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Peter the Great, 1992.
A critical analysis of a collection of essays on the 17th-18th century Russian ruler and his role as reformer or revolutionary.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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"This study will provide an examination of Peter the Great, a collection of critical essays edited and introduced by Marc Raeff (Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath, 1963; 109 pp). The subject of the book is the rulership of Peter the Great of Russia, who led the nation from 1682 to 1725, solidifying his power as time went along. The specific concern of the book is expressed in the sub-title: "Reformer or Revolutionary?" The nineteen essays, from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries, offer countering views on the question of whether Peter simply began to turn Russia into the modern era, or whether his leadership and impact at the time and later were a far more radical and even revolutionary matter. In that sense, then, it is a broad survey of varied viewpoints. However, the reader cannot read the book and come away with anything but a very deep..."
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"Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution" by Stephen Cohen, 1992.
A political biography of the rise and fall of the early 20th century Russian leader.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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"Stephen F. Cohen. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938. Rev. Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Stephen F. Cohen's biography of Nikolai Bukharin, first published in 1973, is an attempt to do much more than simply produce a political biography of a prominent Bolshevik who fell from grace with Stalin in the late 1920s and was executed on trumped-up charges during the great purge a decade later. It is also, and more importantly, an attempt to produce a new general perspective on the fate of the Russian Revolution, and to argue that a viable, more "liberal" alternative path to Stalinism existed in Soviet Russia -- a path whose prime exponent was Bukharin -- although it was not in the end the path that was followed."
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"Roots of Rebellion" by Victoria Bonnell, 1992.
A critical review of the work on workers' politics and organization in pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg and Moscow.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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"Victoria E. Bonnell. Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900.1914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
One of the great paradoxes of Marxism and Communism is that the first Communist revolution and the first regime constructed on Marxist principles appeared not, as Marx had assumed, in the most advanced industrial countries .. in Britain, Germany, or perhaps the United States .. but in the vast, backward, semifeudal, barely industrialized empire of Russia. Marx, like other early theorists of socialism, viewed Russia as a land of peasants, not industrial workers. They thought of it as the champion of the old order and the enemy of progress, never as the place where their own ideas would first be tried."
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Russian Revolution, 1992.
An argument that the recent Russian Revolution, like that of 1917, is an attempt to restructure Soviet society. It states that new revolution attacks complex bureaucratic structure and the stagnation and personal invasion created by it.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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"The Russian Revolution in 1917 was accomplished through the violent overthrow of the existing government, followed by the complete restructuring of Soviet society. The recent revolution in the Soviet Union was largely bloodless up until the aborted hard-liner response, an attempt to retake the government from the liberal forces then in power. The result of this aborted take-over was quite the opposite of what was intended. Instead of returning conservatives to power, the attempt assured power to even more liberal forces. Once again, Russian society is being restructured, along with the dissolution of the union of the various Russian republics. The seeds of this new revolution can be found in the society of the Soviet Union over its history, a society that was tightly controlled by a growing and complex bureaucracy which intruded into every facet of life. The new..."
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Russian Economic Problems, 1992.
An idenification of the important individuals most associated with each economic perspective and the major dimensions and assumptions of their strategies for creating a market economy on the rubble of the Soviet system in Russia.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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"Introduction
In a recent essay on the dramatic economic difficulties facing the former Soviet Union, Alexander Yakovlev, an intellectual architect of Gorbachev's Perestroika reform program, stated that "By placing Marxist-Leninist theory above reality, above life, we managed to cripple life itself. By embracing the views of Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman without making any adjustments for Russian realities, we risk falling into the trap of imposing on Russian life programs that, although inherently sensible, may not be suited to Russian exigencies."[1]
This paragraph succinctly summarizes the debate now exploding across Russia as to the appropriate strategy and direction of economic reform. On the one side are the proponents of "shock therapy," often associated by its critics with a missionary..."
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Perestroika, 1991.
An analysis of Gorbachev's efforts to reform the Soviet Union and reasons this policy will not succeed. Includes damage done to political, ideological and economic base of nation.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, $ 87.95
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"This study will examine the flaws in perestroika, and the reasons that it will not survive as a viable policy in the Soviet Union. Specifically, the study will examine the reasons that the haphazard reforms initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under perestroika have damaged the political, ideological, and economic base in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's efforts with respect to perestroika have been based on the recognition that the old Soviet system simply was no longer viable.
As we read in Doder and Branson, "The Soviet system had been perpetuating the worst features of imperial Russia, enforcing a uniformity and obedience that spawned passivity and a lack of social and civic responsibility. The system, in effect, had turned Russia into a country of 'political illiterates,' as one Gorbachev aide put it. Gorbachev wanted to restructure the..."
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Poland in WWII and the Cold War, 1991.
A look at theEastern European nation as a flash-point for superpower relations, including the importance to the East and West, policies toward Poland and theYalta Conference.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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"The fate of Poland has been central to much of the history of the twentieth century, though the Poles themselves have seldom had any say in that fate. The immediate cause of World War II was the Nazi German invasion of Poland in September, 1939, and the ensuing British and French declaration of war against Germany.
Poland was also central to the sequence of events and reactions that brought on the Cold War between the United States and its Western allies on the one side and the Soviet Union on the other. Poland was a central issue on the table at Yalta, the conference that has gone down in popular American legend as the point at which a naive and ailing Franklin D. Roosevelt "gave away" Eastern Europe to the Soviets. It was also Poland that was the immediate trigger of Harry S. Truman's tougher line towards..."
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Baltic Nations, 1991.
A look at the political, economic and military issues confronting Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia as they seek independence from Soviet Union.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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" In January of 1991, the Baltic nation of Latvia was invaded by elite troops of the Soviet Union. The invasion of Latvia came one week after a similar raid had taken place in the bordering nation of Lithuania. Between March and May of 1990, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the third Baltic nation of Estonia, had all declared independence from the domination of the Soviet Union. It is in response to these declarations that the Soviet military has been brought into play in the Baltic region. The invasion of the Soviet Union on the Baltic states has raised a number of important questions regarding the Cold War. The Cold War began shortly after the end of the Second World War, when the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began conquering the weakened nations of Eastern Europe. Because of these conquests, the United States and the other nations of the Western world perceived a need for..."
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Soviet Jewish Immigration to the U.S., 1991.
A look at the changes in Soviet emigration policy and the experiences of Soviet Jews in the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 13 sources, $ 119.95
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"In recent years, the Soviet Union has eased restrictions on its visa laws. As a result, there has been a dramatic increase in emigration from that country. In 1989, for example, at least 228,500 people left the Soviet Union--"more than twice as many as in 1988" ("While the going," 1990, p. 55). This figure is made all the more remarkable by the fact that there are an estimated 3 to 5 million more Soviet citizens who would like to emigrate if they could (Klein, 1990, p. 16). A large percentage of the Soviet Union's recent emigres have been Jews. In fact, it has been noted that "tens of thousands of Jews and members of other minorities have been leaving the Soviet Union under the new rules" ("Soviet emigres," 1990, p. A10). One source has claimed that more than 62,500 Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union during the year 1989 (Goldman, 1989, p. 29). Many of the Jews who..."
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Advertising in Eastern Europe, 1991.
This paper examines advertising in Eastern Europe in 1991 because of the social and political changes occurring since 1989.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 55.95
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"This research examines the status of advertising in Eastern Europe in the contemporary time period. For about 40 years, advertising was not a part of the societal fabric in most of Communist dominated Eastern Europe. Thus, most of this research is concerned with events occurring subsequent to the summer of 1989.
The Background of Change for Advertising in Eastern Europe
That advertising may occur on a large scale in Eastern Europe in the 1990s is a function of the collapse of most of the Communist dominated governments in that region, and, in the case of the Soviet Union, to a liberalized approach to the function of marketing. That advertising will occur on a large scale in Eastern Europe in the 1990s will largely be a function of the successful ... "
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German Reunification, 1990.
Economic issues of bringing E. & W. Germany together. Historical overview, monetary union, currency reform and market vs. socialist economies.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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"INTRODUCTION
On 21 June 1990, the parliaments of both the Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the German Democratic Republic (East) approved a treaty to merge the economies of the two countries ("Germany Unites Economically," 1990). The treaty becomes effective on 2 July 1990, on which date, a single German economy will be created, and de facto unification will occur. Major issues must still be settled, before full, de jure unification can occur. To be decided are political unification, including the question of the future military alliance of a united Germany, and social unification, including difficult issues such as abortion rights--severely restricted in West Germany, and available on demand in East Germany.
The thesis of this research is that, as a rejection of.."
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USSR in WWII, 1990.
This paper discusses Stalin's leadership and preparation for WWII: Politics, strategy, Battle of Stalingrad and the defeat of German troops.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 22 sources, $ 111.95
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"Between the years 1939 and 1945, the government of the USSR was engaged in social and political activities which were directly related to its wartime concerns. On the brink of the Second World War, Stalin blamed German aggression on the forces of imperialism which drove nations - Allied as well as Axis toward seeking the expansion of territory and the domination of people. The Soviet government wanted to avoid war with Nazi Germany if possible; however, in 1939, Stalin decided to begin preparing his military forces just in case. At that time, it was clear that the Soviet Union was not yet prepared for a war against the Germans. In addition to the Russian people being psychologically unprepared for war, it was evident that both Soviet training and equipment were inferior to those of the Nazi forces."
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Reforms in Poland, 1990.
This paper dsicusses economic, political and social reforms in Poland as related to socialist history: Western assistance and investment, past reforms, other Eastern bloc nations, possible outcomes and effects on Polish people.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, $ 95.95
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"In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee, and Chairman of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Council of Defense. In the somewhat more than five years that he has been the nation's leader, he has introduced far reaching social, political, and economic initiatives.
While economic, political, and social change in the Soviet Union was beginning to emerge under Gorbachev's leadership, however, such change had either been attempted or was already underway in some of the other socialist states. Perhaps the socialist country with the longest uninterrupted experience with change of this sort is Poland. Labor unrest precipitated political turmoil in that country in the summer of 1956, and the ... "
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American and Soviet Labor Movements, 1990.
This paper compares American and Soviet labor movements: History, development, ideology, economic issues and impact of perestroika.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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"The following is a comparative study of the American and Soviet labor movements. The fundamental goals of labor movements everywhere are the same--to improve the material and social conditions of life for the ordinary working people who make up the bulk of any nation's population. From their inceptions, however, the labor movements in the United States and Russia (originally the Czarist Russian Empire, now the Soviet Union) have differed widely.
Historical Background--Russia
n the beginning, in the nineteenth century, the Russian labor movement was an integral, if relatively undeveloped, part of the broader European labor movement. The European labor tradition, closely tied to socialist ideology and political ... "
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Revolution in Czechoslovakia, 1990.
This paper discusses background events leading up to and culminating in the 1989 overthrow of the communist government in Czechoslovakia.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 135.95
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"The disestablishment of communism in Czechoslovakia at the end of 1989 was surprising in both the way it happened and the extent to which it happened, leading to question whether a revolution had actually taken place. However, Webster's Dictionary defines "revolution" as "a sudden, radical, or complete change," and a political revolution involves fundamental changes in the structure of a society, its basic beliefs, and individual behavior. This, experts argue, is what has and is still taking place in Czechoslovakia, a one-time stable and closely-tied Soviet Union ally.
The purpose of this research will be to discuss the revolution in Czechoslovakia, including the events leading up to it, the "10-days of revolution," and the revolution's consequences for the nation and its Eastern European neighbors."
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Hedrick Smith's "The Russians", 1990.
This paper examines Hedrick Smith's "The Russians" about pre-glasnost Soviet population from governmental perspective.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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"This study will examine Hedrick Smith's "The Russians" from a governmental perspective, including consideration of the theme of the book, the author's purpose, reactions to specific ideas, and the reasons for such reactions.
From a governmental perspective, the analysis of Smith's portrayal of the Russian people is a difficult task because the book was written before the advent of glasnost and perestroika and is thus somewhat obsolete in its depiction of the human side of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev, the architect of these more liberal foreign and domestic policies, is mentioned only twice, and in those instances Smith argues that Gorbachev is probably too young to be elevated to a position of prominent leadership in the Soviet Union. Half a decade later, however, the policies of Gorbachev have transformed the Soviet Union and ... "
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Soviet Environmental Law, 1990.
This paper analyzes Soviet's socialist approach to protecting the land: Ecology, agriculture, water and air pollution, conservation, perestroika, natural resources, economic aspects, public policy, legislation, Chernobyl and international issues.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 20 sources, $ 135.95
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"The socialist society is founded upon public ownership and management of nonconsumption assets; the government is required to act as a conservator. This function has proved to be incompatible with "socialist legality," the ideal that the government should adhere to a known law.
SOVIET ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: GENERAL ANALYSIS
Article 14 of the original Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declared all natural resources, lands, minerals and forests to be the property of the state, incapable of private ownership and exploitation: thus government action was necessary to preserve the environment or remedy pollution. Article 67 of the 1977 Constitution obligates citizens to "protect nature and conserve its riches."
Under the 1968 Fundamental Land Legislation of the Supreme
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The Cold War, 1979.
This paper analyzes the United States' views on the principal aspects of the Cold War as indicated by its governmental leadership including
economic and ideological post-war goals.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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"The purpose of this research is to provide an analysis of the United States' views on the principal aspects of the Cold War as indicated by its governmental leadership.
American occupation policy in Europe resulted from the agreements made between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta in February of 1945, and elaborated upon at the Potsdam Conference later that year. Yalta is generally spoken of as the beginning of the Cold War but deeper roots go back to the Casablance Conference, which Churchill proclaimed to be the "end of the beginning." By declaring for "unconditional surrender, the Conference was held to serve the purpose of assuring Stalin the allies would never make a separate peace with Hitler. This was a message never accepted by Stalin, only heightening his belief the allies would fight to the last drop of Russian blood."
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Russia's Socialist System, 1979.
This paper analyzes the Russian social system: Its strengths and weaknesses, major trends in Soviet economic thought & politics since the revolution, the necessary diversions from Marxist dogma and concessions to a more capitalist system.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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"The following research is on the subject of developed socialism in the Soviet Union. In the now almost two-year old Carter Administration we have witnessed a renewed interest in the more competitive aspects of the relationship between the United Stats and the Soviet Union. The rather crude utilization of the carrot-and-stick philosophy of relations with an adversary has focused attention on the relative strengths and weaknesses of both our respective military and economic systems. Those who seek to know the "bottom line" - and tend to oversimplify in getting there - are again asking, "Who is the stronger?"
It has been said of the development of our two nations that the United Stats is gradually becoming more socialistic and the Soviet Union more capitalistic; and some speculate that the two nations will, at some unspecified future date, meet, their ... "
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