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Training for Peace Keeping, 2008.
A look at some of the training required to undertake peace and humanitarian operations.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
Terrorism has become embedded in almost everyone's vocabulary, it is one of those terms, that not everyone knows what it means, but it seems to be surrounded with negative connotations. However, it is not surprising that terrorism is sometimes abetted with state sponsorship and is supported by many governments whether intrinsically or extrinsically. As such international peace-keeping efforts have to change focus and address these internal dynamics. This paper explores some of the necessary mandates that are needed by personnel dealing with these issues.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution, & Negotiation
Communication: The Essential Element of a Successful Training Program in a Peace-Keeping Environment
Conflict Resolution & Negotiation in a Peace Keeping Environment
Techniques of Motivation in a Diverse Peace-Keeping Environment
Individual Decision-Making and Group Behavior
Leadership Training For Supervisors in these Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Conflict resolution and peace keeping has been an issue of controversy for many years. However, with the proper training mechanism and structure, then peace and humanitarian operations can be the champions of a successful organizational initiative. It is therefore imperative that there be a comprehensive discourse embedded in the training structure for these operations that can analyze elements of the foreign conflict resolution and negotiation strategies. The connection between an effective training program or structure with the overall success of conflict resolution and negotiations will depend primarily on how well the program identifies the necessary political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the operations. Overall, it is clear that conflict resolution and negotiation policy training is reactive and preventative, since it would be devised to counter, and to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the peace initiatives."
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Single Parenthood and Child Development, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of being the son or daughter of a single parent upon the development - cognitive, emotional and physical - of a young person.
4,005 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how thecognitive, emotional and physical development of a child is impacted because of being raised by a single parent. In particular, the paper argues that single parenthood in and of itself is not necessarily a bad thing, but rather that many single parents are ill-equipped educationally, temperamentally, cognitively and psychologically for the stresses of single parenthood and their struggles create complications for their children. Moreover, the paper offers some policy suggestions for improving single parent homes, for political elites and scholars.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
School Performance And Being The Children Of Single Parents
Physical Well-Being And Being The Child Of A Single-Parent
Psychological Aspects Of Being A Child Of A Single Parent
Conclusion: Recommendations For Helping Children In Single Parent Households Reach Their Full Potential (Along With Policy Implications And Future Research Directions)
From the Paper
"On that note, it is important that educators and health officials begin by doing what they can to involve single parents in the school endeavors and extra-curricular activities of their children. For instance, a 1986 study by Weber took note of the fact that parents of mentally handicapped children who fail to attend individualized educational plans (IEPs) are usually non-white, come from lower economic backgrounds and are single parents; they also tended to be people who placed more responsibility for their children's educational programs in the hands of professionals (Weber, 1986). If there is one thing that needs to be done, it is to educate single parents about the importance of their becoming active participants in decisions that will ultimately effect the kind of care and attention their loved ones receive; without their involvement, it is entirely possible that the one voice that can argue most impassionedly on behalf of their children will be the one voice that no one hears."
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The Theory of Human Caring, 2007.
An analysis of the theory of human caring developed by Jean Watson.
1,069 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Jean Watson theory of human caring, used in the nursing curriculum. The paper explains that, according to Watson, the theory of human caring is a focus for the future of nursing practice and provides the standards that should guide nurses in every aspect of their role in the health care field. The paper looks at how, as time has evolved, the issues with which nurses have been confronted have caused a shift in the approach to nursing that is based on quality care. The paper then points out that, although Watson is specific as to the realm of caring that can be applied to nursing and the delivery of service to the patient, it is evident that Watson intended for the caring perspective to be apparent in every facet of nursing and used to understand all issues that affected the individual's health and well being. In conclusion, the paper shows that the theory of human caring should be a vital instrument for all nursing professionals and students, serving nursing through a foundation for care that returns the profession to a focus specifically on the patient and quality care.
Outline:
Define Theory of Human Caring.
Analyze the Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring.
Use of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring Use in Guiding All Nursing Programs.
Applicability of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring to Undergraduate Level Nursing Practice.
Applicability of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring to Graduate Level Nursing Practice.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To care for the complete human means to care for each element of the individual's life that is either positively or negatively impacting him or her. Treating the illness without considering the psychological issues that may be evident will slow recovery time and may hinder the effectiveness of the treatment. Recommending treatments that are not feasible in the life of an impoverished individual or that the person cannot be transported to, will prevent the complete recovery of the person. And advocating surgery for a patient that elects only to utilize Chinese Traditional Medicine for the health care needs, prevents the patient from receiving care that is applicable to the individual's life."
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Pedagogy Matters - Stephanie Dalton, 2008.
An overview of Stephanie Dalton's standards for effective teaching.
964 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "In Pedagogy Matters: Standards for Effective Teaching Practice" by Stephanie Dalton in which she outlines five standards for pedagogy.
Outline:
The Impact of the ISSLC Standards
Componants of Pedagogy
Components of Pedagogy - Instruction, Motivation and Student Success
From the Paper
"Better learning is based on better teaching. Teachers have a huge impact on student achievement and as such are central to educational reform. Unfortunately this emphasis has not always been evident. (Dalton, 1998, p. 4) Dalton quotes Nel Noddings, "...reform continues to focus on what students need to learn but ignores teachers' struggle with how to help them learn it." (Dalton, 1998, p.4) (These were prophetic words almost half a decade before "No Child Left Behind!) Teachers need to know how to help students learn, as our old assumptions about how this occurs no longer work.
"Many minority and low-income groups have had few language, literacy, or cultural resources in their families or communities that prepared them for success in U.S. schools" (Dalton p. 4). If, she writes, we believe that "all" students can and should learn, then teachers need greater skill than we assumed they did in the past. (Dalton, 1998, p. 5) Teachers today can't simply lecture or pour knowledge into their students; they must be able to effectively introduce a content topic, encourage questions, involve students in content activities, and continually assess their progress. (Dalton 1998, p. 8)"
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Acquisition of a Second Language, 2008.
An analysis of how we learn a second language and how the process of teaching a second language has changed in the past and may still change in the future.
3,245 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the issues and processes addressed in studies of second language acquisition. It looks at the changes that teaching a second language has undergone over time and what can be expected in the future. The paper describes the basic issues of how we learn a second language and how we might facilitate the process in the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eckman, Highland, Lee, Mileham, and Weber (1995) point out that teaching of a second language has had different supports over the last few decades. It at first relied heavily on linguistic theory and on theories of learning, and in the 1960s and 1970s, teachers were trained in contrastive analysis and were often expected to write a contrastive analysis of a portion of the grammars of two languages, based on then-prevalent theories of language teaching. When the theoretical basis was shown to be inadequate, teaching based heavily on this model stopped. There was no concerted effort to evaluate the model. Teachers were then taught that repetition, drills, and memorization of dialogues were unnecessary."
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Seneca Language Preservation, 2008.
An analysis of the steps being taken in order to preserve the Seneca language.
2,288 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the process of recording the vocabulary and syntax of languages that may be disappearing from the lack of a population that speaks the language. It discusses the reasons why the preservation of languages is important. The paper focuses on the preservation of the language of the Seneca nation and what is being done in order to preserve the language.
From the Paper
"As noted, currently the Seneca language is on the verge of extinction. In September 1998, a school was established in which the primary focus was preserving the Seneca language and culture. The school is called the Faithkeeper's School. The founder of the school notes; "Our strong focus is to preserve and maintain the traditional Seneca language. . . Now, it is time to teach our children the language and the culture so this knowledge will carry on forever." The children in Faithkeeper's School are taught in the Seneca language and learn about their own history and culture at the same time."
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Genre Applications in Education, 2008.
This paper argues for the balance of normative and adaptive applications of genre for teacher/scholar educational standards.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the basis for genre standardizations that would include both a normative approach and adaptive approach in educational research and application. The writer notes that by realizing the importance of normative genres in language studies, students can better understand how to categorize various issues in writing. However, the writer maintains that these normative standards cannot be so heavily relied upon that they deny new genres of significant importance. In essence, the writer argues that a balanced approach to normative and adaptive genre applications must be adhered to in an effective writing criterion for modern educational perspectives.
From the Paper
"Critics of normative genre approaches in writing provide important arguments that explain why genre studies norms must be provide a form of standardization that must be adhered to. The premise of normative standards is only providing an outline for the growingly diverse set of genre studies that have arisen in the new globalized community. Many more cultural norms and values are being expressed, which reestablish the normative ways in which people think and write. However, the premise of normative genre values is essential for various cultures to establish their cultural identity, which provides the foundation in which to understand other cultures and genre-based evaluations. This perspective is helping teachers to understand the complexities of genre studies. Devitt defines this critical stance in educational standards that is important to realizing why genre categorizations can be dangerous to effective critical thinking, yet they are needed to establish a basis for localized identity issues for the educational scholar.."
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Childhood Obesity and School Lunches: A Letter, 2008.
A letter to a legislator regarding school lunch programs as a contributing factor to childhood obesity.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a letter in regard to the issue of childhood obesity and, in particular, how lunch programs in children's schools are contributing to this problem. The letter recommends increasing the number of physical education classes in schools and switching school milk supplies to organic milk to avoid the genetically engineered growth hormones in cows and beef cattle.
From the Paper
"In recent decades, increases in levels of obesity in children have reached the scale of a major public heath problem in Western countries. In Canada, for example, rates of overweight/obese children have more than doubled in the past twenty years, with estimates suggesting as many as 30% of Canadian children are obese (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 607). The numbers from the United States over the same time period are very similar (Whitmore). It is widely acknowledged in the scholarly literature on children and nutrition that the two primary mechanisms contributing to recent increase in obesity levels among children are poor nutrition and a lack of adequate exercise (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 607)."
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Voice Output Communications, 2008.
An examination of four articles on the subject of voice output communications assisting severely disabled children.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at four articles that address the strategies presently employed in the ongoing effort to help voice output communications assist those who are severely disabled or handicapped in some way. The paper briefly discusses the pertinent aspects and findings of each study. The author writes how he would apply these technologies to the educational environment within which he operates.
Outline:
Introduction
Article Summary
Adaptation to the Educational Environment of Which This Writer is a Part
From the Paper
"While the study is elegant in its simplicity, there are certain problems that should be pointed out. For one thing, the authors (Dyches et al, 2002) trained those individuals who would be working with Natasha on how to communicate with her; thus, it is fair to ask whether or not the devices actually work in a communicative sense or simply "look good" because the other participants in the study have received prior training. Additionally, the methodology is compromised because there are only six community members involved in the study and only one disabled person; hence, any findings cannot be generalized to all disabled people in all community environments."
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Career Education: A Lesson Plan, 2008.
A career education plan for ninth graders.
1,251 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of ninth graders. The writer then discusses how a class could help students identify career paths that are appropriate for their aptitudes and interests. The writer presents his career education plan, explaining that it includes four units of study for ninth graders: "Demands of the Workplace", "Being Accountable and Taking Initiative", "Setting Goals and Assessing My Own Strengths and Progress", and "Self-Management and Self-Assessment". The paper then details the lesson in the first unit.
Outline:
Background Theory
My Ninth Grade Career Education Plan
Lesson Plan from Unit One
From the Paper
"Jean Piaget the noted to child development expert postulated that there were four operational stages of intellectual development. These students are just entering the fourth or "formal" operational stage meaning that they can begin to think abstractly and move beyond simple concrete ways of thinking. (Child Development Institute, 2006) Onset of this stage allows for exploration of adult roles as student thinking grows more flexible.
"According to psychologist Erik Erikson there are eight stages of social development through which individuals pass as they mature. At this age students generally are entering the fifth stage and the major developmental task is role identity. Adolescents discover who they are as members of society meaning that most students begin to think of workplace roles (Harder, 2002). Career education can assist this development."
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Boys and Reading: Gender Stereotyping, 2008.
A discussion on the underperformance of boys when they learn to read in comparison to girls.
2,469 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls. The essay provides a critical exploration of the issues in the debate, and argues the thesis that the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls is a consequence of systemic gender stereotyping in our society as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction
Boys and Reading: The Critical Context
Boys and Reading: The Stereotype
Boys and Reading: What Can Educators Do?
Analysis
From the Paper
"Among contemporary teaching professionals, one of the most compelling issues of our time is that of the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls. This is a particularly controversial issue, as it follows upon a very similar concern in the discipline some years before regarding the underperformance of girls in particular subjects. Moreover, as any review of the literature on the subject will reveal, the complex and controversial issues of gender stereotyping, and how we as a society understand, construct and/or shape masculinity, lie at the core of the debate."
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Censorship of Children's Books, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of the censorship of books for children, focusing on Susan Patron's book, "The Higher Power of Lucy".
1,938 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The focus of this paper is to discuss the censorship of a Newberry Medal children's book, "The Highest Power of Lucky," by Susan Patron. More specifically, the writer questions whether the word "scrotum" should cause a Newberry Medal children's book to be banned from libraries. The writer also discusses whether librarians have the right to ban a book because it has a word or phrase that relates to sex. The writer maintains that the censorship of books is wrong, especially when the book is being banned due to one word or phrase.
Outline:
Looking at the Book, "The Highest Power of Lucy"
Why the Author Used the Word
Censoring Children's Books
Censorship Creating Problems with Educational Staff
The Problems with Censorship
From the Paper
"Only at the end of the book does Lucky trust her guardian to ask the meaning of the word. Lucky is similar to many students today who have single parents in their lives. Lucky can also be compared to many latchkey children who fend for themselves while their parents are at work. Many of these children learn words and actions that are not appropriate, but it is a part of their every day life. Reading about Lucky will not reveal words that these children know anyway."
"When deciding to ban a book, the librarian should consider the purpose of the book. Why has the author created this book? What is the main purpose of the book? These questions should be considered before deciding whether the book is inappropriate. The themes of the book center on Lucky becoming a grown-up who needs to learn about language and body parts. If Lucky does not learn the meaning of words from her guardian, then more than likely she will learn about different words from her peers. Children will learn the definitions to different words whether they do it through parents, friends, or peers. Would it be better to learn different words from parents or peers?"
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McTighe/Wiggins and Marzano on Public Education, 2008.
A comparative analysis between two books regarding the improvement of public education: "Understanding by Design" by Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins and "What Works: Translating Research into Action" by Robert Marzano.
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts McTigheand Wiggins' "Understanding by Design" and Marzano's "What Works in Schools", which both address the problems facing public school education. The paper points out that McTighe and Wiggins propose what they call a "backward planning design process." That is, before one designs a learning experience one needs to identify the desired results, the evidence that will illustrate these results and finally the method best suited for reaching these results. The paper contrasts this with Marzano's approach, noting that it differs mainly because Marzano views a master teacher as analogous to a chess master, with strategies to recognize and exploit thousands of situations. The paper further explains that Marzano's book seeks to provide teachers with a vast repertoire of tools for evaluating and then meeting the needs of students. The paper concludes that although the two articles have very different styles and starting points, they both offer a great deal of advice for instruction and complement each other by providing different approaches for taking what research says about learning and using it to improve instruction.
From the Paper
"In dealing with student level factors, Marzano presents research investigating the assumption of many educational reports, which claim that factors involving the student's background and home life are the greatest determinants of academic success. Since the home is outside of the school or teacher's direct control, Marzano presents more of an explanation of how students learn. Under "Student Motivation", he outlines how teachers can enhance and use student motivation including ways to give feedback, provide engaging tasks and opportunities for students to construct long-term work of their own design. These sections parallel Wiggins and McTighe as they are authentic examples of "instruction by design.""
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The "No Child Left Behind Act", 2008.
An analysis of testing in relation to the "No Child Left Behind Act".
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine if testing under the "No Child Left Behind Act" (NCLB), signed into law in 2001 by President George Bush, is capable of accomplishing what it is intended to accomplish. The paper points out that NCLB was intended to address the needs of students to achieve proficiency in basic reading and mathematical skills. Prior to the implementation of NCLB, many youths throughout the country were exiting the educational system without possessing these skills and this hindered their ability to achieve personal and professional goals. As a solution, NCLB required each state to develop standardized testing that would produce test scores indicating each student's level and allowing officials to determine whether or not the schools were accomplishing their goals. The paper finds that one of the most significant issues is that each state's tests are not universal and in some states the tests are consistently changed, providing no clear evidence of progress that can be compared over time. The paper concludes that, for students struggling in school, state testing measures do not support the intention of NCLB and reduce the validity of the accountability of the educational system.
From the Paper
"The text of the NCLB indicates that "each state may select and design assessments of their choosing" ("No Child", 2001, sec. 3). Wenning, Herdman, Smith, McMahon and Washington (2003) discuss the fact that in states such as Louisiana and Maryland the tests that have been developed to meet the mandates of NCLB are both norm-referenced and criterion based (sec. 2). According to Wenning, Herdman, Smith, McMahon and Washington (2003) this means that some students are tested on their "board knowledge" of a subject, while other students are tested on their specific knowledge of objectives associated with the curriculum in each state (sec. 2). As this consistently occurs the tests results that are gathered by the state and federal governments cannot be compared to one another because there is not a universal system of testing that occurs. Additionally, because the testing of students is determined by each state, some states alter the testing patterns given, further complicating the accountability and assessment process."
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School Programs in Bibb County, 2008.
This paper discusses the implementation of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement (IDEIA) programs in Bibb County schools.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in an effort to address failures in the educational system across the country, Congress passed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA 2004). The writer points out that the effectiveness of these laws has been challenged in many states and in local jurisdictions. The writer then discusses that Bibb County is one of the areas that has put these laws into force and that has monitored their progress to see how effective they may be, with mixed results. The writer looks at this issue on the basis of the three criteria of efficiency, adequacy, and equity and notes that the system was found to be wanting in all three areas. The writer concludes that efforts have been made to streamline the system and to assure equity, and this process is ongoing throughout the system.
From the Paper
"In Bibb County, Georgia the School Board works with the Georgia Department of Education to implement provisions of the law, and the board reports that since the law has been in place, system test scores have been rising. According to the Board, using Georgia's Criterion Referenced Competency Tests, third graders able to meet or exceed the standards on the Reading portion have increased by eight percent, while fifth graders meeting or exceeding standards on the Mathematics portion have increased 20 percent. If a school achieves Adequate Yearly Progress under the NCLB, based on several factors including test scores, for three or more years in a row, that school earns the distinction of being cited as a Distinguished School."
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Bilingual Education, 2008.
An analysis of the positive effects of bilingualism and why Canadian immersion programs have been so successful compared to their American counterparts.
2,177 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the research on bilingualism. It argues that the research clearly shows that bilingualism is desirable and therefore that it should be promoted, preferably by making its benefits more widely known. The paper discusses possible reasons why Canadian immersion programs have been so successful while similar attempts at immersion in the USA (with minority children) have often been quite unsuccessful.
From the Paper
"Moreover, as we have seen above, the evidence from Canada shows that bilingualism can often be very useful for children, promoting their competence and achievement in the classroom, as well as their intelligence on all measures. However, it must be conceded that the playing fields in the USA and Canada are different, in that in the Canadian situation, children are electing to immerse themselves in a second language, rather than attempting to hold on to their mother tongues while simultaneously learning English - as is often the case in the USA. It may well be that the relative lack of success in the US context is a direct result of the fact that immigrant children often face other barriers, such as poverty. This is not the case in immersion programs in Canada, where the children are usually neither immigrants nor living with other impeding factors such as poverty. It is argued that the evidence regarding bilingualism that stems from the Canadian context does not have these extraneous variables, and thus can be regarded as more reliable."
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Work-Based Learning Programs (WBL), 2008.
This paper describes and reflects upon work-based learning programs (WBL), especially in the high school curriculum.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that work-based learning (WBL) involves schools and employers working together to create a structured learning program connected to the academic and technical content learned in the classroom. The author points out that WBL provides a smooth transition from the educational world of theory to a work opportunity, which essentially is an apprenticeship. The paper relates that WBL can be considered as a method for retaining students that might otherwise drop out of school. The author compares his or her high school work experience with WBL and states that, today, WBL is a valuable tool for many students, particularly those who lack the kind of direction or discipline that makes college or the military viable choices. The paper notes that many colleges use work-study, independent study and directed study programs to enable students to get practical experience while continuing their education.
From the Paper
"Keeping student workers engaged is a task that relies on more than the students' dedication. It also relies on the employers' willingness to become involved in the process. Cunningham, Dawes, and Bennett indicate that in order to facilitate work-based learning, student workers must be empowered to take control of their own learning process through self-managed learning. However, there is also a need to involve management and other upper-level workers sufficiently with the student workers so that they support the experimental learning process and undermine its value."
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Integration of Non-English Speaking Students, 2008.
A case study presentation of the language and cultural issues that exist in terms of integration of new non-English speaking students into a school.
3,082 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a girl who emmigrated from Cambodia to Canada. It describes the issues that are related to her integration into a new school in Canada. The paper begins by presenting the case study. It discusses the background of Cambodia and why the girl's family chose to leave. The paper then looks at the traditions and the behavior of the girl and describes the language issues that she has on arrival in Canada. Finally, the paper discusses goals for language development and adjustment into the school.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - Chantrea's Background
Behaviors, Attitudes & Traditions
Language
Goals for Language Development
Activities / Strategies Regarding the "Four Strands of Language Arts"
Adjustment in the Classroom
From the Paper
"It is important that Chantrea should maintain a sense of pride in her culture whilst she assimilates to Canadian life. Many Cambodian immigrants escape the oppressive governmental regime to flock to North America, though this does not mean the Cambodian culture and traditional values should be forgotten. Chantrea may be able to join up with an after-school group, such as the equivalent of the Khmer Emerging Education Program (KEEP) in the United States (World, 2003). Such groups boast teachers which aim to "breathe life into literary figures and historical accounts, using movies, photographs, personal stories, and textbooks" from Cambodian sources. Learning about the Cambodian cultural background on a continuing basis will help the child also form a strong bond with her family and their origins."
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Article Review: Why Toddlers Bite, 2008.
This paper reviews an article titled 'A New Bit on Toddler Biting- The Influence of Food, Oral Motor Development, and Sensory Activities' by Ramming, Kyger and Thompson published in "Young Children".
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most upsetting events for parents and children is when a child is bitten by another child. The author points out that the article addresses this problem from the standpoint of developmental problems including oral motor development, sensory integration and behavioral organization. The paper relates that Ramming, Kyger and Thompson believe that the best way to stop children from biting is to meet their developmental needs. The author surmises that, basically, children bite in reaction to different senses that they do not understand. The paper cites that the article suggests that the ways to prevent biting includes feeding the children foods that they can chew on and giving them oral stimulation brushes and other chewing objects.
From the Paper
"The authors believe biting is linked to oral development or the suck, swallow, and breathe synchrony. Children bite in order to change the environment. When a child feels stressed, the child bites to ease the stress. Sensory integration is related to the normal vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, but also proprioceptive sense, vestibular sense, and tactile sense. When any of these are threatened, a child may bite (Running, Kyger, and Thompson, 2006, 18). Children cannot understand many of the senses that they are feeling so they bite to reduce the stress. The hypothesis by the authors states centers on the belief that a child bites when he is trying to respond to a situation but lacks the ability to handle the situation."
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