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Pyramids Of Giza, 2002.
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid. Symmetrical perfection. The tomb as the center of a complex of buildings. Purpose of pyramid as a monument to a dead king (Cheops). Construction of the pyramid; materials and equipment used. Stone architectural achievement. Labor of slaves. Cultural, social and religious significance.
From the Paper
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The pyramids of Egypt are, of course, the best-known and most famous. "They were the tombs of kings, and sometimes queens and other important persons. Most have the perfect symmetrical form of those at Gizeh." (No author 87) Many of the pyramids, or tombs, are over 5,000 years old. However, "the pyramid in its fully developed form was not an isolated structure, but part of a complex of buildings enclosed by a wall which was supposed to be the residence of the deceased king during his life after death." (Goedicke 40)
In looking at this complex, one can see that the center was the tomb itself, the pyramid which served as the monument to the dead king. Of course, pyramids were constructed during the lifetime of many of the Pharaohs (or kings) who planned very ..."
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Glass, 2002.
History of different types of glass and how they are made.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
History of different types of glass and how they are made. Early glass production in Egypt, Babylon, Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland and China. Changes in techniques and technology. Problems of Americans throwing away glass bottles and jars that are 100% recyclable. Method of recycling glass. Economic advantage of recycled glass production.
From the Paper
"Introduction
Glass has been around since the beginning of time (Glass Online, 2001). Glass is made naturally when rocks melt as a result of high temperatures such as in volcanic eruptions, and also comes from extraterrestrial sources. Man-made glass was produced dating back to around 3500 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The basic components of sand were originally contained in glazes used on pottery and it is thought that sand may have got into the kilns used for firing and combined with soda to form a colored glaze. The oldest glass vessels date back to the 16th century BC and were found in Mesopotamia. Hollow glass-making evolved around this time in Egypt and glass making was also emerging independently at this time in Mycenae (Greece), China and North Tyrol."
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JCB, 2002.
Discusses the manufacturing and marketing, full-service firm specializing in hydraulic equipment.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Discusses the manufacturing and marketing, full-service firm specializing in hydraulic equipment. Examines the expertise and resources a JCB retail dealer needs. Shortage of trained and skilled technicians. Issue of ongoing profitability. Markets. Impact of the retail market and rental chains. Customer service. Importance of communication skills and a proactive sales force.
From the Paper
"Managing for the Future at JCB
JCB, a company created over 50 years ago by Joseph Cyril Bamford, is a manufacturing and marketing firm that specializes in the development and production of hydraulic excavators, materials handlers, wheel loaders, mini-excavators, skid steer and high speed agricultural tractors (About us, 2001). In addition to sales of new and used equipment, JCB also offers its customers service via its franchised and company-owned dealerships, parts replacement, a range of attachments, and financing via leasing, lease purchases with or without options, installment sales contracts, and rentals (The best back-up…, 2001). In brief, JCB is a full service firm with a carefully defined and expanding niche market for state-of-the-art hydraulic equipment."
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Construction of Nanomachinery through Biotech, 2001.
A brief overview of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, and the possibility of using proteins/nucleic acids in Nanomachine construction.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces the concept of Nanotechnology, and considers the usage of both proteins and nucleic acids as molecular components of Nanomachines. Their pros and cons (including strength, speed, comparison to macro-scale materials) are considered in detail, and a conclusion is drawn based on these observations.
From the Paper
"Our modern technology builds on an ancient tradition. Thirty thousand years ago, chipping flint was the high technology of the day. Our ancestors grasped stones containing trillions of trillions of atoms and removed chips containing billions of trillions of atoms to make their axe heads; they made fine work with skills difficult to imitate today. They also made patterns on cave walls in France with sprayed paint, using their hands as stencils. Later they made pots by baking clay, then bronze by cooking rocks. They shaped bronze by pounding it. They made iron, then steel, and shaped it by heating, pounding, and removing chips. We now cook up pure ceramics and stronger steels, but we still shape them by pounding, chipping, and so forth. We cook up pure silicon, saw it into slices, and make patterns on its surface using tiny stencils and sprays of light. We call the products "chips" and we consider them exquisitely small, at least in comparison to axheads."
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Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Copper, 2002.
An introduction to the general procedure of a chemical mechanical polishing process for copper.
2,209 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization and how chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interest. It examines the effects of different factors including the slurry, polishing pads and down force etc. on the quality of planarized copper layer in CMP Cu. It also presents, a new CMP copper technique with the name of ?Abrasive-free polishing (AFP)?.
Outline
Introduction to CMP and CMP Copper(Cu)
Techniques of CMP copper
Removal Mechanism
Slurry-- Chemistry
Slurry?Abrasives Particles
Processing Factors
Polishing Pads
Abrasive-Free Polishing of Copper-a New Technique
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of using copper (Cu) for low resistivity electrical connections in microelectronic devices.1,2 In fact, copper is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry because of its low conduct resistivity of about 6?10-8W-m and excellent mechanical properties as well. There are various methods to deposit Cu thin films, for example, electroplating, electroless plating, sputtering and thermal evaporation can be used.3.4 The copper thin films achieved by these techniques, especially those from the electrochemical techniques, are not planar enough to promise a successful multilevel interconnection. However, in fabrication of a logic device with five or more layers, at least one layer should be perfectly planar. Lack of layer planarity may lead to severe problems for photo-lithography (such as insufficient focus depth) and dry etching in sub 0.5 mm 5. Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization.6 Therefore, chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interests in recent years."
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Cardiac Technology, 2002.
This paper discusses the field of cardiac technology, especially the areas of heart pumps and pig heart transplants.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the new technology heart pumps, such as Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD), assist the heart permanently instead of temporarily as the traditional pumps were used. The paper describes the use of animal parts for transplants especially the pig heart, which closely resembles the human heart, and the problems of organ rejection. The author believes that successful cardiac technological developments will lead to further developments for other parts of the body.
From the Paper
"Traditional pumps were meant to be temporary solutions to most heart problems. These small pumps were implanted into the chest cavity of patients with the sole function of assisting the heart?s own pumps. They helped to keep the rhythm of the heart?s beat, regulating the pumping of blood throughout the body, and helping the heart in times of need. Traditional heart pumps were expected to help the heart recover to the points at which they could be removed and the heart would operate properly on its own. Their other function was to help keep the patient alive until they eventually moved up the waiting list for donor hearts and got a heart transplant. "
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Genetic and Reproductive Technologies, 2002.
A study of the advancements made in genetics and reproductive technologies.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the recent breakthrough in genetics and reproductive technologies. It questions that , as a society, are we ready for these advancements. The paper argues that genetic engineering has great potential, which outweighs the risks, and it illustrates both sides of the argument in order to appreciate the promise and danger associated with these new genetic and reproductive technologies.
From the Paper
"The advancements that have come in the field of genetics and human reproduction are probably amongst the most controversial which have arisen in the history of the human race. These advancements actually present us with ways that we can redefine the human race itself. The mapping of the human genome, the possibility for human cloning, the developments that have arisen in the field of assisted fertilization, and the general idea of engineering human beings in order to fight diseases and other negative human conditions, have raised many, many arguments. Never before have we had so much control over our future and our nature. There are many promises that have been made in support of the development of reproductive technologies, all of which point to a better world as the result of the advancements that have been made. There have also been many people who have voiced opposition to the advancements, as they feel that they will result in negative affects that would undermine our entire system of values and ethics.The thesis of this paper is that the developments in human reproductive technologies are very important and offer us many benefits, but we are not completely ready either socially or technologically to deal with the advancements that have come so quickly."
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Social Implications of New Reproductive Technologies, 2002.
A study of the cultural affects of new reproductive technologies on families and women.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social change that is a result of new reproductive technologies. It investigates the effects on the concept of the family, women's bodies, and on our very lives as a whole. The paper investigates the social relevance of cloning, in vitro fertilzation, and surrogate motherhood.
From the Paper
"We live in an age in which technology is playing a greater and greater role in the construction of our society and in the ideologies and perspectives that are applied to understanding social phenomena. Technology has revolutionized the way we look at communication and media, transportation, the work place, and social institutions. It is not surprising, then, the new technologies are having an impact on the way we view the basic social unit - the family. The founding of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) has redefined and continues to redefine the meaning and construction of the family in our society. It has also contributed directly to the changing implications of women?s roles in the family and society. While some argue in favour of these changes and their positive social influences and implications, others argue against the control which these technologies represent over individual?s bodies. The following paper will explore these arguments in order to demonstrate the overall thesis that NRTs are changing the way we look at ourselves, the family, women and society as a whole. The impact of these technologies socially is growing more and more, and in order to fully understand their significance we need to examine their social relevance."
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An Analysis of the PIC Provisioning Protocol, 2002.
A review of the PIC protocol as proposed in the IET working group for providing secure wireless credentials.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
PIC, A Pre-IKE Credential Provisioning Protocol, has been introduced in the IP Secure Remote Access working group of the IETF in order to provide for simplified user authentication and credential provisioning prior to IPSEC IKE negotiation. This paper performs a critical analysis of the proposal, examining, among other things, PIC working draft, course relevance, IPSEC deployment issues, strengths, weaknesses and alternatives.
From the Paper
"The PIC working draft proposes one of the best solutions for bootstrapping strong credentials for IPSec networking solutions without changing existing IP Security standards. PIC can theoretically be implemented and developed independent of IPSec, wireless and VPN standards yet provide an integrated component into the infrastructure solution. PIC clearly provides a window of opportunity for extending and encouraging increased deployment of secure networking solutions in the wireless and VPN market spaces."
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Basic Oxygen Steelmaking, 1994.
Development & process, materials, benefits, technology and problems.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
Abstract
Steel is a heterogenous material which consists primarily of iron. The steelmaking process involves removing carbon and other impurities from pig iron and scrap. During the nineteenth century, Henry Bessemer noted that this could be achieved by blowing air through the molten metal. It wasn't until the mid-twentieth century though, that metallurgists began using oxygen instead of air. Top-blown basic oxygen converters eventually gave way to combination top- and bottom-blown furnaces. The introduction of this technology created concern about the effects of oxygen on finished steel products. Various studies have clearly demonstrated how oxide inclusions can adversely alter the physical properties of metal. Fortunately, basic oxygen.."
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Reciprocating Screw Machine, 1993.
An analysis of the principles and techniques of a hydraulic system for injection molding of thermoplastics including advantages and disadvantages. With diagrams.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Background
Injection molding is a processing technique which converts thermoplastic and thermosetting materials into a variety of products. Approximately 25% of the 13 billion pounds of thermoplastics sold in the United States in 1971 were injection molded (Rubin 1).
Injection molding equipment may be configured in a wide variety of options. Selection of the specific type of equipment is determined by the requirements of the molding job and by the degree of versatility desired. Each type of injection unit and its associated clamping unit has its own specific advantages and limitations. The current trend is toward reciprocating screw and two-stage screw pre-plasticizer equipment (Grandilli 34). This is largely because of increased capacity and versatility when..."
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Precast Pre-stressed Concrete, 1993.
A look at the history, production, properties, materials, types, advantages and applications of precast pre-stressed concrete.
4,725 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Precast Prestressed Concrete
Concrete is a stonelike material obtained by allowing a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand, gravel (or some other aggregate), and water to harden (Winter & Nilson, 1972, p. 1). The bulk of concrete consists of the fine and coarse aggregates (p. 1). The cement and water interact chemically to bind them together (p. 1). One mode in which the substance finds common usage is as precast prestressed concrete. This building material can be employed in the construction of a variety of different structures.
In general, during the mixing of concrete, more water is added than is necessary for the binding reaction to occur (Winter & Nilson, 1972, p. 1). This extra water gives the concrete an initially liquid character (p. 1). In liquid form, concrete can..."
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Auto Safety, 1992.
A research proposal to determine the effectiveness of the combined use of air bags and seat belts.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Research Proposal: The Relative Effectiveness of the Combined Use of Air Bags and Seat Belts in Enhancing Automobile Driver and Passenger Safety
The Problem and Its Setting
The Statement of the Problem
This research proposes to evaluate the factors that may affect relative effectiveness (compared to other forms of passive restraint) of the combined use of air bags and seat belts in enhancing automobile driver and passenger safety.
The Subproblems
The first subproblem. The first subproblem is to determine the effect, if any, that the size of the automobile (subcompact, compact, and so forth) has on the relative effectiveness of the combined use of air bags and seat belts in enhancing automobile drive..."
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Asphalt in Road Construction, 1992.
A look at design considerations, durability and cost desirability over concrete.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The most important use of asphalt today is in road construction (Zakar 148). When it has been properly mixed with the correct aggregate material it becomes highly suitable for all kinds of pavement applications. It is also widely used to prepare the base of roads.
Asphalt road construction is multi-layered in form. The subgrade layer is itself covered by a base cover upon which is laid a final coating. Early classical base courses consisted of a handmade, packed layer which was then graveled. Later this technique of construction was replaced, on a global basis, by a flexible asphalt layer in which asphalt gravel or sand asphalt had been mixed (Ibid. 149).
Asphalt as a road construction and/or road repair solution..."
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Genetic Engineering, 1991.
This paper discusses genentic engineering, the alteration of genes by scientists.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is the term given to the process of producing living forms with altered characteristics by alteration of their genes, usually by implantation of genetic material from some other species into the DNA of the plant or animal to be modified. This report outlines the principles on which genetic engineering is based, and briefly surveys some of its economic and social implications.
Since genetic engineering burst on the public scene in the 1970s, few areas of scientific endeavor have been so subject at once to exaggerated fears and to exaggerated hopes. Genes are the fundamental building blocks of life, in the sense that it is essential a creature's genes that determine its nature, whether man or mouse or mulberry tree. To artificially manipulate genes thus rouses deep fears of scientific monkeying with the essence ... "
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Offshore Oil Drilling, 1991.
This paper studies the ecological risks involved in drilling for oil offshore on the continental shelf.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Although efforts have been made to find alternative fuel sources, at this time the United States continues to be dependent upon oil for the majority of its energy needs. Unfortunately, the nation does not produce enough oil domestically to meet this need. Therefore, the U.S. must import foreign oil from unstable regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf. Studies indicate that the United States imports half of the 6 billion barrels that it needs each year, at an annual rate of approximately $42 billion. It has been noted that as much as 50 percent of the nation's current trade deficit is due to this large-scale importation of oil. Because of this situation, it has been argued that the United States should make a greater effort to exploit domestic oil resources. Although there are many onshore sites for oil, the ... "
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Civil Engineering, 1991.
This paper examines civil engineering education and professionalism: Education, ethics, professionalism, aesthetics, budgeting and role in rebuilding Kuwait.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine civil engineering education and professionalism for the purpose of making civil engineering more accessible and significant from the viewpoint of those not familiar with the field or its practitioners.
An event which has thrust civil engineering into the headlines around the world is the Persian Gulf War and the destruction carried out by Iraqi soldiers in Kuwait. Specifically, the issue involves the role of civil engineers in rebuilding Kuwait after that destruction.
A number of reports indicate that civil engineers--both military and civilian--are spending much of their energies and expertise on rebuilding a palace for the emir of Kuwait and putting less work into rebuilding the basic systems for sustaining the lives of ordinary citizens."
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The Installation and Use of Glass Blocks, 1990.
This paper presents various applications for glass blocks in building design and describes the composition of blocks and methods of installation.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Glass blocks are non-loadbearing masonry units which are made by molding two sections of glass and bonding them together. The interior of the block is hermetically sealed in order to prevent condensation. Most such blocks allow light to pass through, but they are often designed to distort the view to ensure privacy. Some blocks, however, are relatively transparent, and special blocks have been designed to direct light upward or downward for certain building requirements. Bulletproof blocks have also been developed.
The recommended sizes for glass blocks, always square, are 6 inches, 8 inches, and 12 inches, each with a recommended 1/4-inch mortar joint. Round-ended blocks are also available to cap the sides or tops of block walls. Other sizes and shapes are also available. The mortar-bearing surfaces of the glass blocks have ... "
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Andrew Carnegie and the Growth of the Railroads, 1990.
Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie took advantage of the synergistic relationship between the nascent steel and rail industries to build an empire, besting along the way fellow business giants Rockefeller and Morgan.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
Introduction
"The development of the railroads was a key element in the expansion of the United States and in the economic well-being of the nation during the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. The railroad was a transportation and communication marvel compared to anything that had existed previously. It crossed the territories of the nation and made it possible to travel from one end of the country to the other or to send mail and goods along the same routes. The development of the railroads was itself a matter of business expansion on a grand scale, starting with small lines and ending with vast networks of tracks which nurtured cities and towns all along their length. In terms of business history, the development of the railroads was not only the first big business venture in America but also..."
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