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The Eastern European Shift from Communism to Capitalism, 2002.
Explores the institutional changes required of East European governments as they move towards capialist economies.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
The post-Glasnost transition from Communism to Capitalism in Eastern Europe has presented various challenges and achievements which vary in their importance, from country to country. This paper concentrates most upon the realities of Institutional change as it is imperative to both economic life and democracy.
Introduction
Cultural and Attitudinal Factors
Military Affairs, Law and Order
Technological Factors
Promoting Capitalist Activities
Fiscal Matters
Labour
Social Welfare
Concluding Notes
References
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Interpreting the Russian Revolutions of 1917, 2002.
This paper examines the discrepancies and differences in the way historians have reported on the Russian Revolutions of 1917.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The portrayal of the Russian Revolutions has at times proved so markedly different, that it is hard to believe that authors or observers are discussing the same event. This paper focuses on this discrepancy in representation, highlighting the various factors which determined the way in which 1917 has been portrayed by first-hand observers, and later, by professional historians. In a case like that of the Russian Revolutions, where the generation of ensuing scholars and interpreters of other kinds were constrained by political ideology, we will see that history became the handmaid of the totalitarian regime, particularly under Stalin and his supporters.
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Czech Entrepreneurship in the EU, 2002.
Examines the role of small and medium-sized Czech enterprises in the EU.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper is on Czech entrepreneurship. With the coming enlargement of the European Union (EU) and the now certainty (barring something catastrophic between now and May 2004) of the inclusion of a group of nations with government central planning backgrounds, special emphasis is being placed on the role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) within those countries.
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Polish Organized Crime, 2002.
An overview of the extent and power of organized crime in Poland.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, Polish organized crime has taken advantage of their country's geographical location to produce and smuggle illegal narcotics. These illegal activities are increasing in scope and impacting not only in Europe but South America and the United States as well.
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Poland And International Trade, 2002.
Discussion of Poland's economic performance over the past few years.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Poland is one the few transitional economies that have made a successful transition to market-based economy. This paper explores the Polish performance over the past few years.
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The National State in Germany and Russia, 2002.
Examines the role of the National State In European economic development, providing a comparison of Germany and Russia, 1815-1914.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
During the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, we find that significant change occurred in countries such as Germany and Russia. This, of course, focuses attention on the nature of this change as well as the extent to which the national state in each country contributed to economic development. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper will be to compare the role of the national state in the economic development of Germany and Russia between the years 1815 and 1914.
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How The Cold War Ended, 2002.
Examines the social, political and technological changes in the world which brought about the end to the Cold War.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Between 1963 and 1990, the world saw unprecedented advances in technology, as well as upheavals both in the United States and abroad. Never in our nation's history did change come at such a sweeping pace. The Vietnam War galvanized protesters in numbers never before witnessed; drugs became a major problem across America and for a time our nation's leaders - both local and national - were seen as the enemy. President Richard Nixon resigned in a move unprecedented in American history. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was undergoing massive social changes that were to culminate in the late 1980s and result in the end of Communist rule.
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Isaac Babel, 2002.
Examines how the writings of this author affected the two Russian Revolutions.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 17 sources, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses Isaac Babel's writings in the "Red Cavalry Stories" and how they reflect how the Russian people saw the Civil War. Babel's work also had a profound effect on Russian society then and now.
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The Russian Financial Crisis of 1998, 2002.
A historical look at the financial crisis in Russia in the lat 1990's and how it effected the region.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper will emphasize the particular significance of a Russian financial collapse, not so long after Glasnost and the introduction of a capitalist economy. The 1998 crisis was taken very seriously by international financial institutions, in view of Russia's economy being the most developed and promising of those emerging from the former Soviet bloc.
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The Rights of the Elderly in Post- War Bosnia, 2002.
A examination of how the war in Bosnia has effected its elderly population as an example of the devastating effects of war
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates how the conflict in Bosnia has impacted the existing elderly population that has been affected by the war. This paper achieves this goal through investigating the impact of globalization, the demographics of the region, the competition for funds, and the anti- discriminatory policies that have been put into place to protect the rights of the elderly in this region.
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The European Court of Justice, 2003.
Description, history and problems associated with one of the most important aspects of the European Union.
2,062 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The ultimate authority to rule on the interpretation of European Union law resides with the Court of Justice of the European Union. This paper discusses the ECJ in detail, with particular attention paid to its history. Also discussed are its relations to Great Britain and France, as well as relevant problems the ECJ faces today.
From the Paper
"Historically, Britain?s Parliament held the position of supremacy in the country but this is currently challenged by the right the ECJ to rule on whether British law is compatible with European Union law (Curtis 110). The notion that a body of laws supercedes British Law and that Britain is bound somewhat to the written constitution of the European Union creates a problem in the minds of many British people, both those within the government and common citizens (Curtis 110).
The European Union (at this time the European Community) challenged British Parliamentary sovereignty in 1991 when the EC threatened to take legal action to stop British Rail construction projects for environmental reasons (Curtis 110)."
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?Revolution from Above?, 2003.
Explores the effects of Joseph Stalin's 1927 "Revolution from Above" in Russia.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Joseph Stalin set out to change the strictly agricultural Russia into an industrially powerful nation. In November 1927, Stalin launched his "revolution from above" by setting two extraordinary goals for Soviet domestic policy: rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. This papers examines the effects of Stalin's Five-Year Plans. It shows that although Russia reached new economic and industrial levels and became more modernized, Stalin was a brutal, single minded dictator who exploited the workers, allowed millions to die in slave labor and kept the populace in a constant state of fear and paranoia.
From the Paper
"Stalin focused particular hostility on the wealthier peasants, or kulaks. About one million kulak households were deported and never heard from again. Forced collectivization of the remaining peasants, which was often fiercely resisted, resulted in a disastrous disruption of agricultural productivity and a catastrophic famine in 1932-33. Although the First Five-Year Plan called for the collectivization of only twenty percent of peasant households, by 1940 approximately ninety-seven percent of all peasant households had been collectivized and private ownership of property almost entirely eliminated. Forced collectivization helped achieve Stalin's goal of rapid industrialization and modernization, but the human costs were incalculable.1"
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Vaclav Havel and Dictatorship, 2002.
Examines the life and political career of the Czech Republic president and discusses his views on forms of dictatorship.
1,188 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the political life and views of Vaclav Havel, 1989 President of Czechoslovakia and President of the newly formed Czech Republic in 1993. The paper examines Havel's life-long struggle against classical dictatorship and analyzes his views on the subject in his work ?Power of the Powerless.? It looks at the terms classical dictatorship and post-totalitarian dictatorship and compares the two.
From the Paper
"It superficially appears that both system types benefit from certain aspects of the system. In the case of a classical dictatorship, the strength of the system is might. Without use of force to suppress any opposition and open interpretation of law to determine crimes against the state, the dictator loses respect drawn mostly from a compromise of fear mixed with compliance. In the Post-Totalitarian system, centralization is the strengthening force. There is a State power structure to answer to and work with bureaucratically. The State is a sort of bastard mother or wet nurse who provides for her children while answering to their father world."
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The Tisza River Catastrophe, 2000-2001, 2003.
A case study of the Romanian-Hungarian dispute over the cyanide spill that caused severe ecological damage to the Tisza River.
4,055 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 32 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the diplomatic tug-of-war that followed the January 2000 cyanide spill that began in Romania and entered the Tisza River in Hungary through the greater Danube River system. The paper shows that throughout the affair, both Romania and Hungary emphasized the need for clear, defined international legal agreements that would govern responsibility in the case of a transboundary environmental catastrophe. It also shows how, Romania used the absence of such an agreement to defend its position that it was free of liability in the matter.
From the Paper
"The Tisza River catastrophe, aside from yielding irreversible ecological damage to the river basin area, has had severe repercussions for Romanian-Hungarian relations. While Romania and Hungary, both with designs on joining the European Union and attracting increased foreign investment, attempted to create an image of cooperation in dealing with the disaster, relations between the two countries became strained over issues of blame. The Hungarian government was vague in its demand for compensation, noting that it might not be able to hold the Austrian firm involved in the spill directly responsible. Even Hungary?s position on whether to sue Romania was initially uncertain. A desire to promote an international image of stability led both countries to downplay the disaster and cloak the international dispute, but at the same time the Hungarian government had to contend with an outraged Hungarian population."
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Vietnam and Korea, 2002.
An examination of the two wars fought by America after the Second World War - the Vietnam War and the Korean War.
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly compares the Vietnam and Korean Wars and discusses how these were the start of a new style of war fought by the Americans after the Second World War. It discusses how the Russians and the Americans were placed on opposite sides of these wars and the ideological differences (the Cold War) that lead to the formation of these superpowers.
From the Paper
"The Cold War is the name given to the era after World War II as tensions between East and West increased and coalesced around issues of ideology and fear of nuclear war. The Cold War arguably added to those tensions rather than reducing them until the era ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union. Much of American foreign policy since World War II has been shaped around anti-Communism, and it has only been recently with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union that America has found itself without a clearly identified enemy. In the 1950s, anti-Communism was bound with ideas of tradition, family values, and the protection of the American way of life. Yet, two images of the world seemed at odds in this era--on the one hand, a world torn by strife and threatened by Communism, and on the other, the American world of affluent families living in freedom and equality."
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U.S. Involvement in Bosnia during the 1990s, 2002.
An overview of America's foreign policy towards Bosnia during the turbulent war years of the 1990s.
3,658 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This research paper traces the evolution of American involvement in and international strategy toward Bosnia during the period beginning with the outbreak of war among indigenous forces there in early 1992 and continuing to the present time. It begins by discussing the war in Bosnia and U.S. international strategy after the end of the Cold War. It then discusses Bush's strategy vis-a-vis Bosnia and Clinton administration non-strategy. The writer then addresses the reassertion of American leadership in 1994-95 and concludes the implementation of the Dayton Accords.
From the Paper
"The international strategy of any nation contains three elements: its foreign policy (ends or goals) and the means used to achieve those goals (foreign policy means, including the use of diplomacy, the threat of or use of military power, and economic tools, such as foreign aid, trade, etc.), as permitted or constrained by foreign policy resources (including the sinews of national economic and military capacity and strength, and intangible sources of national power, such as international prestige and reputation, national will and public support). International strategy consists of three basic elements or components: global strategy, regional strategy and strategy toward a particular nation or state. The primary thesis of this paper is that the United States failed for at least four years to develop and, therefore, implement through appropriate use of diplomacy and military force an effective international strategy for dealing with the Bosnian war because it suffered from confusion as to its basic objectives there and a lack of conviction that its vital interests were involved. Even today, four years after the signing of the Dayton Accords, legitimate questions can be raised as to whether American policy makers, the Congress or the American public sufficiently appreciate the long-term nature of the commitments they have undertaken in Bosnia and whether they are prepared to stay the course long enough to complete them."
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The Union Movement in Poland, 2002.
This paper discusses the union movement in Poland which developed into a major social and political force under the heading Solidarnosc, or Solidarity, after 1980.
1,837 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper traces the roots of the movement back to the election of Wladyslaw Gomulka to head the Polish United Workers Party (PUWP). According to the writer, this helped pave the way for the strengthening of the movement and prepared the workers for the changes to come. The paper outlines the political repercussions of this movement.
From the Paper
"Gomulka was born into a working-class family in 1905 and became a Communist leader of the trade union left, and he returned to the political scene after being released from prison in 1956. The reforms he promised never came to pass, though, for being a traditional Communist, he believed that a centrally controlled, one-party state would be the only way to insure Socialism, and decentralization of the industrial systems would hinder efforts to achieve this. Gomulka failed to deliver on his word to the workers and the intelligentsia, who wanted to liberalize the economic, cultural, and religious practices of Poland. According to the Polish student newspaper Po Prostu, the goal of the workers and the intelligentsia was "to bring about a radical transformation of the Stalinist model of Socialism to a Polish model, genuinely Socialist"(MacShane 33). Gomulka did not accept this ideal as expected, and it became apparel that such a radical goal could not be achieved in Gomulka's traditional one-party system."
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The Ottoman Empire and Current Balkan Conflicts, 2002.
Examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region.
6,050 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. The writer reviews the deep and long lasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan Peninsula. The first part examines how during the first several centuries of Ottoman rule, its legacy was conducive to the maintenance of order, prosperity and ethnic and religious toleration. The second part explores how certain facets of Ottoman policy and practice, also contributed to the stunting of the area's political, economic and intellectual growth.
From the Paper
"The term Balkans, which means in Turkish 'chain of wooded mountains,' refers to the southeastern peninsula of Europe, the largely mountainous lands which lie between the Adriatic Sea on the west, the plains of Central Europe to the north, the steppes of Russia/Ukraine to the east, the Black Sea and Asia Minor to the southeast and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It contains the modern nations of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Romania and all of the nations which have emerged from the breakup in the 1990s of the former Yugoslavia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia."
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Stalin and the Marxist Theory, 2002.
Examines how Joseph Stalin used the Marxist-Leninist theory to his own benefit to maintain power in Russia.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
Joseph Stalin was not a theorist, but he was a consummate politician. In the 1920s, Marxist-Leninist theoretical grounding was a primary mode of legitimation for those who aspired to leadership of the Russian Communist Party. The paper shows that Stalin was, therefore, always able to elucidate an appropriate theoretical pedigree for whatever he believed was the best course for the new nation or, not incidentally, for his own political ends. The paper shows that Stalin's first Five Year Plan -- adopted, modified and approved between September 1928 and April 1929 -- was just such a course of action. It explains how he changed his previously stated intentions and ideologies in order to develop the Five Year Plan and remain in power as the leader of Communist Russia.
From the Paper
"From his earliest study of Marxist theory Stalin was attracted to dialectical materialism as a world view that provided "a coherent overall philosophical image of the world" and conceived of society past and present "as a great battleground whereon two hostile forces -- bourgeoisie and proletariat -- are locked in mortal combat" (Tucker 118, 119). Socialism flowed inevitably, logically from Marx's systematic thought and justified the revolutionary extremism that had a special appeal for Stalin. In his early political incarnation Stalin sided with the so-called "hards" who were opposed to the moderation of the left. He became a leading proponent of Lenin's militant interpretation of Marx and, as a leading advocate of Bolshevism, Stalin "found himself in his spiritual element" (121)."
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