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The Gracchian Revolution, 2008.
This essay discusses the impact of the Gracchi brothers upon the Roman Republic and their direct role in leading to the Senate's implementation of the SCU, which initiated a chain of events, forever changing the political landscape of the Republic.
1,939 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This essay argues the thesis that the political events which occurred in the course of the "Gracchian Revolution" played a pivotal role in the eventual demise of the Republic. Furthermore, the Roman political system changed following Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163 BC-132 BC) & Gaius Gracchus (154 BC-121 BC) deaths with the emergence of more powerful re-elected magistrates, consuls and tribunes. At the same time, the Senate's invoking of the Senatus consultum ultimum (SCU) during this era led to the threat of violence becoming interwoven in Roman politics. This combination of more powerful magistrates and senatorial extremism was to ultimately lead to the end of the Roman Republic itself.
From the Paper
"Gaius restored the land commission, and began an extensive road building project, which not only provided work for many local land owners, but allowed for improved attendance at assembly meetings by the rural communitites. Gaius also passed legislation to stabilize grain prices, encourage colonization, and improve the rights of soldiers. In addition, Gaius took steps to drive a wedge between the rich equestrian class and the senatorial class. The historian Sheldon notes that equestrians exerted considerable influence on the politics of Rome, and even the Senate were reluctant to offend them. As a result, Gaius introduced legislation which changed the tax collection system to favour wealthy equestrians. This wedge was expanded with the transferral of jury duty responsibilities from senators to equestrians for cases involving the extortion of governors; cases that were notorious for acquitals by senatorial juries of their patrician defendants. This division between equistrians and senators appears to have been quite deep and lasted many years, as shown in the later writings by Cicero such as his Letters to Atticus."
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Economic Growth in the Stone Age, 2008.
This paper is a discussion of how and why economic growth was sparked in the Stone Age, specifically stating that climatic changes, geographic factors, and the growth of settlements with larger populations were the largest factors.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic growth that occurred during the Stone Age and aligns with Marshall Sahlins' view that the Stone Age was a society of affluence, stipulating that an affluent society is one in which material desires are easily fulfilled, as long as the needs of the people are few. The author argues that the primary factor in economic growth of the Stone Age was the climatic change that followed the end of the Ice Age. These climate changes caused food shortages, which in turn necessitated the development of tools for hunting. Later, in areas where geographic conditions were ideal, agriculture developed, which in turn spurred greater economic growth.
From the Paper
"The Neolithic Age was preceded by the rise of agricultural activities in several Stone Age communities. In general, the Neolithic period is seen primarily as an economic phenomenon, and its essence is seen as consisting in the new phenomenon of agriculture (Thomas). Of course, this did vary from region to region. By 5000 BC, peasant communities existed in Palestine, Iraq and Iran, and soon thereafter they appeared in India, Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean (Hawkes and Woolley 8). On the other hand, in Europe hunting persisted for thousands of years, and change came much more slowly. Moreover, Thomas argues that the situation was quite different in southern Britain, and possibly also in other parts of Britain, and in Ireland. The point Thomas wishes to make is that 'the Neolithic in Britain was not characterized by a single economic system' (7)."
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Privatization in China, 2008.
This paper explores worker resistance to privatization in the state-owned sector of the Chinese economy.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why individuals working within state-owned enterprises in China have not relented in their resistance to privatization.
Specifically, the paper discusses fears about job loss, the elimination of traditional job benefits and the general cynicism felt by many when looking at Beijing's efforts to carry out major economic reforms. The paper also examines the productivity of the country's state-owned enterprises and the social inequalities that privatization has created or aggravated. The paper concludes that there are many compelling reasons why so many individuals within China's remaining state-owned firms are unhappy with privatization.
From the Paper
"To start with, state employees are unhappy about privatization because of what it means for their long-term future. For many decades prior to the advent of the contemporary privatization phenomenon in China, state workers could expect to receive from SOEs or state-owned enterprises lifetime employment, free health care, respectable (even enviable) pensions, and inexpensive housing. In more recent years, as the privatization and "marketization" measures of Beijing have been felt in more and more quarters, responsibility for welfare provision have increasingly shifted to individuals and to communities (Gu, 129). Understandably, this new burden is not exactly embraced by workers who, whatever benefits they received in the past terms of job security and in terms of attendant benefits, were not extravagantly recompensed for their time and effort."
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Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam, 2008.
This paper explores the potential of foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
1,599 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The author explains why he believes that foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam would be a promising investment. The paper discusses the success of the Vietnamese stock market, Vietnam's comparative advantage in trade, and its short and long-term growth potential. The paper also examines the risks associated with investing in a highly regulated capitalist market with strict government controls on foreign ownership. In addition, the paper looks at the risks of regional competitors, Thailand, the Philippines and China. The paper concludes that Vietnam is a strong investment target for FDI; although there are regulatory and political risks associated with the market, these are outweighed by the return potential over the long-term.
Outline:
Personal Statement
The Vietnamese Stock Market
Favorable Factors in FDI
Economic Growth Potential
Risk Factors
Risks of Regional Competitors
From the Paper
"I have been employed in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam) in the past for a period of several years. Most recently, I was in Vietnam during the last World Trade Organization (WTO) discussions were taking place there regarding its accession into the WTO during 2006. However, prior to these discussions regarding WTO accession, I witnessed dramatic changes in Vietnam that led me to believe that foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam would be a promising investment. Some of the most prominent changes were the investments in infrastructure that the Vietnamese government was making in order to facilitate commerce and industry."
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Canadian Telecommunications: Customer Profile Analysis, 2008.
This paper provides a straight forward customer profile analysis that includes target market, product usage and purchasing motivation for the three Canadian-based telecommunication companies of Telus, Rogers and Bell.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper shows a customer profile analysis for the Canadian based telecommunication companies of Telus, Rogers and Bell. The paper compares the market strategies of the three companies within a shared target and space, and determines that each of the companies rely heavily on phone communication as a necessity, for building their businesses. The paper also shows the slight differences in strategies: Telus as a growing global performer, Rogers as offering a host of commercial solutions and Bell as being the leader due to its long-standing presence in the market, its recognized brand, and its array of bundled services.
Telus
Target Market
Product Usage
Purchasing Motivation
Rogers
Target Market
Product Usage
Purchasing Motivation
Bell
Target Market
Product Usage
Purchasing Motivation
From the Paper
"The motivation for Rogers' wireless solutions is centered on the company's target market's desire to remain connected with both peers and family. Increasingly, wireless phones are being employed as the sole means of communication between family members as well as peer groups. The residential and business phone accounts are subscribed to out necessity since many customers and certainly most businesses still rely on the traditional phone line as their main form of communication. Likewise, Rogers' cable television service is purchase more for its entertainment value than for any form of communication method even when packaged with Internet services."
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Argentina and the International Monetary Fund, 2008.
An examination of the effects of economic restructuring and the International Money Fund (IMF) on Argentina.
3,007 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights how the pressure placed upon Argentina by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to reduce its debt and adopt conservative economic policies has enervated that country and denied it the chance to optimize its human resources. It also looks at how Argentina's leaders must be held responsible for the situation that it finds itself in.
Table of Contents:
Paper Proposal
Economic Restructuring, Argentina, and the International Monetary Fund
From the Paper
"Approaching the final weeks of 2001, the Argentine government's dangerous high-wire act finally fell apart. On August 21, 2001, the International Monetary Fund recommended an $8 billion increase in an earlier $14 billion stand-by loan for Argentina. However, in late November of that year, it was discovered that the federal deficit of the Argentine government was $1.3 billion higher than the limit agreed upon three months earlier. In a precipitous move, the IMF withheld the planned-upon $1.264 billion disbursement in the first week of December, 2001. The official reason given was that the Argentine government had over-spent on domestic matters. Whether that was indeed the case or whether other factors were behind the fateful decision, the economy and government of the South American country could not survive without the withheld capital. The end result was a toppled regime and an even worse economic crisis than the previous one (Boudreau, para.14)."
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Analysis of Monetary Policy, 2008.
An analysis of the importance of a monetary policy.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why monetary policy is an important aspect of macroeconomic stability. The paper looks at why the tools, procedures and the body for enforcing these tools and procedures are very important aspects of any society. The paper then explains that monetary policy is a tool utilized by policy makers to correct inflationary or recessionary gaps. Next, the paper points out that the tools of monetary policy are used throughout an economy for other purposes; hence there are drawbacks to using it for macroeconomic stability. The paper also explores whether the marginal benefit from monetary policy exceeds the marginal cost of using the tools of monetary policy. In addition, the paper looks at how monetary policy also has 'spillover' effects for other markets, such as the financial markets or general business operation. In conclusion, the paper shows that lowering inflation or closing recessionary gaps have been the primary focus of the policies.
Outline:
Introduction
A description of Monetary Policy: A General Overview:
- Open Market Operations
- Required Reserve Ratio (RRR)
- Discount Rate (DR)
Macroeconomic stability and Monetary Policy: A Look at the 1970s and 1980s
Monetary Policy Efficiency: How the Change Did or Could Have Impacted Me
From the Paper
"Monetary policy is used during inflationary or recessionary periods to correct the problem. Ideally during inflationary periods the Federal Bank and policymakers want to decrease the money supply and increase interest rates, so that borrowing/spending can be constrained. During recessionary periods, policymakers will try to do the opposite, that is increase the money supply, so that interest rates can rise and increase investment and spending, which will have a spill-over effect on employment (BOG: Federal Reserve System, 2006, p. 15)."
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Globalization and Immigration in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of globalization in terms of the immigrant population of the Greater Toronto Area.
2,208 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the impact of globalization upon the geography of population in urban and suburban Toronto, with specific reference to how it has transformed immigration to Canada and immigrant settlement in this region in particular. The thesis is argued that the impact of globalization and immigration in this regard has been mixed: on the one hand fostering economic growth and the creation of a multicultural society, while on the other increasing social and economic inequality leading to the concentration and segregation of immigrant populations within urban spaces. Beginning first with an outline of globalization and its relationship to immigration, the paper explores in greater detail the impact of these phenomena upon the local geographies of immigrant settlement in the urban and suburban areas of the Greater Toronto region.
From the Paper
"In this analysis, in order for Canada to meet the competitive demands of the globalized economy, it had to increase the number of immigrants for its labour force. Given the increasing prosperity of the traditional source countries in Europe, immigrants were increasingly drawn from non-traditional source countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The results of this are apparent in the increasing multicultural population of the city of Toronto. However, scholars have also noted how immigration has played a critical role in not only allowing the labour force to (re)produce itself generationally - in complementing the deficit from declining fertility levels - but also in introducing new skill sets and foreign capital to the economy. "
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Monetary Policy, 2008.
Looks a macroeconomic questions relating to monetary policy.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This document discusses macroeconomic questions relating to the supply of money and money creation. It also addresses macroeconomics issues such as consumption and gross domestic product. The Federal Reserve is examined first by its general structure and then through its monetary policy, and control and oversight thereof. Inflation is also examined as an effect of an oversupply of money. In addition, gross domestic product is discussed as an effective gauge of the overall economy as well as for what it is not a strong indicator of vis-a-vis the economy.
From the Paper
"The consumer price index (CPI) is also known as the retail price index and is a statistical measurement of prices (weighted and averaged) of a particular set of goods, good categories, or services, that have been purchased by wage earners in a given area or region. Economists use the CPI, as well as other indices such as the PPI, to monitor the well-being of the economy. The CPI is a key measure of inflation and is figured by weighting the various purchasing categories in reference to a base year currency; e.g. 20% food expenditures, 30% transportation and so on."
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The Minimum Wage Bill, 2008.
This paper explores the main components of the minimum wage bill that passed in the 110th Congress.
2,867 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the minimum wage bill that failed to pass in the 109th Congress and then succeeded in the 110th. The paper analyzes the legislative process and examines the components of the revised bill from an economic and political perspective. The paper shows how the MWB highlights how politics requires a thorough integration/balance between equities for workers, businesses and consumers. The paper includes full-color graphs.
Outline:
Introduction
109th Congress: Why Did It Fail?
110th Congress: How Did It Pass?
Fiscal Policy and Politics
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The minimum wage was first set during the Great Depression, when the United States economy was going through a recession. Since competitive wages based on the laws demand and supply, would be extremely low and lead to a vicious cycle of poverty, it was necessary for the government to set a price floor for wages, so as to guarantee workers a wage rate that would maintain a minimum standard of living. This element of public and economic policy is determined by Congress, and changes to the minimum wage are determined by a legislative process within Congress."
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The Global Economy, 2008.
An examination of the realist theory regarding political systems and how these theories relate to th growth of international organizations.
1,796 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between state power and the economy. It looks at how far the realist explanation of political systems goes in addressing the nature of a global political economy. The paper then goes on to discusses the theories that explain the growth of international organizations in the past 25 years and provides examples to support its contentions.
Table of Contents:
The Relationship Between State Power And The Economy
International Organizations Over The Past 25 Years
From the Paper
"Let us start with free trade organizations, common markets, economic unions and the like. In the case of an agreement like NAFTA, where we start with the United States, Canada and Mexico the operation of the state's (economic) interest can be clearly seen. The United States is the major importer of Canadian goods, resources and raw materials. If Canada does not cooperate with a trade agreement it runs the risk of losing its major client. Certainly, if it does cooperate, it runs other risks, such as a loss of cultural autonomy--the ability to privilege Canadian content in the media, keep news sources Canadian, etc--or an environment where smaller Canadian companies find it difficult to compete with larger US ones. In the end, however, it is the economic interest which prevails, and unavoidably so. The thought process of the government faced with the decision might go something like this: We run the risk of doing damage to Canadian culture and industry, but if we do not go along with this trade agreement, we may irreparably damage the Canadian economy--and it would have no positive impact on Canadian culture or industry if we were to be plunged into a recession or depression, with no market for our goods, therefore we have no choice but to accept it. The government is not, in this case, attempting to uphold a capitalist system it is a part of it--it is just another producer ensuring that it maintains its customers, does not price itself out of the market and does not end the fiscal year in the red."
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Working Capital Policy, 2008.
A discussion of the importance of a working capital policy within a business.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explores a comprehensive working capital policy and presents issues related to cash management techniques and long and short term financing. The paper also looks at elements of the ethical implications of the methodologies being devised. In addition, the paper examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of the methodologies employed within each categorization, as it relates to the working capital policy employed. The paper explains that working capital policy has become important as financial managers try to accurately monitor risk and exposure, and use policies for improved decision-making. The paper then points out that these policy actions and implications have gained much needed use, as organizations, try to utilize financing options and increase the overall efficiency of organizations.
Outline:
Introduction
Working Capital Policy
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Financing within a firm or organization is one of the most expansive areas, and has some of the more pronounced and augmented processes embedded within the overall strategic development of financial management. However, there are some aspects that are frequently used and require special attention - cash management techniques, methods of short-term financing, and working capital policy. These areas become even more important, because they are utilized by most, if not all firms, irrespective of size and or general business objective."
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Mother to Child Transmission of AIDS, 2008.
This paper discusses the problem of mother to child transmission of AIDS in Africa and looks at a possible solution.
3,126 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that from a humanitarian point of view, as well as from an economic point of view, it would seem appropriate that authorities should endeavour to protect the most innocent of all innocent victims - new born babies. The writer then discusses that the existence of effective drugs offers the possibility of saving literally millions of newborns from the horrible fate of being born with AIDS. Thus, it would seem that curbing mother to child transmission of AIDS (MTCT) with the use of antiretrovirals should be the top priority of governments in sub-Saharan Africa. This would be the most humane and cost-effective way of coping with the AIDS crisis in the medium to long term. Yet this is not the case. This essay seeks to examine the extent to which MTCT is being combated in sub-Saharan Africa, the reasons for this lack of commitment and to come up with suggestions to improve the situation.
Outline:
Background/Rationale:
Objectives
Methodology
Outcomes
From the Paper
"The last-mentioned factor brings us to another problem that complicates the issue of MTCT in Africa. There is some controversy over the issue of nursing, as some studies have indicated that HIV is not transmitted in this way, while others have suggested that in poverty-stricken communities, the benefits of breast milk outweigh the risks posed by possible MTCT of AIDS. The problem is that - unlike in North America - in sub-Saharan Africa countless numbers of babies die of malnutrition, or from infectious diseases. Breast milk provides some measure of protection from both of these, as it is an ideal source of nutrition, and also passes the mother's antibodies to infants. Thus, it is extremely difficult to know whether to advise HIV positive mothers not to nurse - more harm may be done than good."
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The EU and the Euro, 2008.
This paper looks at the European Union and its benefits for western European countries.
1,292 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the European Union's (EU) success at executing and implementing its single currency and how it is a model advocate for all regions considering a currency block as an economic solution to global competitiveness. The paper then asserts that the future of the EU and continuing economic benefit for its Western markets lies in its economic management and how each member state effectively integrates its individual fiscal management with that of the greater whole.
Outline:
Unified Policies & Their Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The European Union (EU) has captured the imagination of the world with its relative success at creating a viable and effective union out of formerly competitive countries who, each, sought some sort of dominance over the continent. The EU's success at executing and implementing its single currency, the Euro, is a model advocate for all regions considering a currency block as an economic solution to global competitiveness. In fact, the EU's single currency, the Euro, is so strong that many analysts expect that, "The international role of the euro will probably equal (or exceed) that of the dollar by 2014 and Euroland, which will probably include all members by then, will insist on a commensurate voice in international monetary decision-making" (Europe par.8)."
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Lavazza Coffee, 2008.
An examination of the Lavazza Coffee company and the coffee industry in general.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a business and industry description for Lavazza Coffee. In particular, the paper examines the key macroeconomic variables that affect the coffee industry and hence have an impact on Lavazza's operations; economic growth factors, issues dealing with employment/unemployment statistics, international trade/economics, and inflation. The paper also focuses on employment statistics and the CPI measure of inflation that can affect the coffee industry. The paper then evaluates the challenges and opportunities facing the Lavazza company.
Outline:
Coffee Industry
Competitive Analysis
Challenges and Opportunities
From the Paper
"The company concentrates on the domestic market and offers its products throughout the world via a distribution system with subsidiaries, namely London, New York, Paris, and Frankfurt and authorized distributors located in cities around the world. This type of marketing has proven to be successful in the past; however diversifying the target market will leverage Lavazza's name as the best quality coffee and optimize the firm's position in the future and in markets outside of Europe. There is a need to implement marketing tactics that will strengthen Lavazza's household name and reputation."
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The Student Loan Industry and Discrimination, 2008.
An analysis of the practice of redlining in the student loans industry and the private loan corporations' denial of any wrongdoing.
1,746 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, despite the adamant denials of student loan companies, the practice of redlining is alive and well in America. The paper then looks at the most pertinent laws and pieces of legislation safeguarding students rights in the area of loans. The paper also looks at some of the evidence recently brought to light which makes it clear that students are penalized unjustly by private loaners. Finally, the paper considers the arguments of private loan corporations that they are being unfairly targeted and it rebuts those claims.
From the Paper
"Still, while the student loan companies (some of them, at any rate) may be sincere in their conviction that they are merely trying to protect themselves from harm in a tough industry, the fact remains that it is minority students who are being disproportionately affected by all of this. Beyond that, the plaintive cry of the aforementioned companies that they are simply trying to make an honest "buck" falls upon deaf ears when it is considered how eager the corporations have been historically to exploit loopholes in federal legislation allowing them to collect massive subsidies from the government (Fitzgerald, A09). As well, there is mounting evidence that student loan companies have been altogether too eager to foster illicit ties with school officials - something that is borne out when examining a recent Springfield News-Leader article."
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East Asian Financial Crisis: Over or In Hibernation, 2008.
An analysis of the East Asian financial crisis.
2,181 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The East Asian financial crisis was an important developmental economic event in that region. This paper attempts to put that financial crisis in perspective. The paper examines the speculation on whether the region still might suffer from or be prone to the effects of such a financial crisis. The paper also explains that the East Asian financial crisis can best be characterized as a currency crisis.
Outline:
I. Introduction
Motivation
Problem Definition
Goals and Objectives
Significance of Study
Summary of Results
II. Literature Review
Relative to Prior Research
Relevant Literature
Theory and Methodology
III. Methodology
Relation to Previous and Present Literature
Hypothesis Formulation
Advantages and Limitations
Plan of Analysis
IV. Data Collection and Analysis
Results and Explanations
Achievement of Goals and Objectives
V. Implications and Policy Recommendations
Implications
Policy Recommendations
From the Paper
"The 1997 East Asian financial crisis, also known as the IMF crisis, caused the contraction of many formerly robust East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The crisis began in Thailand and quickly spread throughout the region with sudden devaluation of currencies, stock markets and various other economic structures (Li). One unique characteristic of the East Asian financial crisis was not that it occurred but that it spread like a pandemic from one economy to the other in the region. The problem examined here is whether these conditions or characteristics that led to the financial crisis in the region persist in any real sense."
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Macroeconomics of Interest Rates, 2008.
This paper examines the issue of interest rates as it relates to the economy.
1,856 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the recent economic reports and events with respect to interest rates and interest rate movements. The current state of the US economy is examined as well as the Federal Reserve handling of monetary and fiscal policy relative to the economy. Of particular importance is the Federal Reserve's strategic shift in policy from accommodative to appropriate. The writer concludes that it can be seen that interest rates are much more than one of many economic devices that the Fed has to influence the economy but is actually one of theprimary methods in which the Fed interacts and influences the direction of economic growth and expansion.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction & Thesis
Overview of Interest Rates
Types of Interest Rates
Impact of Change in Interest Rates
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Risk structure as it relates to interest rates is essentially the relationship between the interest rates on bonds that have the same term to maturity features. This leads to an active consideration of the default risk which is the chance that a given issuer of a bond may default by not being able to make the interest payments on the bonds at completion of the term or may not be able to meet the face value payment of the bond either. This creates the default risk model which implies that as the risk associated to a bond family increase then interest rates must also increase in order to compensate for the risk premium being incurred. Thus, since corporate bonds are more prone to market failure they typically bear a higher interest rate than government bonds, for example."
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Home Ownership for Low-Income Households, 2008.
An analysis of consumer choice and low-income housing.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper establishes a model to elucidate how low-income heads-of-households (LIHOH) decide to purchase a home. The paper explains that after the decision is made, the model will predict the outcome for the homeowners when certain variables are changed, such as interest rates and income. The paper then establishes a hypothesis, proposes a way to prove the hypothesis using social science work done in previous studies, and then examines the outcome. Next, the paper examines what additional evidence might be collected in new quantitative studies to bolster or challenge the hypothesis. This paper also argues that the boom in housing ownership in the United States during the 1990s was largely driven by lower-cost loans, rather than changes in consumer preferences amongst lower-income heads of household. The paper points out that recent interest rate rises and changes in the job prospects of low-income earners in the US should predict a lower rate of house ownership in the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Methodology
Income
Expectations of Income Continuation
Previous Home Ownership
Down Payment
Interest Rates
ARM's (Adjustable Rate Mortgages)
Reverse Mortgages
Increasing Housing Prices
Non-Financial Home-Buying Incentives
Completing the Model's Assumptions
Results Analysis
Critiques of this Model
Need for Further Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Heads of household in poor households--defined as up to two times the official US poverty level of $16,000 per household (2004) in the US, or $32,000 (DeNavas-Wait). The rate of home ownership has increased in this segment of the US population during the 1990's (Belsky E. S. and Duda 1-45). Although many LIHOH figures are clouded by the mix between Hispanic, Black and other lower-income classifications, the trend towards higher homeownership in the 1990's is clear. According to the Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances, more than 55 percent of lower-income households held debt in 2004, up from 45% in 1989."
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