environment are already apparent as our earth warms because of greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce emissions of these gases. Yet, the protocol exempted some of the world's largest offenders, China and India, because they are classified as developing countries. The United States, in turn, did not ratify the protocol because it felt that these countries would have an unfair advantage that would damage its economy."
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American Public Health System, 2007.
An analysis of the improvements to American public health in the period between the Civil War and World War II.
3,164 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth look at American urban history as it pertains to public health concerns. It focuses on the period between the Civil War and World War II. It particularly looks at the history of public health in New York City, Chicago, Newark and Seattle and how conditions have been improved in these cities to improve the overall public health of the citizens.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Past
New York City
Chicago
Newark
Seattle
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In Seattle, for example, the city implemented something called a Chlorine Boat. It was a boat that traveled on Green Lake and deposited gallons of chlorine into the water in effort to purify the water supply to that area. At that time the Seattle Health Department and Water Department worked in tandem to try and provide the purest water supply possible in the interest of public health. For many years before World War II Seattle allowed the Public Health Department to supervise and monitor the water supply."
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global dependence on fossil fuel and alternative fuel vehicles.
2,478 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the technologies needed to produce personal automobiles that are less fossil fuel dependant. The paper analyzes the current research in alternative fuel vehicles, specifically addressing three types of vehicles; the electric car, the hybrid/electric/combustion car and lastly the combustion engine car. The paper touches upon the issue of pollution, as it is a significant impetus for creating alternative fuel vehicles. The paper presents the hypothesis that the electric vehicle is the best practical option for consumers.
Outline:
Introduction to Problem
Review of Literature
Research Design
Data Analysis
Summary
From the Paper
"One of the most profound social questions of the modern day is the nature of the market addition on fossil fuel usage. Within the global economy the fossil fuel industry, and the worlds dependence on it has driven prices of fuel to enormous levels contributing to a global market situation where a very few hold a growing percentage of wealth and the rest must struggle to eek out an existence with what's left. "Today, more than half the world's population lives on less than $2 per day, and almost 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 per day." (Rice, 76) Though this may seem divergent of the topic at hand, which is global dependence on fossil fuel, the issues are interrelated."
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The Wilderness Bill, 2007.
A brief overview of the 1964 Wilderness Bill.
828 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the Wilderness Bill, developed out of the work of the Wilderness Society, led by Howard Zahniser. It looks at how the bill came about as a response to the rapid urbanization and sprawl of the nation, which resulted in a rapid decline in the amount of protected wilderness space. It also shows how, at its core, the bill created a legal definition for "wilderness" and, when the Wilderness Act was enacted on September 3, 1964, it protected over nine million acres of federal wilderness area.
From the Paper
"The parameters of the Wilderness Act are aimed at ensuring real protection to federal lands for the preservation for future generations. According to the Wilderness Act, all land that is protected under its jurisdiction became areas of public land. Further, a designation as being a wilderness is an additional protection given to the land that supersedes any less protection granted by the administrative agency overseeing the national forest, national park, wildlife refuges and other forms of public land. The Wilderness Act also places an emphasis on conservation instead of tourism or public use. "
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William Sumner Appleton and Norman Morrison Isham, 2007.
A look at the legacy of preservationists William Sumner Appleton and Norman Morrison Isham.
2,513 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The preservation of historic sites and of vintage architecture has become a major focus for many in the contemporary period. Different theorists have addressed this issue as they have also sought to motivate the movement for the preservation of the worthy and the important. This paper examines how two such theorists with somewhat different approaches to the subject are William Sumner Appleton and Norman Morrison Isham, both of whom left writings on the subject as well as took action in furtherance of their goals and their idea of the need for preservation.
From the Paper
"William Sumner Appleton lived at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries in the Boston area, where at the time, preservation was maturing from a string of spontaneous efforts to an institutionalized movement. As this took place, both the aims of preservation aims and its methods were transformed, a process in which Appleton played a key role. In the nineteenth century, Boston did not have an organization dedicated to preservation as such. The Bostonian Society was meant to be such an organization, but the group seemed to be satisfied by the single project of looking after the Old State House. The Trustees of Reservations was also nominally interested in historic structures, but in practice the group refused to accept any such structures for years because they had no means of maintaining them. "
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Recycling, 2007.
A look at the efforts of different cities in the U.S. to become environmentally friendly.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how city recycling programs are a growing trend in the United States, especially in cities with progressive-minded mayors. It looks at how many cities are taking legal steps to control the pile-up of construction and demolition debris.
From the Paper
"Chicago's decision was part of a growing interest in green building and in making the city environmentally friendly. Every new building has to conform to standards of environmental quality as set forth by the U. S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The standards include recycling C & D debris. The Chicago Center for Green Technology got an award for its building (Grzeskowiak, 2006). Our city could do the same. Tallahassee, Florida recently renovated their Solid Waste Administration building to conform to green standards (Grzeskowiak, 2006). "
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Environmental Racism, 2007.
An analysis of the problem of unequal distribution of pollution.
968 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Environmental Justice Movement believes that minorities living in poor neighborhoods are exposed more frequently to environmental toxins because minorities are basically marginalized people in our society, whom nobody notices or cares about. The paper further examines how the Environmental Justice Movement tries to go beyond traditional concerns about cleaning up the environment and tries to include addressing social inequality. Finally, the paper attempts to look at how pollutants get distributed so unequally and what can be done about the problem.
From the Paper
"Another explanation is that low-income people and minorities lack political clout. They are not generally well-organized for social action in their neighborhoods. When the government and industry leaders make decisions that affect the environment, they don't consider what objections could come up because usually there aren't any. Perhaps these officials have no intention of polluting low-income neighborhoods (as opposed to polluting affluent neighborhoods), but their policies of risk management may be flawed so that minorities are disproportionately impacted. Groups that do organize to resist industrial polluters are generally plagued by lack of funding, while the industries they want to fight have enormous financial, technical, and legal resources."
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Construction on Sanibel Island, 2007.
This paper discusses the proposal to develop a three-story beachfront hotel on Sanibel Island.
2,588 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at Sanibel Island, a popular tourist destination off the western coast of Florida, as a location for a beachfront hotel. This paper is written from a personal point of view as the writer discusses the process of developing a three-story beachfront hotel on Sanibel Island. The writer notes that this planned hotel has raised some concerns among island environmentalists. The writer explains that while the hotel will meet the island's three-story limit and will include a large nature preserve with raised boardwalks so guests do not disturb the environment, other facets of the project are more troubling. The writer concludes that this could end in a situation in which the environmentalists insist that the writer resolves the outstanding environmental issues in return for building just a three-story hotel.
Outline:
Situation and Facts
Issues and Objectives
Strategy plan
From the Paper
"Since a causeway was constructed linking Sanibel Island to mainland Florida, the tourism business has grown significantly and is currently a major contributor to the Sanibel Island economy. This has raised concerns among residents that the pristine environment and many of the islands key aesthetic features could be compromised. As a result, several restrictions have been placed on the development of hotels and tourist attractions on the island. For example, new buildings can not exceed three stories in height, although such restrictions do not exist on similar Gulf islands, because residents do not want to obstruct island views. Also, buildings often must be constructed on stilts or with open first floors to minimize the risks of property damage in case the island experiences flooding."
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Environmental Economics, 2007.
This paper looks at the effects of government regulation and market dynamics on the economy.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the primary reason for government regulation is to correct perceived or actual market failures. The writer notes that increasingly, people are saying that government regulation does not appear to be working. However, the writer points out that government regulations are really failing because trying to alter market dynamics does not work. True, the dynamics of the market created the market failure, but the dynamics of the market will eventually resolve it as well if only given the chance. The writer concludes that market dynamics, by their very nature, are more efficient because all factors possible are considered and because the consumer is the better regulator as the laws of supply and demand eventually take hold.
From the Paper
"One form of market failure, a negative externality, arises when the actions one party result in a benefit or cost accruing to some external party that did not consent to the impact. Examples of negative externalities might be a manufacturer that irresponsibly releases pollution or consumes scarce natural resources. Market failure results because the manufacturer bears no costs for its actions; instead, costs are imposed on downstream parties that did not cause them. Advocates of government regulation believe that it can correct this type of market failure by imposing taxes or using tradable permits to force firms to internalize some of these social costs. According to Field and Field, taxes will force businesses to adjust emission rates so that the equimarginal rule is satisfied and to innovate so that cheaper ways of reducing emissions may be discovered. Tradable permits allow the government control over desired emission levels by giving a company the right to pollute at a certain level that is transferable to another company as a reward for keep emission levels low."
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Global Warming and Crop Production, 2007.
A review of the literature related to global warming and expected decreases in crop production.
3,038 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that as global warming causes the earth's average temperatures to rise, crop production will experience a decrease. The paper discusses how temperature extremes have been shown to dramatically reduce the agricultural productivity potential. The paper relates that technology will play an important part in the production of crops and wealthier countries will be better prepared for technological supports. The paper points out that while there are conflicting reports concerning the specific effects of global warming and climate change, it is clear that farmers must be willing to enter a process that includes ongoing assessment and adaptation to the changes that are occurring.
Outline:
Statement of Topic
Statement of Thesis
Conceptualization
Literature Review
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"One important factor to crop production, and specifically fruit crop production is that failures are likely to occur due to the early growth of these crops in warmer weather resulting in the loss of crops due to cold snaps. This has been noted in the research in the foregoing literature. As well, there are agriculture crops that will initially be more productive however, the literature in the foregoing review has illustrated the likelihood that in the longer run, crops certain crops will be less productive due to higher temperatures."
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Visionary Experiences, 2007.
This paper discusses Hank Wesselman's experiences in his book "Spiritwalker."
1,118 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how in his book entitled "Spiritwalker," Wesselman chronicles his visionary experiences where he says he has seen himself in another lifetime, many years in the far future. The paper discusses Wesselman's visions about the planet's environmental health. The paper points out that even if one doubts the veracity of Wesselman's ability to see into the future, there is a valid need to urge people to action about global warming through scientific data and emotional urgency.
From the Paper
"The nature of Wesselman's focus on the planet's environmental health suggests that the author's scientific training impacts his visions even while he is in an altered state of consciousness. Factual, learned truth merges with spiritual, emotionally 'felt' truth. In conventional Western views of science and religion, the two disciplines are usually viewed as incompatible. But one of the most important themes of Spiritwalker is that the body/mind and religion/science divide in Western culture is a false dichotomy. Wesselman suggests that his scientific training makes him a better shaman, because it enables him to better comprehend the visions he sees."
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Animal and Plant Domestication, 2007.
An analysis of the domestication of plants and animals in the context of the genetic research model.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses animal and plant domestication. It summarizes the anthropological approach to domestication and briefly compares it to the genetic research model. The paper evaluates domestication as a process in the puzzle of developing a record of early man. The paper then compares archaeological evidence as it applies to the animal record and the plant record.
From the Paper
"The archaeological record with regard to plant domestication includes a number of variable evidences. These evidences can be sought through examination of a chain of evidence in the record. A behavioral change occurs, in the manner that people are interacting with the plant, a genetic change occurs in the plant and a morphological change occurs where the plant becomes different in the record. Utilizing this chain the archeologist can look at a whole myriad of evidence seeking everything from geological changes wrought by human intervention, such as landscape alterations that indicate agricultural clearing and a general disturbance of the area for the purpose of planting, evidence of human intervention to obtain water for irrigation as well as specific comparative changes that have occurred within the plant itself, through comparison of wild species with suspected domesticates as they appear regionally, side by side in the record. (Smith 16)"
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Global Warming & the Ecosystem, 2006.
A discussion regarding global warming and its effects on the ecosystem.
2,742 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the impact that global warming has on human communities and ecosystems, and how it represents a great challenge for the entire planet. The paper reports that specialists recommend we try to find alternative sources of energy, and meanwhile, use less of the fossil-fuel energy. The paper further discusses the Kyoto Protocol.
Outline:
Abstract
Historical Perspectives of the Problem
The Impacts on and Responses of Humans or other living organisms to the Environmental Variation
Changes in the Ecosystem and Biosphere Structure
Ecosystem Dynamics Relative to Repair and Restoration
Economic Costs and Social Costs of the Ecological/Environmental Impact
Prevention and Public Awareness Effort Aimed at the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue is represented by the more and more often natural disasters like storms, floods and hurricanes that damage and even destroy people's establishments. The regions most vulnerable to sea-level rise are river deltas such as the Nile delta in Egypt, the Ganges in Bangladesh, the Yangtze and Hwang Ho in China, the Mekong and also the United States that could loose 8000 square miles (20,000 km2) of land, valued at about $650 billion, and 30-80% of its coastal wetlands . Insurance companies are also affected by the natural disasters that come along and in order to avoid bankruptcy they try to develop new strategies on the market and diminish the risks."
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Urban Planning Policies, 2007.
This paper examines the future of community development.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the future of community development depends on the effective integration of social, economic and environmental imperatives. The paper looks at the importance of small business development, adequate housing for low-income families and individuals, education, recycling and the stimulation of tourism. The paper predicts what the urban situation will be like in the year 2050.
From the Paper
"Dr. Martin Luther King stated in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." Creating justice in the modern American community entails eliminating racism from all social institutions. Law enforcement remains plagued by issues related to race and race has a bearing on response rates; proximity of law enforcement officials or law enforcement offices in the community; arrest rates; and prosecutorial procedures. Preventing and healing race-related problems in law enforcement involves a multifaceted approach that begins with increasing awareness of race-related issues at all levels of training and education."
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Environmentalism vs. Animal Rights, 2007.
A discussion of the environmental movement and its issues with animal rights activists.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the similarities of outlook and points of departure between environmentalists and animal rights activists. This includes a literature review which evaluates the background for the differing perspectives of these groups. The author points out similarities between environmentalists and animal rights activists, but concludes that these groups still have distinct opinions. The paper concludes by stating the two groups should be aware that they are fighting the same battle.
From the Paper
" The facts of the matter are this: there are some people who believe that environmental ethics and animal rights are two different and disjointed genres, there are still who believe that animal rights and the conservative or backward morals/principles have more in common then environmental ethics and animal right, it is also true, perhaps based on the most sound facts, that both the advocates of environmental health and animals rights have the exact identical foe, for example, an environmentalist and animal rights activist would both equally care about the hazardous effects of cutting down rainforests to evenly space the luxurious demand of lifestyles of the ever growing population, they would equally be concerned about the poisonous waste dumps in the oceans and rivers that has been one of the causes of the endangerment of whales, etc. In fact, when looking at the records of the environmental fights and debates that have been fought in the past, it is no surprise to see the aspect of animal suffering and extinction being given its due attention. It is also interesting to note that fights fought by the environmentalist and animal rights activist before the World War II took place were all based on the selfish and ruthless destruction of one of the nature's most bounty resources and the extinction of the other in order to better insure the development of weapons or forces equipments, and treating both the natural resources and animals (humans and non-humans) as expendable and insignificant goods. Both groups refused to believe in the utmost faith given to science as the solution to all the problems and it is no surprise that both these revolutions began with very little space between each other. There are people now who support both the groups; environmentalist and animal rights, and feel that there is no distinction or apprehension between the two concepts, and feel that both are concerned about the greater good of the same thing: nature (Jamieson, 1997). "
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Global Warming, 2007.
An look at global warming from the lay person's perspective.
2,392 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a detailed examination of global warming, including how it developed as an issue. The author also attempts to establish the validity of global warming, and to understand whether the average lay individual believes in this theory. The paper then examines the controversy and debate about global warming in light of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other powerful organizations' declarations that global warming is a possible severe risk to the world. This analysis looks to analyze how lay individuals see the debate and concludes by testing their understanding of global warming.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Understanding
Survey
Interview
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Overall the interview process revealed no real surprises. The majority of individuals who actually believe in global warming do so because of media influence. Their understanding of global warming as a specter of danger rather than concrete scientific definition is extremely disturbing. It is also an accurate picture of the reality of the American public's perception of global warming. Only a very small slice of the pejorative population actually understands the facts behind global warming. Upon understanding these facts, few are inclined to completely thrust themselves into the mainstream understanding of the dynamics of the greenhouse effect and how such an effect will cause dramatic damage to the Earth. Through this interview and the survey, a vivid and diverse picture of global warming and its actual understanding on the populace has been painted."
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Global Warming and Decreased Crops, 2007.
This paper examines the relationship between global warming and decreased crop production.
998 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, as the Earth's average temperature rises, crop production decreases. The paper notes the significance of a decrease in crop production and provides a literature review. The paper shows how, in general, global warming has a negative effect on crop production and the unpredictability of climatic change can also have a negative effect on crop production when farmers are ill-prepared. The paper points out, however, that although many crops will suffer, certain crops such as winter wheat seem to thrive in the global warming models.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Conceptualization
Journal Article Summaries
Summary
From the Paper
"Peng et al. (2004) explore the affect of higher night temperatures, from global warming, on rice production. They evaluated these effects by a direct study on the effects of global warming on crop production, by analyzing weather data at the International Rice Research Institute Farm, from the years 1979 to 2003. They examined temperature trends and how they related to rice yield, by using the data obtained from irrigated field experiments, that were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute Farm. The researchers found that rice production fell 10 percent for each 1o C increase in minimum temperature. However, maximum temperature had an insignificant effect on crop yield. Therefore the researchers concluded that there was direct evidence that rice yields decreased with increased nighttime temperature associated with global warming."
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