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Stalinism, 2004.
This paper discusses and rejects the belief that Stalinism was a more extreme form of Bolshevism.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Stalinism and Bolshevism were mortal enemies. The author points out that, to those who argued that Stalin's tyranny grew naturally out of the Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks' plans, the revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky rebuked that it was necessary for Stalin to liquidate the Bolshevik leadership of 1917 and systematically restructure the party to achieve his goals. The paper relates that Stalinism was not Bolshevism any more than it was any kind of socialism.
From the Paper
"Joseph Stalin became the leader of Russia after the death of Lenin in 1924. Stalin's dictatorship arose from the defeat of the Russian Revolution and the failure of revolution to catch on in more advanced capitalist countries in Europe. Stalinism is a term that describes the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Building on the foundations of Lenin, who led the Bolsheviks, Stalin expanded the centralized bureaucratic system of the Soviet Union during the 1930s. This system is largely perceived as an extreme system of totalitarianism, as Stalin slaughtered many people to achieve his goals."
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The Cold War: 1946-1960, 2004.
This paper discusses how the Cold War, a conflict based on diverse political ideologies, was mainly "fought" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in the years following the end of World War II.
4,315 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the central problem seems to have revolved around the desire of the West to liberate the states of Eastern Europe through democratic reforms and a capitalist economy; however, Joseph Stalin, the tyrannical leader of the Soviet Union, felt that he was entitled to rule the Eastern European countries that the Soviet Union had occupied during the war. The author points out the term ?Iron Curtain? meant that the West and the East were divided by an invisible barrier beginning in Berlin, Germany, a barrier based on political divisiveness and social agendas, which could only be penetrated by d?tente and threats, especially via the use and proliferation of atomic weapons. The paper relates that on December 20, 1950, former President Herbert Hoover stated, ?Americans have no reason for hysteria or loss of confidence in our security or our future, (for) within American security rests the future security of all mankind?; thereby, summing up the entire Cold War. The United States must persevere to guarantee that such atomic annihilation never occurs, even in a world filled with the possible horrors of uncontrolled technology.
From the Paper
"On January 10, 1946, the first General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations convened in London with U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes leading the American delegation. In all, fifty-one nations, most of which were heavily involved in World War II and suffered millions of casualties, took part in this global meeting. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan was one of the prime reasons for this delegation, due to the realization of the immense power of atomic energy and its potential for misuse in the form of atomic weapons. On January 24, the U.N. agreed to an international Atomic Energy Commission that in essence would impose highly restrictive laws regarding atomic energy and its use in wartime as well as in peacetime. Some historians have recognized the development of this commission as the initial trigger for the Cold War, due to the fact that it ?placed the Soviet Union, while under the control of Josep Stalin, in a position of defending itself against preconceived enemies that wished to destroy the Communist/Socialist system.?"
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The European Monetary System, 2004.
An analysis of the European Monetary System (EMS).
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and discusses in detail the concepts and ideas of the single European Market. The paper analyzes the European Monetary System (EMS). The paper explains that the EMS came about after several attempts to stabilize exchange rates among members of the European community. In time, the European Community developed a plan to introduce a single currency into the market, the Euro. The paper presents a literature review on this topic.
From the Paper
"According to a book entitled ?The European Monetary System and European Monetary Union? the single European Market is a product of what began as the European Community of 1978 (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The book explains that the European Monetary System (EMS) was designed to be a single European monetary system (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The authors assert that the EMS was designed in an effort to ?strengthen the coordination of monetary and economic policies among the members of the Community, to stabilize exchange rates, and to take a new step on the road of monetary unification in Europe (Fratianni and Von Hagen).?"
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?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity?, 2004.
An analysis of traditional and modern societies during the European expansion, through a review of ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? written by S. N. Elsenstadt.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines modernism in Europe and the rise of socialism in non-Western societies. The paper reviews S. N. Elsenstadt's ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? and discusses Elsenstadt?s arguments regarding the changes in the European expansion in non-Western societies, from being modernist to socialist, even traditionalist, societies. The paper argues that the retardation of modernism in non-Western societies is not exactly the abrupt stoppage of the European expansion.
From the Paper
"?European expansion and the civilization of modernity? by S. N. Elsenstadt provides a through discussion and analysis of the dynamics concerning the European expansion, centering in particular on its effects in non-Western or Asian societies. Tracing the history of the European expansion from the emergence of industrialization to the development of capitalism in Western societies, the author seeks to determine what caused the seemingly contradicting development of the so-called ?expansionist? movement of modernization in Europe. That is, instead of spreading modernization and capitalism in Asian societies, what occurred was the rise of socialism, which is a new form of society that overturns the basic premises of capitalism-in effect, modernization."
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The Cold War, 2004.
This paper is about the historiography examining the origins of the Cold War.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the historiography of the origins of the Cold War passes through three chronologically defined and ideologically distinct phases, which can be called ?traditionalist?, ?revisionist?, and ?post-revisionist?. Each reflects the cultural and political attitudes prevailing in the wider Cold War context of the particular era in which it flourished. The author points out that some historians believe that power politics and strategic considerations were more important than ideology in determining Soviet policy and behavior; therefore, the Cold War resulted from a contest of great powers, not a conflict of ideologies, and both the United States and the Soviet Union bear responsibility for the origins of the Cold War. The paper relates that a new element, which reflects important trends in modern Cold War scholarship, concerns the personality of Stalin, the nature of authoritarian government, and the character and content of Communist ideology.
From the Paper
"From the end of the Second World War until the mid-1960s, the ?traditionalists? held the field with a standpoint that can be summarized as essentially pro-American/pro-Western and anti-Soviet. Essentially, such scholars held the Soviet Union responsible for the onset of the Cold War by undermining the Second World War alliance between East and West, increasing the level of military confrontation between Russia and America, and acting aggressively to promote the imposition and spread of Communism in Europe and elsewhere. It was thus argued that the United States was correct in its policy of containment towards the USSR and the Eastern Bloc, and that the American position was essentially a defensive one forced upon it by the hostility and aggression of the Communist East."
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Romanian Christianity, 2004.
Examines how Christianity is linked with Romania's history, culture, and national identity.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of Christianity in the county of Romania, beginning with the arrival of St. Andrew around the 1st century AD, who left a colorful legacy of Christian belief, doctrine, and even mythos in his wake. The paper discusses how Christianity is embedded in Romanian national identity and how the religion withstood years of Communist oppression.
From the Paper
"Despite the overwhelming fears and destructiveness of the icon-breaking Communist governments, and the despotic rulers of other times the faith and the strength of the nation, as a self-defined Christian country is unflagging, and the new generations, unlike many other post-colonial populations, see Christianity in their future, rather than simply as a quaint part of their cultural past."
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The Conflict in Chechnya, 2004.
An analysis of the Chechen conflict.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of Chechnya. Specifically, it discusses the Chechen conflict with Russia, including how it started and when, along with the causes, effects, main events and attacks, and a current perspective on events in Chechnya today. It discusses how Chechnya has always desired independence from Russia and continues to fight for its freedom today. The tiny country has not been able to shed Russian influence and government, but it has evolved into a world political crisis that has affected thousands of Chechen civilians and continues to cause strife and violence today.
From the Paper
"Chechnya is a Soviet Republic that declared independence from Russia in 1991. However, Russia's leaders refused to acknowledge Chechnya's independence, and instead sent in troops to subdue the Chechens. They withdrew when they met armed Chechens ready to defend their country, but the current conflict had its beginnings in these events in 1991, which escalated to full-scale war by 1994. However, the roots of the problems between Chechnya and Russia go much, much deeper than the current crisis."
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Youth Unemployment in Moldova, 2004.
An examination of the problem of youth unemployment and other economic hardships in Moldova.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic situation in Moldova, focusing on the phenomenon of youth unemployment. It looks at the assistance being received by the World Bank and concludes that, with continued, but carefully managed and targeted support to address the specific problem of unemployment, emigration, and migration among the young, the future of Moldova is not as dismal as it seemed in the early 1990s.
From the Paper
"One of the most critical concerns of the current Work Bank is the high rate of youth unemployment in South Eastern Europe. This phenomenon of high youth unemployment, it is feared, will lead to a state of increasing instability across the region. More and more young people in this region are aimless in life, and grow up without being instituted in an appropriate ?work culture.? Either they will emigrate, depleting their nations of young employees, or become drains on the economy. These countries are also afflicted by low birth rates, which will continue to create a diminished labor force."
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The European Union and Russia, 2004.
A dissertation that examines the European Union's security policy towards Russia.
15,700 words (approx. 62.8 pages), 88 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the nature of the central issue: EU security policy towards Russia during the period 1992-2004 in the context of the European security issues during those years. It is symptomatic of the dynamics of this changing context that much of the existing literature tends to examine this issue not from the point of view of the EU, but rather via the prism of NATO-Russia relations. As a result, it will be one of the contentions of the present study that there is a ?literature gap? in the existing work on this area that, itself, perhaps reflects the Cold War biases, conscious and unconscious, that continue to influence academic studies in this field. Chapter Two analyzes the relevant theoretical approaches and seeks to establish a theoretical paradigm for use in this study. Two influential approaches to the study of international security relationships are examined: neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. Each of these theoretical approaches has recently undergone sustained criticism and redevelopment, and this chapter considers this process and its significance for studies, such as the present analysis. Finally, this chapter identifies the fundamental theoretical approach for this study to be liberal intergovernmentalism, deployed within a methodology of quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter Three consists of a review of related literature, subjected to comparative analysis and categorized on the basis of qualitative and quantitative sources. This chapter explores further the issue of the ?literature gap? in existing studies, identifying areas in which this dissertation seeks to extend and innovate approaches to the issue under study. Chapter Four is devoted to an analysis of relevant data and its relationship to the theoretical model established in Chapter Two. Chapter Five returns to the research questions and seeks to answer them on the basis of the analytical, theoretical, and comparative work outlined in the preceding chapters. The final section of the dissertation is a conclusion in which the findings of the study are summarized and their relationship to the theoretical models used considered. This also provides a basis for the validity of the theoretical model used to be assessed and for possible avenues of further research to be outlined.
Outline
Introduction
The Problem
The Theoretical Approach
Literature Review
Analysis
Answering the Research Questions
From the Paper
"The political and economic uncertainty in Russia during 1998-99, not surprisingly, had a deleterious effect on the implementation of the planned work programme and there was some disappointment on the EU side that more progress had not been made. At the second meeting of the Cooperation Council in May 1999 the official communiqu? was much more positive. In general, the PCA has had a major impact on the frequency and breadth of official contacts between the EU and Russia, and laid the basis for more effective cooperation on a wide range of policy areas."
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The Expanded European Union, 2004.
This paper discusses the question of the degree of potential migration of workers from the newly-joined states to the original fifteen European Union (EU) countries.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that no one knows for sure what kind of impact the enlargement of the EU will have on labor movement; some believe that large numbers of individuals will be heading west to look for jobs, but others say that history has shown that war devastation is the primary reason why people leave their homeland. The author points out that part of the concern about workers stems from the differences in economies between the two areas of Europe; lower paid or unemployed workers from the ten new members will follow the money trail to the existing 15 EU countries. The paper relates that, under the terms of accession, existing EU countries have the right to block free movement of labor from the new joiners for up to seven years.
From the Paper
"Time Europe magazine reports sarcastically on the effect such headlines have on those who have already migrated: ?That image must come as cold, ironic comfort to 54 Greeks who did not exactly find Britain an employment paradise.? Although they had already been entitled to work with full legal protection anyplace in the E.U., these Greek workers were hired as temps to pick flowers in Southwest England. In rain and snow they labored for nine hours a day and lived in a tent without any heat or plumbing, which local officials declared ?totally unfit for human habitation.? In addition, the hiring employers had told the men that they would not be paid until they came up with E1500 for transportation and lodging. After two weeks, the Greek migrants were saved by their embassy."
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A Cultural Profile of Russian Culture, 2004.
Presents related information regarding the culture of Russia.
1,889 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a cultural report and analysis of the prominent characteristics of Russian culture. The paper is intended to help travelers or visitors to Russia better understand its culture. Included in the discussion is a description of interesting or important cultural characteristics, ideas that would help the reader adapt to the cultural differences one might experience in Russia, ideas to serve as guidelines for people wanting to succeed as communicators in the Russian environment, and the author's own reactions and impressions to various Russian cultural characteristics and practices.
From the Paper
"Culture is defined as the combination of various patterns, which are practiced by individuals of a country. Culture is the identification of the people of a particular country. Culture includes actions, behavior and practices along with food, clothes and traditions, which are followed by the people of a particular country. Cultural characteristics are not formed in one day, but these characteristics and practices are defined gradually and thus it is the duty of a citizen to adopt these cultural practices and characteristics so that other people who belong to other countries can identify the people as to which culture they belong to. Behavior patterns, norms, language and skills are the essential characteristics, which combinely form CULTURE."
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Yiddish, 2004.
A study of the Yiddish language and its use today.
1,813 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Yiddish language, which originated in Eastern Europe and was brought to the Western World towards the end of the 19th century. The writer includes a history of the language and shows which Yiddish words have become common used words in the English language today. Finally, the paper offers some data collected by a study at Columbia University about the dialect.
From the Paper
"The Yiddish dialect is commonly used in the American language. There are dozens of Yiddish words that have been assimilated into American slang speak. Yiddish has impacted American culture in a variety of ways. Yiddish culture, drama and writing influenced the American theatre scene and a large body of literary works through the early 1900s. It was in fact greatly popularized during this period of time, and many Yiddish playwrights and poets were well known and respected within the United States. However of late the press suggested that Yiddish is steadily declining within the United States, to the point of virtual extinction."
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Long-Term Unemployment in Russia, 2004.
This paper is a dissertation proposal to study the economic and political factors contributing to the time path of unemployment in Russia as compared to former Eastern Block countries.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Russian delay in achieving low unemployment can be directly attributed to reasons of education, specific human capital mismatch, low wages, tax schemes designed to punitively tax so-called excess profits, and other factors. The author points out that Russian unemployment figures have been difficult to come by in the past, due in part to the country?s definition of unemployment, and the way employment and unemployment are measured by the government. The paper states that the dissertation will examine time points in the data of major market indicators, such as employment levels, wages, and availability of various factors of production of each of the countries to illuminate the causal effects of economic and political practices affecting rates of unemployment in Russia and selected former satellite countries.
Table of Contents
Dissertation Plan
Proposed Content Synopsis
Factors Effecting Unemployment and the Difference between General and Transitional Unemployment
Economic Determinants of Employment Levels
Expected Results of Transitional Economies
Looking at the Data
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Current economic models attempt to explain the determinants that affect levels of employment. These include where the employment equilibrium sits, how short and long run economic factors affect the equilibrium, and what short and long run factors in Russia and the chosen former Soviet block countries are contributing to the overall unemployment levels of these countries. Aside from internal pressures, Russia?s response to external factors, such as WTO accession on Russian economy have profound effects on Russia?s overall economic health and of course on its rate of short and long-term unemployment."
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Serbian Culture, 2004.
Presents a history and description of Serbian culture, focusing on theater and entertainment.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents some information of the culture of Serbia. The paper explains that Serbian theater is more than eight centuries old, beginning and continuing throughout the middle ages, to modern times. The first modern Serbian play was the school drama entitled "Traedokomedija", written by Manuil Kozacinski in the late 1600's. The paper also looks at the work of some of the more well-known Serbian playwrights.
From the Paper
"At the end of the nineteenth century, the influence of French theatre strengthened. Before the World War I, this was the influence of Comedie-Francaise and Paris Boulevard theatres, rather than new theatre trends in France. Recent styles of European dramaturgy and theatre (Naturalism, Symbolism, Expressionism) - and not only French - were sensed in Serbian dramaturgy and theatre. Borisav Stankovic introduced new sensitivity and new poetic tones in the Realist approach into the already worn-out genre of popular folk plays "with singing", with his work Kostana (first performed in 1900), which has a cult following among Serbian theatres and audiences."
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The Euro and England, 2004.
An analysis of the new Euro currency and England's decision not to join.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the new single European currency being used in 12 countries in Europe, so far. Specifically, the paper explores why the government of England decided not to join the singular currency, showing both the advantages and disadvantages of using one currency. The paper evaluates the Euro, in general, and looks at its impact on the UK's tourism industry.
From the Paper
"Because most of the cross-border countries of UK are members of EMU, the tourism industry of UK faces a high risk of price competition with the EMU nations, through comparisons in terms of travel fares and hotel accommodations. Travel cost in UK is likely to be more expensive, than
that of a country within the Euro zone, because of the cost of currency conversion. Single currency within the Euro zone may attract more travelers because of the convenience of not needing to convert currencies. In this view, in contrast to the possible increase in tourism rate among countries within the Euro zone, UK may experience a struggle in their tourism industry because of the inconvenience and cost UK?s currency may bring to travelers."
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The Cold War and the American Society, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the Cold War, the ideological, political, and economic impasse between the United States and the Soviet Union, and its effect on the American society.
3,070 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Soviet Union?s physical and ideological expansion, post-World War II, into many countries, known as the ?Soviet Block?; on the other hand, the American economy was much stronger than the Soviet economy, and many countries in the United Nations were friendly toward the United States. The author points out that, during the Cold War, there was never a direct confrontation between the United States and the Soviets; however, there were conflicts between client nations, which were used to carry out the policies of the superpowers, such as Korea and Vietnam. The paper elucidates that the Vietnam War did more than any war to change the American perspective on foreign involvement
From the Paper
"The Vietnam War had a significant impact on life in the United States. College campuses became center of debate and Kent State is still remembered for a campus demonstration that turned deadly. Opposition to the war had created a movement and in response to Nixon?s decision over whether troops would be sent to Cambodia. A group of approximately 300 hundred students gathered at Kent State in Ohio to for a formal ceremony in which they burned copies of the Constitution. Mob mentality took over and that evening demonstrators moved into town and smashed shop windows as well as burning down an Army ROTC building. The mayor declared a state of emergency and as a result, the governor National Guard was called in to keep the peace. When students gathered for another anti-war rally, they resisted orders to disband. In response to this, the guardsmen stepped in, students then began to throw rocks at them, which in turn caused to guardsmen to fire. In the aftermath of the riot, four students were killed and nine were injured. At Jackson State in Mississippi, two students were killed at a similar protest. It is important to note that in both incidents, the students were unarmed."
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History of Communism in Poland and its Fall, 2004.
An in-depth analysis into how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of Communism in 1989.
19,289 words (approx. 77.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The dissertation looks at the history of communism in Poland and its fall. The dissertation then looks at the economy of Poland, the main natural resources, the economy under Communism, the centrally planned economy, and the economy after the fall of Communism. The dissertation then moves on to looking at the processes of marketization and stabilization in Poland and the macroeconomic indicators for the crucial 1990-1991 period. The privatization process in Poland follows, and the subsequent structure of the economy is analyzed. The main markets supporting the economy, i.e., fuels and energy, industry, agriculture, fishing and forestry, banking and finance, and foreign trade are examined. Once the economic history of Poland has been discussed and analyzed, the dissertation then moves to looking at how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of communism in 1989. This takes the form of looking, principally, at what constitutes ethical business in Poland, how ethical business is regulated and monitored in Poland, how changes have been made so far in business ethics in Poland since the fall of Communism, and how these changes relate to changes over the same period at an international level. A discussion of the merits of entering into the EU, in terms of business ethics, is also provided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Poland?s Economy Pre-Communism?s Fall
Section 1.1. Poland?s Natural Resources
Section 1.1.1. Minerals and Fuels
Section 1.1.2. Agricultural Resources
Section 1.1.3. Labor Force
Section 1.2. The Polish Economy Under Communism
Section 1.2.1. System Structure
Section 1.2.2. Development Strategy
Section 1.3. The Centrally-Planned Economy
Section 1.3.1. Establishing the Planning Formula
Section 1.3.2. Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
Section 1.3.3. Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
Section 1.3.4. Reform Failure in the 1980s
Chapter 2: Poland?s Economy After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.1. Poland After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.2. Fall of Communism
Section 2.3. Marketization and Stabilization
Section 2.3.1. Required Short-Term Changes
Section 2.3.2. The Shock Strategy
Section 2.3.3. Initial Results
Section 2.3.4. Long-Term Requirements
Section 2.4. Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
Section 2.4.1. Price Increases
Section 2.4.2. Impact on Productivity and Wages
Section 2.4.3. Statistical Distortions
Section 2.4.4. Agricultural Imbalances
Section 2.4.5. Causes of Decline
Section 2.5.The Polish Post-Communism Privatization Process
Section 2.6. Structure of Poland?s Economy: Post-Communism
Section 2.6.1. Fuels and Energy
Section 2.6.2. Coal
Section 2.6.3. Oil and Gas
Section 2.6.4. Power Generation
Section 2.6.5. Industry
Section 2.6.6. Light Industry
Section 2.6.7. Automotive Industry
Section 2.6.8. Construction Machinery
Section 2.6.9. Banking and Finance
Section 2.7. The State Banking System
Section 2.8. Banking Reform, 1990-92
Section 2.8.1. Insurance and Securities Reform
Section 2.8.2. New Financial Institutions
Section 2.8.3. Foreign Loans and Money Supply
Section 2.8.4. Foreign Trade
Section 2.8.5. The Foreign Trade Mechanism
Section 2.9. Post-communist Policy Adjustments
Section 2.10. The Role of Currency Exchange
Section 2.11. Foreign Investment
Chapter 3: Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.1. Introduction
Section 3.2. What is Meant (and Understood) by the Term ?Business Ethics? in Poland?
Section 3.3. Developing Standards of Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.3.1. The Polish Transition
Section 3.3.2. Difficulties in Adjusting
Section 3.3.3. Identifying the Problem: Polish Chamber Survey Results
Section 3.3.4. Setting Ethical Standards
Section 3.3.5. Letting Market Forces Work
Section 3.3.6. The Highlights from the Polish Chamber's Sample Code of Ethics
Section 3.3.7. Western Aid In Fighting Corruption
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Poland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm)."
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?The Viennese Revolution of 1848?, 2002.
This paper is a review of John Rath?s ?The Viennese Revolution of 1848?, which chronicles both sides of the Austrian-Hungarian revolution from its onset to its conclusion.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Viennese Revolution of 1848 took place with the backdrop of liberal-conservative squabbling throughout Europe; poor living conditions and constant warring left the upper and middle classes wanting an end to the aristocratic regimes of most European nations and an increase in the people?s liberties. The author points out that the original cause behind the revolution was the broad idea of liberalism, but,once the revolutionaries came into power, this broad idea took on different interpretations by different ethnic groups.The paper concludes that this polarization ultimately created problems for further unification of the revolutionaries and might have led to the final fall of Vienna.
From the Paper
"The ruling regime was split on whether or not to make concessions. Metternich, Archduke Ludwig, and his cabinet were insistent that the revolutionaries be granted none of their demands, while other some of the archdukes that were more sympathetic to the cause were willing to grant reforms. The disagreements in the imperial government led to inactivity of government, and progress revolutionary activity by the liberal-leaning populace. Rath notes the proliferation of political and social calls for reform, ?As the populace became more and more agitated by the ever increasing reports of revolutionary disturbances, various liberal elements in Vienna summoned courage to demand reforms from the government, and many individuals and groups hastened to draft petitions, obtain signatures for them, and send them to the authorities.?"
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Stanislavsky, 2002.
Explores how Russian history influenced the theories of Constantin Stanislavsky and Russian theater in general.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
Constantin Stanislavsky is the father of modern acting theory. His theories which he extols in his four books, "My Life in Art" (1924), "An Actor Prepares" (1936), "Building a Character" (1941) and "Creating a Role" (1961) have had an unparalleled effect on actors and acting instructors throughout the world. Acting theorists such as Vsevelod Meyerhold, Uta Hagen and Bertold Brecht have all taken his theories into account while developing their own. Indeed, entire movements in world drama have been in part inspired by the work of Stanislavsky.
This paper focuses on Stanislavsky's influence on Russia. During his life and his career, Russia went through many changes. Two major events in Russian history would determine the fate of theatre and as a result Stanislavsky. The first was the failed revolution in 1905, or ?The Great Rehearsal,? as Lenin called it. The second major event which affected Stanislavsky (which in turn affected Russian theater) was the 1917 revolution.
From the Paper
"Konstantin Stanislavsky developed the Moscow Art Theatre in 1898. The creation of this particular theatre was important in that it differed from many of the other theatres of the time. It was a fully professional theatre organization and it emphasized new plays as opposed to older work. Stanislavsky believed that new plays would bring the theatre to life. His theatrical philosophy was that the actor was an educator and that plays were tools of education. As a result the initial work produced at the theatre was not successful. It wasn?t until Stanislavsky partnered with a young playwright named Anton Chekhov that the theatre attained any commercial success."
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