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Ukrainian Health-Care System, 2002.
This paper explores the reforms made in the Ukrainian health-care system in the post-communist era.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the post-soviet transformation of the institutions providing health care in the Ukraine, basing the study on various statistical tables. It addresses the lack of interest in the transformation of these institutions and lists reasons for this lack of interest. It discusses the change in management structure in the light of the basic economic indicators for the Ukraine. It tackles the problem of corruption in Ukrainian organizations, looks at the changes in the sources of finance of health-care and deals with the additional costs borne by patients. The paper concludes that the current situation concerning health-care is absolutely adequate to the general situation in the Ukrainian economy and that the reforms are unnecessary.
From the Paper
"There has been a noticeable lack of interest of western observers and reformers in the multiple transitions in health care in post-Soviet societies. The Ukraine is not an exclusion, since the country?s economy is obviously the major reason of all the problems it is witnessing nowadays. Therefore, in the western debate mostly the changes in the other sectors are considered. In, politics, for example, the emphasis has been made on the shift from dictatorship towards democracy. In economics, the focus is mainly stuck on transformation from centrally planned system to capitalism, or market economy, as well as on the inclusion in global markets. Moreover, in foreign policy, the attention is drawn to the implementation of openness to Europe from the suspicious attitude that existed before. Recently, interest has also extended to the phenomenon of crime and corruption in post-Soviet countries."
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The Process of Institution Building in Eastern Europe and Ukraine, 2002.
A discussion of institution establishment and how it will bring positive change in Eastern Europe.
3,312 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 26 sources, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of institution building in Eastern Europe and the interaction between formal and informal rules as one of the possible explanators of encountered difficulties. The general situation in Ukraine is described, as well as the banking system.
From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union bloc created an institutional vacuum in the whole Eastern Europe. Institutional change was seen as a key factor in solving problems. Three crucial issues were on the agenda at the moment: what and how institutions should be chosen, and how quick this process should be, as there was no possibility at that time to identify alternative institutional arrangements and assess precisely their consequences. The transition from socialism to capitalism made institutional restructuring indispensable. After the expiration of the socialist legal framework, new stable rules were required for carrying out interactions. In the then absence of formal rules people fell back on customs and traditions.
The West perceived the end of the communist rule as a clear vote for the capitalism. But it also assumed existence of the rational utility maximizers who would easily identify new opportunities, assess their consequences and allocate scarce resources in the best possible way. In my view transitologists tended to focus on the future rather than the socialist past, but failures of institution building in Ukraine have proved these approaches to be unrealistic and inappropriate in tackling the restructuring of institutions in CEE because, given incomplete knowledge and uncertainty, the importance of transaction costs, was not paid adequate attention to. Transaction costs are costs of resources necessary for the transfer of property rights from one economic agent to another, they include costs of making exchange and maintaining institutional structure. The calculation of costs did not include the costs for convincing people that the legal system was credible and stable, the cost of new institution-building and the costs of making people understand why the institutional restructuring was necessary or what was required for it. Also, according to Bossak, the frequent changing of rules, insecure property rights and restrictions on asset trading also increased such costs."
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U.S.-Russia Relations Since 1991, 1995.
Discusses the changing relations, perceptions, motivations, policies and leadership since the end of the Cold War.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"With the collapse of the Soviet Union, America's relationship with Russia and other post-communist countries has fallen into some disarray. For more than 40 years, the primary objective of U.S. foreign policy was the containment of the Soviet communist threat. With the abrupt end of that objective in 1991, the United States has found itself in the dark about how to relate with the successor states of the Soviet Union, including Russia, and what objectives to pursue in advancing American interests.
This research examines the traditional and new relationships the United States has forged with Russia, particularly since the end of the Cold War in 1991. Some attention will be given to the traditional Cold War relationship between the United States and Russia, but this study will ..."
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NATO's Decline, 1995.
Discusses the impact of the changing post-Cold War global order on NATO and the international organization in theory and practice.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 15 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"IS NATO IN TERMINAL DECLINE?
The crumbling of the so.called Communist Empire in Eastern Europe in 1989 and 1990 has led many political analysts to proclaim that the transformation of international political environment from a bipolar character, in which the United States and the Soviet Union were the principal players, will result in either (1) a multipolar character, in which either (a) the United States will be but one of several major players (Hyland, 1990, p. 5), or (b) the United States, Japan, and the reunited Germany will be the major players, with a considerably less significant role for Russia (Tarnoff, 1990, pp. 67-80), or (2) a unipolar character in which the United States is the dominant world power (Sanders, 1991, pp. 27-35). According to many political analysts, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) will ..."
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Ukraine, 1995.
Examines the social, political and economic instability after the collapse of the Soviet Union including leadership, citizen apathy, elections, reform and the future.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The Ukraine is a country struggling for independence. It has gained international recognition as a independent country but has yet to achieve independence in its own mind. Ukraine has many problems in the arenas of politics and economics. Politically the country is fragmented. Economic stagnation, inflation, and an entrenched non-capitalistic philosophy hinder development. The inability to survive without cooperation from Russia remains to be accomplished. Its military is weak but enjoys a high level of trust by most of the population.. The Ukraine's new president has begun a program of reform which may impact on these problems but only if given enough time and cooperation from within the country and international support. To survive as an independent state, Ukraine needs to reform and democratize its economy and state structures and build a national ..."
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Soviet Intervention In Czechoslovakia In 1968, 1995.
Discusses the background of the crisis, rationale for, leadership, democratization, military, political and economic factors.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The decision on the part of the Soviet Union to invade Czechoslovakia came about because of a combination of forces and crises. The invasion followed what has come to be known as the Prague Spring, a period of liberalization of policies in Poland, which came at a time when the Soviets were faced with problems in Romania. Efforts at liberalization by the Dubcek regime in Czechoslovakia raised fears in the Soviet leaders that this would be only the beginning of widespread demands for changes of the same sort in other East European countries. In addition, there were changes taking place in Czechoslovakia in terms of self defense and foreign policy which threatened the membership of that country in the Warsaw Pact, and the Soviets could not abide any potential defection from the apparent unity of the Eastern bloc."
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Privatization In Eastern Europe and Latin America, 1995.
Examines global background, Western models, telecommunications, impact on economies, role of governments, external debt, reform, goals and politics. Includes charts.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 40 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"PRIVATIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA
Introduction
This research examines the process of privatization of economic enterprises in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Where appropriate, privatization efforts in Argentina and Brazil are highlighted when considering privatization in Latin America, and privatization efforts in the Czech Republic and Poland are highlighted when considering privatization in Eastern Europe. Privatization efforts in these regions are compared with similar efforts in other regions, and where possible the privatization of telecommunications services is highlighted. The effects of privatization on the economies of the countries discussed generally and the effects on the foreign debt levels of these countries are discussed."
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The U.N. In The Post-Cold War Era, 1995.
Examines its changing roles, challenges and opportunities after the break-up of the Soviet Union, focusing on European conflicts.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The United Nations faces a new power structure in the world with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc. This provides a new opportunity to reconstitute the UN so that it more clearly fulfills the original purpose of the United Nations, which was to avoid conflict or to settle it without force. The new paradigm may be bolstering international law and arbitration in order to judge the actions of nations according to ethical standards.
After World War I, many of the nations of the world tried to address one of the issues that had interested idealists for some time--the creation of some means for international adjudication as a way of authoritatively and peacefully settling international disputes. One of the institutions that emerged from this war was the League of Nations, a forerunner of the United Nations but ..."
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Industrialization Of Eastern Europe, 1995.
Examines economic, cultural, social, political, agricultural and ideological effects of development from 1870 to 1939, compared to the growth in Western Europe.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The period between 1870-1939 was an era of radical change for East and Central Europe. Throughout the early part of the period, this region developed in response to the Industrial Revolution, with most of the countries becoming peripheral to the core nations of Western Europe. The period of development ended with World War I. The interwar era was characterized by reconstruction, fueled by foreign capital. The redrawing of national boundaries during the early interwar period left East and Central Europe in the throes of societal conflict, a prelude to World War II.
Politically, the period between 1870 and 1918 was characterized by international stabilization. Alliances between the so-called central powers--Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary--were forged using the diplomacy of Germany's Otto von ..."
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Russian Serfs, 1995.
This paper discusses the evolution of serf-landowner relations leading to 1861 emancipation by Czar Nicholas I: Economics, reform, politics, public debate and consequences.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
" When Czar Nicholas I emancipated the serfs of the Russian Empire in 1861 it was not so much a liberal revolution as a return to traditional standards - for serfdom was not an ages-old institution in Russia, as in Western Europe, but a relatively late-developing tangent to the rise of imperial, centralized power. Historically, the great majority of the Russian people have been peasants, and by the mid-19th century almost all peasants were either serfs of private landowners or in serflike bondage to the state.
It was not always so. In Kievan Russia (879 A.D. - 1240 A.D.), and under the Tartar occupations (11th century - 14th century), most peasants had been freedmen, though there were some who were simple slaves. Though the process of the establishment of serfdom in Russia is variously interpreted, it can be ... "
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Gender Relationships in Turkey, 1995.
This paper discusses the changes in traditional gender roles caused by societal modernization in Turkey: Male dominance, family, marriage, impact of Islam, work and foreign influence.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Gender relationships in contemporary Turkey are experiencing dynamic change. The source of the changing relationships between the genders in Turkey is societal modernization. Some elements of Turkish society desire to develop a stronger European orientation and identity for the country, while other societal elements desire to retain Turkey's traditional Islamic heritage. For gender relationships, this clash of ideas means not only change in the character of such relationships, but also means that disharmony characterizes many relationships at both societal and familial levels.
Introduction
Turkey is emerging as a modern nation in the last years of the twentieth ... "
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Economics in Russia from 1990 through 1993, 1994.
This paper discusses economics in Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union (1990 through 1993): Republic's industry, production, inflation, policy, taxes, trade, stabilization, role of govt., money supply, leadership, reform and future. Charts.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"Since the breakup of the Soviet Union into individual nations, the region's economies have undergone severe changes. Centralized planning and state ownership of nearly all factors of production has given way to increased privatization. The region has witnessed some individuals who have made sizable profits as a result of the new policies, while other individuals have seen their standards of living decrease. The result is that the various nations are scrambling to establish monetary and fiscal policies that can help the various nations emerge from the 70 years of socialism and centralized planning into a new era. In the early years of the 1990s, the region witnessed high levels of inflation, economic disruption and upheaval, and increased scrutiny by outside economic forces, including the International ... "
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US-European Security, 1994.
This paper discusses the US-European security relationship after the collapse of Soviet Eastern Europe: NATO, weaponry, Bosnia, Clinton policies and the role of Russia.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The United States and Europe are at a critical turning point in the definition of their security partnership. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, most Americans assumed that the existing security system could meet any challenges offered, especially since NATO had become the permanent diplomatic conference for the North Atlantic region. There are others, however, including Secretary of State Christopher, who want to replace NATO with a continent-wide security structure and to forge an economic partnership with Europe that transcends the European Community (EC).. Until recently, many European did not hold to that opinion. They believed that the ever-changing world situation demanded a new common European identity that went beyond its dependence upon the United States for security. However, the crisis in Yugoslavia has shaken both these beliefs."
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Czechoslovakia and Poland 1945 Through 1992, 1994.
This paper discusses the economic and political impact of Soviet socialism and its collapse on Czechoslovakia and Poland from 1945 to 1992: Planning, stability, leadership, decentralization and reform, protests, labor, foreign aid and multinationals, par
6,750 words (approx. 27.0 pages), 35 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines economic and political stability in Czechoslovakia and Poland from 1945 through 1993. Czechoslovakia separated into two sovereign nations--the Czech Republic and Slovakia--as of 1 January 1993. Thus, Czechoslovakia is treated as a unity in the greater part of this examination.
Background on Economics and Politics in Eastern Europe: 1945- ... "
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The Failure of Socialism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 1994.
A look at the theoretical, practical and political flaws, relations with West, leadership, bureaucracy and the failure to compromise.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The failure of socialism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union has been apparent in the last three years or so with the breakup of the Soviet bloc and the attempt to shift the centrally planned economies of these countries to a free market system by fiat. What may be less obvious is the degree to which socialism has failed in Western Europe, a socialism that had existed within the parliamentary democracies of that region. Geoff Eley examines the issue of socialism and whether it can be considered in crisis and as a failure, and he finds that it depends on what is meant by socialism. The underlying idea of socialism he finds robust and potentially valuable, but he is not so accepting of the socialism that has actually been implemented, what he refers to as "the unimaginative statist traditions consolidated on either side of the Iron Curtain since the late-1940s.". Eley's..."
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Ivan the Terrible, 1994.
The life and reign of the 16th century Russian ruler and the sociopolitical background of his era.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Ivan the Terrible, 1530-1584
This paper will discuss the life and reign of Ivan the Terrible. The discussion will include a description of Muscovy and Russia during the 16th Century and how Ivan affected this environment. Most of the paper will focus on the reign of Ivan, touching only briefly upon his personal life.
Ivan was born on August 25, 1530 to Vasily III and Elena Glinsky. Vasily III was the son of Ivan the Great, the Prince of Muscovy and ruler of Russia who freed Russia from the control of the Tartars (or Mongols). Vasily expanded and consolidated the power of Muscovy over the greater realm of Russia, establishing the ascendancy of Imperial Russia over the geographical area to the east of Poland. Elena Glinsky, Vasily's second wife, came from a family which had been exiled from Lithuania and was raised with western value..."
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Russian Economic Transformation, 1994.
A look at the problems of the Russian Republic before and after the Soviet collapse, including the inappropriateness of capitalism, reforms, politics, foreign investment and risks, consumer research, joint ventures and the future. With tables.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 24 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Russian Economic Transformation
Introduction
This research examines the process and status of economic transformation in the Republic of Russia. The scope of this research covers the period subsequent to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Berger, 1993, p. 32); however, the principal focus of this examination is on the status of and developments in the Russian economy in the 1993-1994 period.
The Republic of Russia is, in effect, the successor state to the former Soviet Union (Brockway, 1994, pp. 12-13). Although any of the 15 autonomous republics of the former Soviet Union could claim such a designation, the Russian Republic is the only one of those 15 states that retains any semblance of the international stature of the former Soviet Union."
The emergenc
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The War in Bosnia, 1994.
A look at the historical, ethnic, geographical, cultural, religious and economic causes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The war in Bosnia has baffled many. It would be hard to find a greater divergence between the ideals of any decent, civilized human being and what has gone on in the former Yugoslavia. To the liberals, it follows that this war is a problem for which there will be a solution--even though their record of counter-productive results from previous problem-solving ventures, at home and abroad, leaves them undaunted. Those who look first at the inherent constraints of a situation will find in Bosnia some of the most intractable constraints imaginable. One of these is the past--a history of bitter and lethal intergroup hatreds going back for centuries.
To many, the media images of the bloodbath in Bosnia have also obscured one basic fact: that the Bosnian war is not a civil war in its own right, but an extension of the Serbian-..."
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East Germany and Bulgaria, 1994.
An exaxmination of the historical evolution of political and economic systems from the feudal era to communism to post-communism, emphasizing the 20th century birth of nations, WWII, leadership, industry, Soviet control and the collapse of Soviet system.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
" Eastern Europe has ceased to exist. This artificial creation of Yalta existed only as long as the Soviet army could support the doubtful legitimacy of communist regimes throughout the region. When it became obvious that the Soviets were not going to use force to stop the wave of change in their European empire, the only thing needed was the first hole in the dike. After the change of government in Poland and the collapse of the communist party in Hungary, no one could stop the flood of freedom. The pace of events was astonishing. In a matter of just a few years, the Berlin wall was dismantled allowing for the reunification of East and West Germany and communism collapsed in virtually every nation of the region from Romania to Bulgaria.
The purpose of this research is to examine the political and economic developments in Eastern Europe as revealed in the..."
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