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The Pragmatic Aspect of Advertisements, 2007.
Compares the differences between the language of advertisements in newspapers in the United States and newspapers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
5,221 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the differences between the language used in advertisements in the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It uses examples of English-language advertisements in both countries. It compares the same type of advertisements to determine what has changed in the use of language in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia print advertisements in mainstream newspapers in recent years. The paper then selects and analyzes advertisement content found in two representative newspapers in each country.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Print Media in the U.S. and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Current Trends and Influences
Pragmatics and Content Analyses of Print Material
Research Questions
Chapter 3: Methodology
Theoretical Framework
Limitations of the Study
From the Paper
"Therefore, the importance assigned to pragmatic meaning of various textual elements does not end the primacy of their semantic meaning (Cook, 1992). Nevertheless, words have a wide range of influential factors involved for their user besides their denotation, which supposedly persists across different contexts, and its pragmatic function, which supposedly varies systematically across contexts. In this regard, Cook adds that, "These aspects of a word are so many and so vast that knowledge of them will vary considerably from user to user" (1992, p. 99). Consequently, all readers will bring some unique qualities to the interpretation of newspaper advertisements that will likely affect their decision whether to purchase a given product or service, but content analysis remains a subjective realm that requires the careful selection of relevant themes and how the results are interpreted to ensure that these factors are taken into account."
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Business Communications, 2007.
This paper discusses the use of persuasion in business communications.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ability to communicate persuasively is an important managerial tool. The author points out that business communication is basically a competitive and rhetorical activity where writers and speakers try to gain advantage over competition that vies for the same audience's attention. The paper describes four steps in persuasive communication: (1) put the audience in a receptive mood by creating goodwill; (2) create the factual background; ( 3) provide proof either by showing the benefits or by appealing to self-interests; and (4) present the or strongest argument last. The paper contains a long quotation.
From the Paper
"Just as important, in this day and age of continuous change and competition, it is essential that ethics be part of the consideration for persuasive communication. It is very possible, with the wrong intent, to persuade individuals for the wrong reasons or to something that is not to their benefit. In "Ethics and Excellence", Solomon (1992) writes about the basic Aristotelian virtues of fairness, honesty, and trust and develops a basis for ethics that emphasizes personal character and virtue in a business context."
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Watching TV, 2007.
This paper argues that the negative effects of television viewing, especially in children, far outweigh the benefits.
941 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that statistics on television viewing in the United States indicate that an average American watches more than 4 hours of TV each day. The writer points out that it is obvious that an activity carried on for such long periods would have a profound influence on the person's life and on the society in which he lives. Whether the effect of television viewing is predominantly negative or positive has been a subject of intense debate for a long time and valid arguments can be found on both sides of the fence. The writer concludes that there is an urgent need for parents in particular to establish healthy television viewing habits in their homes, so that excessive TV watching does not replace other important healthy activities necessary for the balanced development of their children.
From the Paper
"Another disturbing and well-researched negative effect of television viewing is the link between violence in television content and aggressive behavior. Research shows that two-thirds of all television programming contains violence, an average hour of TV viewing contains four to five acts of violence, and children's programming , such as cartoons, average 20 to 25 violent acts every hour. If we add all these violent acts together, it would indicate that the average American child has seen 100,000 acts of violence and about 8000 murders on television by the time they leave elementary school. What is worse, many TV shows glamorize violence with violent acts being depicted as a fun and effective way to get what one wants and without consequences. Since most children imitate what they see, watching violent TV programs teaches children that violence is an acceptable way to solve problems in real life. The effect of TV violence does not remain restricted to children: for example, a study that tracked about 700 boys and girls for 17 years also revealed that aggressive behavior induced by watching TV violence at an early age persists well into adulthood. Moreover, repeated and constant exposure to TV violence makes children desensitized to real world violence and the human suffering it causes. It can also traumatize young children as they cannot fully distinguish between fantasy and reality and can come to view the world as a mean and scary place."
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Carative Nursing, 2007.
This paper discuses Jean Watson's theory of carative nursing.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Jean Watson's carative theory allows nurses to practice the art of caring with the purpose of easing patients' and families' suffering, promote the healing and dignity of the patients, and expand the nurse's own actualization. The author points out that her theory contrasts carative forces with the conventional medicine's curative forces. The paper relates that Watson stresses the spiritual side of nursing by creating an environment of energy and consciousness based on wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity and peace.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Carative Forces
Transpersonal Caring Relationship
Caring Occasion/ Caring Moment
From the Paper
"According to Jean Watson, a caring occasion is the moment or stage when the nurse and another person come together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created. Both, the patient and the nurse struggle to develop the possibility of coming together through human-to-human transaction, with their unique phenomenal fields.
According to Watson, the phenomenal field is in correspondence with the person's frame of reference or the totality of human experience. The human experience is based on feelings, bodily sensations, thoughts, spiritual beliefs, goals, expectations, environmental considerations, and meanings of one's perceptions."
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Prosecuting Politicians in the Media, 2007.
An in-depth examination of the challenges of prosecuting politicians through the media.
25,796 words (approx. 103.2 pages), 78 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the conditions that allow politicians to misrepresent the truth in the media. The paper explores how they get away with such misrepresentations and how they can be held accountable for their actions through the vehicle of a "media court." The paper focuses on American president, George W. Bush and his administration.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
The Purposes of Prosecution
Methodology
Obstacles to Prosecution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Politicians frequently lie or spread misinformation in order to achieve ends that are not in the public interest. Historically, they have appealed to the worse interests of human nature and the nastier sides of national character to create public sentiments that are conducive to their agendas. Often they appeal to noble national mythologies and universal truths, distorting them to enlist public support for wars of aggression, and oppressive schemes of global political, military, and economic dominance. These statements are typically made publicly in the media, and are commonly reported with little comment, or background investigation."
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Highly Attractive Models in Advertising, 2007.
A look at the negative effects associated with using highly attractive models for advertising beauty products.
3,083 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 31 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the use of highly attractive models (HAMS) for advertising beauty products and attempts to settle the question that has plagued the advertising industry and their clients of whether HAMS may actually have a negative impact on the viewer rather than a positive one. The paper sets the research objectives and explores the theoretical basis for the proposal. It also applies the theories to advertising in both the print and television media and examines the research model including key constructs and relationships.
Outline:
Background
Significance
Research Objectives
Theoretical Background
Research Model
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Several theories can be used to explain how people view models in both television and magazine ads. The most well-known is Festinger's social comparison theory, which is the foundation of modern advertising theory. Festinger (1954) introduced the theory that humans possess an innate drive to evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them to the opinions and abilities of others. According to this theory, people only evaluate themselves against others that are similar to themselves. If the model is viewed as too different, then they will not use them for social comparison. Stuart Hall introduced the idea that the audience could attribute several possible meanings to the message conveyed by the media and that this message is influenced by the context and cultural background of the receiver (Tomlinson, 1991). "
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Novel as Conversation, 2007.
This paper discusses postmodern novels as conversations, looking at Manuel Puig's 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' and Tayeb Salih's 'A Season of Migration to the North'.
1,517 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that novels are usually thought of as descriptive mediums that tell stories, either from the perspective of one character or an omniscient third-person narrator. The writer then points out that both the novels, 'A Season of Migration to the North' by Tayeb Salih and 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' by Manuel Puig, are novels that also function as conversations, much like plays, where speech, particularly recollected memory and speech, form the primary focus of the plots. The writer discusses that the title of the 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' is a reference to a recollected and retold film beloved of one of the characters, not one of the actual protagonists. Further the writer notes that Salih's novel takes place primarily in retrospective, in the words of a first-person narrator discussing and comparing his memories with a fellow, sympathetic national.
From the Paper
"Salih's novel takes place between two men whom are technically free, while Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman evolves as a dialogue between two men in prison. Yet the freedom these men obtain, intellectually, and in terms of shaking off of their previous misconceptions about what constitutes a good life, provide a far more liberating message than the chronicled struggles of Mustafa and his compatriots abroad. This is especially striking given the initially incommensurate perspectives of Puig's prisoners. In Kiss of the Spider Woman of the men, Molina is a homosexual who has been imprisoned for untoward acts towards young men. The other man, Valentin, is a revolutionary imprisoned by the government. But because they are forced, out of loneliness and desperation, to engage in humane dialogue with one another, these differences are broached."
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Laura Mulver and 'Some Like It Hot', 2007.
This paper analyzes "Some Like it Hot" in light of Laura Mulvey's essay 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema'.
3,059 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that criticizing film is a very recent phenomenon, and potential critics are testing all possible avenues of criticism and methods of analysis. The writer discusses that Laura Mulvery tried, in her essay 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema', to base a feminist analysis of film in Sigmund Freud's theories of penis envy and sexual deviation. The writer relates that the problem of analyzing the film "Some Like it Hot" in relation to Laura Mulvey's writing is that she does not prove her point very well in her essay. The writer concludes that this essay does not claim that narrative film has had no effect upon perpetuating anti-feminist attitudes, but maintains that when people become aware through media literacy, it has little effect.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the creator(s) of the narrative, whether in a book, a poem or any other medium, will both mirror and attempt to modify the culture of their audience. The techniques used by directors and cinematographers enhance the narrative messages and themes, but are not responsible for them unless the messages and themes of the visual form of the film are in direct opposition to those of the narrative. In this sort of case, which is very rare, the audience may leave with many different impressions, according to the baggage they bring with them (Rosenblatt 1935), and how they viewed the film, as in paying more attention the narratives of either the visuals or the text. One possible example of this technique is the film "Apocalypse Now", directed by Francis Ford Cuppola, where Cuppola often had visuals on the screen which contradicted the text, in addition to using camera angles, frames and other cinematographic techniques to negate the message of the text."
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Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech, 2007.
This paper analyzes Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech presented in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech was delivered before 250,000 people, black and white, who came to Washington, D.C. to protest how black citizens were treated and to promote the passage of laws that would help black people get equal treatment. The author points out that King's strategies were (1) to justify and encourage his black followers, (2) to reassure moderate whites that blacks only wanted their rights as American citizens and did not intend to be violent and (3) to warn the opposition (southern white racists) that blacks would not give up until they were given equal rights and legal protections. The paper relates that the pathos of the speech was delivered in poetic terms, often using Biblical language, repetition and references to famous American phrases such as "... all men are created equal".
From the Paper
"In the audience at the Lincoln Memorial were both black people (about 80%) who wanted equality, jobs, and freedom and white people (about 20%) who sympathized and wanted to help. King said black members of that audience had come "out of great trials and tribulations." They were people who had endured terrible persecutions, including lynching and police brutality. He called it "creative suffering." He implied that God would reward them because "unearned suffering is redemptive." Many of the people were from the South--Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and ..."
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Measuring Advertising and Media Effectiveness, 2007.
The paper compares and contrasts the traditional approaches to measuring advertising and media effectiveness versus the digital ones.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the traditional approaches to measuring advertising and media effectiveness as opposed to digitally based metrics. The paper demonstrates how digital metrics are revolutionizing the world of advertising and media effectiveness. The paper concludes that the growth of the Internet and the fragmentation of markets is setting the perfect situation for digital metrics to continually grow.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Traditional Approaches to Measuring Advertising and Media Effectiveness
Digital Metrics of Advertising and Media Effectiveness
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Anchored in a series of methodologies that were originally created for the purpose of evaluating social science, the traditional approaches to measuring advertising and media effectiveness began with a series of research designs that were organized by their ability to either prove or disprove a null and alterative hypothesis of viewer behavior. Methodologies looked to isolate the influence of advertising and media exposures and prolonged approaches from companies looking to educate consumers. This has not changed, in the more digitally oriented approaches to evaluating advertising and media effectiveness, yet the measurement techniques and tools have."
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Verizon Corporation, 2007.
An analysis of the Verizon Corporation, currently the top
telecommunications services provider in the US.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Verizon Corporation was formed in 2000 when Bell Atlantic bought GTE. The writer points out that since that time, Verizon has become the top US telecommunications services provider for two years running. This analysis looks at the specific technology that Verizon has implemented which is reflected in its revenue and client growth. The writer claims that in the future, Verizon wireless will continue to enjoy its competitive advantage in the wireless sector. The writer concludes that despite the current status of AT&T mobility as the top mobile carrier, Verizon should eclipse them because of their stronger network and superior communication technology.
From the Paper
"The Fios fiber network has already been integrated in the vast majority of Verizon's network, however it has seen its cost per household soar substantially due to the fact that Fios connections needs to be made to each house individually. Here again, Verizon proved its technology innovation. In 2006, Verizon implemented new technology via the MoCA. MoCA will allow Verizon to reduce the cost of Fios installation by using existing cabling via coaxial cable to connect home computers to its broadband network. Previous to these efforts, Verizon spent about 1200 dollars per home to connect customers to their fiber network as well as an additional 1400 dollars per home Verizon had to spend to stall the fiber network to telephone poles around neighborhoods. As a result of their technology advantage in leverage coaxial connections, Verizon has been able to slash the costs of installing Fios substantially. The cost for installation per home has decreased to 715 per home, and the cost for laying new fiber in neighborhoods to 890 per home. The innovation within their telecommunications division reflects two levels of innovation that is emblematic of Verizon's overall strategy."
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"Crucial Conversations", 2007.
An analysis of the principles presented in "Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When the Stakes are High," written by Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, Al Switzler, and Stephen J. Covey.
762 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When the Stakes are High," written by Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, Al Switzler, and Stephen J. Covey. The paper describes the authors' seven key principles to make crucial conversations a true exchange of information that is conducive to productive action, rather than a source of conflagration and discord. It provides two examples to illustrate the points that it makes.
From the Paper
"Although persuasion and articulating your 'path' is the goal of dialogue, such honesty does not mean one must be abrasive, cruel, and generate negative emotions. Speaking persuasively and not abrasively means stating one's path in a truthful fashion, but still being able to: explore the other person's 'path,' and even if it might not seem fair, and keep listening, even when the other party grows angry or silent. Again, it is easy to listen when things are going your way, the hard thing may be for the hurt wife to remain silent and hear her husband's explanation of the credit card bill, or for the employee to wait out that uncomfortable moment of silence in the bosses' office when the employee first mentions the long overdue raise."
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Causes of Youth Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the contributing causes of youth violence, with a focus on the media.
1,352 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the possible causes of youth violence. The paper specifically looks at the contributions of the media, availability of weapons and parental involvement in the incidences of youth violence. It looks at specific examples of media violence, such as films, video games and music and explains how the ideas gained from these sources are encouraged by other sociological factors.
From the Paper
"The problem of youth violence cannot be attributed to one cause alone. The media plays its part, regaling young children and adolescents with programming that is astonishingly violent in content. The orgy of gratuitous violence continues into adulthood. Viewers and listeners become desensitized to the sufferings of others. Movies and songs teach young people to be selfish and self-centered, and to denigrate and devalue feelings of empathy and compassion. Some people do indeed imitate what they see on television. But the media is not the only model. Parents and guardians provide ethical guidance and moral direction. Nevertheless, not all young people enjoy the benefits of a healthy and wholesome upbringing. Many come from broken homes, and all exist in a society that is increasingly atomized and dysfunctional. The media may help, but it is society itself that urges on individuals toward the commission of violent acts."
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Protection for Children on the Internet, 2007.
This paper discusses what steps should be taken to protect children from pornography and sexual predators on the Internet.
3,104 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that children affected by pornography are most of the times left with emotional scars that affect the rest of their lives. The writer claims that for this reason it is important for all the parties involved and those able to take decisions to act jointly in order to limit the spread of child pornography. The writer concludes that legislative measures are the most efficient means of combating child pornography. Taking into account the authority of the state to apply the law and convict those breaking it, the writer argues that aside from any independent initiatives, it is the government that can and must take action against child pornography.
From the Paper
"We live in an era governed by technology and increased global interdependence that tends to manifest in every aspect of the society. It was therefore natural for children to have an increased access to everything involving gadgets, devices, and means of communication and information. At the same time however, these means are indeed available worldwide and do not discriminate between users and information receivers. This is why, more and more often, these universal means of communication have become a very common tool for those interested in pornographic and sexual practices. It can be said even that the Internet has facilitated their actions and now, pornography and sexual predators have an easier task in achieving their goals."
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War and Media, 2007.
An analysis of the way that society's view of war is shaped by the media, focusing on "The Battle of Algiers," directed by Gillo Pontecorvo.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the portrayal of war within media. It specifically focuses on and gives examples from the epilogue of "The Battle of Algiers," directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. It describes scenes in the film and the ways in which Pontecorvo illustrates many of the aspects of war. The paper finally discusses how the media affects the way that society sees the realities of war.
From the Paper
"Media both causes and expresses reality. The landscape and local identities of war have been reshaped for our consumption. Modern media is instrumental in legitimizing war wherever it takes place by outlining differences in culture and identity. In The Battle of Algiers we could see this as the commanding military officer and the press questioned spokesman for the resistance. One of the reporters asks, "Isn't it vile to have women carry bombs in their baskets?" The questions had little to do with the reality of bloodshed and suffering and everything to do with shaping cultural values. The role of media in war is to anchor conflicts in its own media landscape, and then adopt a critical stance, while at the same time it constructs identities discursively. This is a change from the older function of literature "to point to the ideals and values related to war beyond the literary constructions" (p. 487). Larsen (2004) tells us that the "modern function of literature is to remind us that the real landscapes, with real bloodshed and real persons, only reach us through the arbitrary and abstract constructions which are circulated by the media" (p. 488)."
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The Influence of Television, 2007.
A review of "Presidential Elections in the Age of Television" by Jennifer Truran Rothwell.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "Presidential Elections in the Age of Television". The paper looks at how Rothwell's article shows the role of television by examining the outcome of various presidential elections. The paper discusses Rothwell's idea of television as a political medium and the role of money in politics. Finally, the paper looks at Rothwell's suggested reforms that might curb the influence of television on political races.
From the Paper
"When I think of television's influence on elections, my mind jumps to the presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy in 1960, but Rothwell says the medium's effect can be traced farther back than that. Rothwell says television first became a part of the political scene in 1948, when the networks first covered the Republican and Democratic conventions, and when Harry Truman ran the first political advertisement."
"Rothwell also points to the 1952 presidential election, in which Dwight Eisenhower hired an advertising firm to create an advertising campaign for television. Eisenhower's opponent, Adlai Stevenson, criticized Eisenhower's advertising firm for selling a candidate the same way it sells inanimate objects, but Stevenson, too, used some advertising."
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Propaganda in the 20th Century, 2003.
A discussion regarding David Welch's argument that propaganda "had an essential, and not always dishonorable, role in the conduct of affairs in the 20th century."
938 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the role that propaganda played in the 20th century. The paper discusses David Welch's opinion of the impact and influence that propaganda had on the 20th century, and argues against some of his arguments. The paper is written from a personal perspective.
From the Paper
"When Welch writes that "propaganda is most effective when it reinforces already held ideas and beliefs," I think he's right. The problem with that is that, though, is that the recipient of the propaganda has to be willing to receive it. If one is unwilling to believe the propaganda, it won't be effective. I think that's why so many people don't vote anymore - they're too cynical of the process and information they receive from those who want to hold office. For use on political activists on each end of the political spectrum, propaganda can be quite effective, but the disseminator of the propaganda isn't really influencing their opinions."
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"Good Night, and Good Luck", 2007.
This paper discusses media ethics in the movie "Good Night, and Good Luck."
999 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the film, "Good Night, and Good Luck"
takes place in the hostile environment of the "Red Scare" in 1950s America. The paper relates that "Good Night, and Good Luck" tells the story of the CBS broadcast team who overcome immense pressure from sponsors, owners and even the government in an attempt to broadcast the truth to America. The paper examines how the characters face three ethical dilemmas that are a reflection of the difficult ethical choices that exist in the media.
From the Paper
"There are numerous ethical issues facing the characters in "Good Night, and Good Luck." The primary ethical issue is Edward Murrow's quest to maintain what he believes his right from wrong in his reporting of the news. A second ethical issue is Joseph McCarthy's apparent unethical decision to use lies to get his point of view across. He calls anyone that crosses or dares oppose him a Communist. A third ethical decision involves the CBS Studio who decides to turn a blind eye to the in house marriage which is against company rules and regulations."
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Workplace Rituals, 2007.
An overview of some conversational rituals that take place in the workplace.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the interaction between people in the workplace and focuses on some of the rituals taken for granted such as conversational rituals which can lead to cross-cultural misunderstanding. It also looks at the different ways that men and women actually function within the workplace and hints that the workplace of the future, presuming it becomes more diverse, will continue to experience differences in how each subset of individuals operates within it.
From the Paper
"One common ritual, discussed at length by Tannen, is uttering the words "I'm sorry," in instances when no apology is necessary. This is often viewed as a self-deprecating type of saying because it pins blame on oneself in an attempt to make the other person feel better. Tannen points out studies that have indicated that women and men tend to use this conversational ritual differently: "Holmes found that women uttered the most apologies to other women and far fewer to men, while men uttered very few to other men and slightly more to women," (Tannen 47). This is a clue into the different ways that men and women actually function within the workplace, and a hint that the workplace of the future, presuming it becomes more diverse, will continue to experience differences in how each subset of individuals operates within it. "
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