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Strategic Management Accounting, 2006.
A discussion and overview of the ideas and issues behind strategic management accounting.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that strategic management accounting is a balancing tool for top management that balances risk with opportunity, changes in the market place with pricing, profitability with expansion, and even diversification with withdrawal of an unsuccessful product line. The paper further explains that strategic management accounting is a tool that no modern corporation, regardless of size or its product, can do without in today's global, competitive economy.
From the Paper
"During the last few years, the ideas and issues of strategic management accounting have received widespread attention in accounting literature and studies. To some, these theories have seemingly been accepted without rigorous investigation. The fact remains that the burden of management is not merely to control people, products, and the bottom line, but to make use of forecasting, turning assumptions into reality, and to utilize accounting figures into making the proper decisions. Accounting, it turns out, has become far more than a "numbers" arm of management. It has become a means of finding the right and most profitable paths to growth and a strong market position."
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Tax Case Study, 2006.
A summary of a tax law case initiated by Allied Signal Inc. against the State of New Jersey Department of Taxation.
1,911 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes a case of Tax Law involving the State of New Jersey, Department of Taxation, The State of New Jersey Court and the State of New Jersey Supreme Court verses Allied Signal, Inc., as Successor In Interest to the Bendix Corporation. The paper explains the core issue of the case and the rulings of the State of New Jersey Court and the State of New Jersey Supreme Court. The paper also discusses points of technical interest of the case and opinions of individual Justices of the Court who presided over the case.
From the Paper
"The State Court of New Jersey upheld the Director, Division of Taxation in the dispute whereupon it was appealed to the Appellate Court of State of New Jersey. The Appellate Court of New Jersey upheld the ruling of the lower Court whereupon the case was granted appeal to The Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey. The Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey upheld both the Appellate and lower Court whereupon Allied Signal wound the case through the Federal Tax Courts all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States."
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Capital Asset Pricing Model, 2006.
An essay explaining the capital asset pricing model.
1,311 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper tells us that the asset pricing model evaluates a stock's rate of return based on a specific formula. The formula, rate of return = risk free interest rate + Beta x 8.7, is then explained by the paper.
From the Paper
"1.A project cost $100,000 and offers you a beta-of-two expected return of $150,000 in one year; risk premium = 8.5%; the "Wall Street Journal" reports that the riskless rate is 5.0%; the appropriate discount factor is thus 22%; 150,000/(1.22) = $123,000 (approximately) - thus the project has a net present value of $23,000."
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Activity Based Costing, 2005.
An overview of activity based cost accounting and its benefits.
5,246 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
Activity Based Costing or (ABC), although not a completely new discipline within the accounting profession, is rapidly becoming one of the most popular avenues of study for business majors in the academic world. The paper shows that ABC is full of benefits, with few limiting factors and perhaps the fastest growing phase of accountancy in the world today. The spread of ABC into the European Union alone is creating fierce competition between U. S., British and German companies and foreign organizations for persons willing to go into the lucrative field.
This paper centers on ABC itself and does not go into comparative methodologies with older forms of Cost Accounting.
Paper Outline:
An Introduction to ABC
What is ABC and How Does it Work?
ABC: An Overview
Cost Drivers
ABC and the Dept. of Defense
ABC - The Navy Way
The Implementation Starting Point
Dept. of Defense - Final Recommendations for Implementation
Expanding the Concept - Another Success Story
16,000 Ideas for Change in 2 Months
Yet Another Success Story on a Grander Scale
Conclusions and Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Early in 1994, Texas Commerce Bank launched a reengineering effort, called "Process Improvement," which included every organizational process and all 9,000 employees. Not only was the level of involvement unique, the bank structured and implemented "Process Improvement," without outside consultants. There were several goals of the program including, removing all employee frustrations associated with cumbersome policies, processes, services, or products; streamlining processes to improve quality and delivering improved service to customers and eliminating unnecessary expense."
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Revenue Recognition, 2005.
This paper discusses problems of revenue recognition, the major single entity in financial statements.
1,660 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since no broad norms on revenue recognition exist, there is a considerable gap between the broad conceptual guidance in the Financial Accounting Standard Board - FASB Concepts Statements and the exhaustive guidance in the authoritative literature. The author points out that more than 50% of the frauds in financial reporting among the U.S. public companies involve overstating the revenue. The paper stresses that, because users in this modern era want instantaneous data in formats which permit rapid access and analysis to assist in the better decisions; companies require trustworthy on-line, real-time reporting that is characterized by (i) dependable systems (ii) usual methods of disseminating information. (iii) corporate accountability, inclusive of management integrity and concrete enterprise risk management and (iv) comprehensible disclosures and information.
Table of Contents
Current Issues and Actions Related to Revenue Recognition
Working Norms for Recognition of Revenues
Definition of Revenues
Problems Related to Revenue Recognition
My Thoughts and Opinions
Control Environment
Matters Needing Special Consideration
From the Paper
"As regards the items which must be included or excluded from the description of revenues, a consensus was made that - (i) a reporting body must not recognize revenues for the performance by third parties of its responsibility to work or extend services to customers in case those responsibilities are officially assumed by those third parties. (ii) In case of all other situations, a reporting body must recognize revenues for the performance by third parties of its responsibility to do work. (iii) Production will result in effecting a component of wide-ranging income. (iv) Non-reciprocal transfers received must not be excluded from revenues and must not be shown as a distinct line item in the income statement. (v) A reporting body must at the introductory stages measure its obligations for performance guarantees at their fair values and must recognize revenues as a result of their satisfactory performance or completion of those guarantees."
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Macroeconomics, 2005.
This paper explains several macroeconomics terms such as "national accounts" and "aggregate income and output".
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Expenditure is directly proportional to Output, which in turn is directly proportional to Income. The author points out that GDP is the market value of all the final goods and services, which are produced in the nation during a particular year, but does not include production overseas by U.S. companies, although it includes the production facilities in U.S. by overseas companies operating in the U.S. such as the Toyota Motors. The paper relates that Aggregate Output is the total quantity of output, which is produced and supplied in a particular duration; Aggregate Income is the total amount of income, which is received by all the factors of production within an economy during a given period.
Table of Content
Key Features of National Accounts
Income Method
Output method
Expenditure method
Aggregate Income and Aggregate Output
From the Paper
"At this point, it is pertinent to explore briefly into the total system of national accounts and specifically at the financial linkages between the various sectors of the economy. For the purpose of building the national accounts, the economy has been subdivided into four basic sectors. These are the (a) Personal Sector - which primarily constitutes the household sector (b) Corporate sector - comprising of Companies and Financial Institutions - F.I.s and the public corporations (c) General Government sector - comprising of Central and Local Government authorities (d) Foreign sector - that comprises of all individuals, firms and government bodies outside USA. In case of each of these sectors, there is the identical set of basic accounts that keep an account of all the receipts and outflow of that sector regardless of they being factor incomes, transfers, taxes, current or capital expenditures."
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Prime Rates, 2004.
An analysis of the role of prime rates within the worldwide banking systems.
2,491 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that although prime rates, prime lending rates and prime interest rates are but small tools within the worldwide banking systems they do offer the ultimate objective of capital account convertibility. However, the paper explains that the study of these rates throughout the worldwide banking systems must be undertaken from an historical perspective. The paper states that when this is accomplished one readily observes that these rates, however stated, affect almost every living creature in the world.
Outline
Thesis Statement
The Fundamentals of Prime Rates
The Basics
The History of Interest
Conclusions
From the Paper
"With the ultimate objective of capital account convertibility in mind, prime rates should be to deepen and integrate financial markets, raise access to global savings, discipline domestic policies and policy makers, and furthermore allow greater freedom for individual decision-making. The theoretical framework underlying the use of prime rates is spelled out primarily by nations, banking institutions both global and national, so that monetarists can presume that restraining fiscal deficit and the money supply shall result in several controls, inflation and recession being chief among them. This, of course, is a much more easily stated theory than practical application Worldwide can and does incorporate throughout the various economies of the World. "
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Company Cash, 2006.
A look at the importance of a positive cash flow for a company.
1,241 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why a company needs to have a good cash flow. It explains that to protect themselves from risk, businesses can use a wide range of sources of funds in order for them to be able to finance their trading activities. Although not all of them are in cash, the paper explains that they have the effect of improving cash flow on both short and long term; most sources of capital take the form of assets used by companies in order for them to function.
From the Paper
"Budgeting is the process through which the resources and responsibilities of each center of activity are set. The budget is the prediction of the resources and expenses required in order for the objectives of the corporation to be fulfilled, respecting certain profitability conditions. The starting point may be last year's budget or, in some cases, Zero Budgeting may be employed (starting from scratch). Budgeting greatly increases the cash flow, if used correctly.
Manpower management is also an important method of improving cash flow. For instance, some workers do not require permanent contracts, work can be subcontracted or transferred to temporarily contracted workers, which has the effect of reducing expenses with pensions, insurance, holiday pay etc."
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Federal Reserve Bank, 2004.
An extensive analysis of the workings of the Federal Reserve Bank.
3,285 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a properly functioning, effective banking system is necessary for the successful functioning of a capitalist economy. The paper introduces the Federal Reserve Bank, the central bank of the United States, that acts as the banker to the banking community as well as the government, besides issuing the national currency, framing monetary policies and contributing significantly to the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. The paper examines the banking system as a whole, with a focus on the role played by the Federal Reserve Bank.
Outline
Introduction
Various Reporting Formats Employed by the Banks
Maintenance of Necessary Reserves
Submission of Reports
From the Paper
"Financial services as an industry has progressed to become one of the widely transforming sectors of the global economy, having significant changes in information transference and processing, innovation in terms of commodities and processes, and rapid competition among the financial institutions -- among themselves and also among their several customers. The industry and its part in the transformations in the economy show that the supervising and regulatory structure also needs to be reevaluated periodically. The aim of bank regulation is mostly the same - to attain maximum static and dynamic efficiency levels in the midst of a politically and economically permissible framework which is stable and equal. However the profits are always associated with a cost by means of stability and equity. A more stable and equal financial system usually need sacrifices with regard to efficiency."
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Stock Market Investment Strategy, 2005.
A paper detailing the author's personal investment strategy.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
In this essay the author describes the details of her investment strategy and explains the reasons for choosing such a strategy. She also describes other investment strategies that might be available and why she did not choose these strategies.
From the Paper
"On the surface it might seem that there are similarities between stock market investing and Las Vegas style gambling. This assumes, however, that the individual can exhibit the same amount of control over both activities. In Las Vegas, the individual has no control over the game. The odds of winning are established and they cannot be altered. This could be equated to dart throwing as an approach to investing. The outcomes are completely based on probabilities. There is little or no skill involved."
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E-Banking, 2004.
An analysis of the risks involved in e-banking.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the increasing trend of online banking. The paper contends that there is little doubt that the innovation of e-banking and the growth of technology have combined to increase the risks faced by financial institutions. The paper asserts that these risks need not be seen as detrimental, but rather as an opportunity to establish services of high quality for customers who will provide value for the institution. The paper states that no venture is risk free; the aim should be to reduce risk through effective strategic management.
From the Paper
"The rapid increase of technology from the second half of the 20th century has touched nearly every area of life. Education, entertainment and other leisure activities have all benefited from technological advances, which mainly focuses on Internet and communication technology. Banking is no exception to this paradigm. The Internet has made a variety of banking activities possible from the comfort of one's home or workplace. Transactions can for example include payments, shopping and other account management possibilities. This however has opened up an opportunity for fraudulent practices by for example hackers, which would not before have been possible. This is only one of the risks associated with electronic banking, or e-banking. From the point of view of financial institutions then, e-banking has substantially increased the risks of banking in a variety of ways."
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Budgetary Tools, 2005.
This paper discusses three budgetary tools: The control function, forecasting and performance measurement.
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the control function plays an important role in both management and accounting because it includes a top-bottom flow, where the upper management or higher authorities oversee a certain process and a bottom-top process, when the feedback and follow-up actions come from the lower levels. The author points out that forecasting is essential in a relevant and well set-up expenditure system because forecasting permits the upper management and the decision factors within the company to establish what the financial requirements will be for the company in the next period of time, which creates the necessary premises for a thoroughly established budget. The paper states that the most relevant informational source within the company, which can influence the decision process in preparing future budgets, is the financial report, which lets the decision bodies know how the company is performing at the respective level from a financial point of view.
Table of Contents
Control Function
Forecasting
Performance Measurement
Preparation for Future Budgets
From the Paper
"The 4000 Direct Expenses account is where expenses that "will stop when you are not working." Labor and materials are two examples that come to mind in this case. However, there is a long list of indirect expenses that are associated with a business and these are recorded in the 5000 Indirect Expenses account. This are supposed to never go away, but it may often be the case that a manager will discover all kinds of expenditures that were made and were recorded here, expenses which do not necessarily increase the added-value of the company."
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The British Museum, 2005.
This paper discusses the financial management of the British Museum especially for long-term projects and displays.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the expenses incurred by any museum including the British Museum can be sub-divided into cost categories: Salaries and benefits, occupancy, curatorial and conservation, public programs, marketing and administration. The author stresses that museums must reserve about 5% to 10% of their total budget for direct collection management costs other than salaries; lesser reserves indicate neglect of the museums most important resources, its exhibits. The paper relates that museums house thousands of art and artifact pieces valued at billions of pounds; therefore, insurance on collections, buildings, equipment, liability and loans to other museums around the world is essential. Charts and graph.
From the Paper
"The museum currently gets a grant of about 36 million pounds. This is nearly one third of its total budget. Although the income from the shops on the piazza has doubled, it is not sufficient to ensure that the museum is profitable. The actual operating costs of the Great Court were higher that the initial estimates. At present effective marketing can combat these unique situations that the museum faces. Fundraising is essential. There are two methods that have been identified in effective fundraising for any establishment. The first is a pace setting donation method in which the museum approaches its most valuable donators and petitions for a donation. This is generally done on a personal, one on one level where interaction is critical. The fundraisers then approach other individuals who might be willing to donate to the cause if they feel that they will gain recognition or popularity from that move."
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Banking Technology, 2004.
An analysis of technological advances in the banking world.
792 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper states that technology is noted for increasing the overall efficiency of any business and banking is no exception. The paper focuses on more recent technological advances in banking-- digitization, on-line banking and systems integration for one-to-one marketing. The paper contends that these applications have dramatically altered the overall cost structure of banks and have completely transformed the way they now conduct business.
Outline
Introduction
Digitization
Online Banking
Customer Relationship Management
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Up until the late 1990s, institutions focused their technology strategies on the front end of the business. Data access in the back office continued to be mired in a myriad of costly manual business processes (Walker, 2005). Increasingly, digitization is being used to facilitate end-to-end process automation. Digitization formalizes, through technology, the business processes, content and associated metadata required for efficient business operations. It leverages a services-oriented architecture to create a more nimble business infrastructure that provides critical linkages, among the customer, the back office and emerging technologies. Gartner Dataquest forecasts double-digit licensing growth over the next four years for digitization tools such as content and document management and collaboration software because financial institutions are beginning to recognize the need to bring better cost control standardization, consistency and measurement to their business processes."
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Accounting Scandals, 2005.
A look at recent accounting scandals and their consequences to employees, investors, shareholder and ordinary consumers.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the Citibank and Enron accounting scandals, the cost of and damages caused by the scandals and the current status of the companies involved.
From the Paper
"$2.65 billion. That is the amount the investment Citigroup agreed, less than a year ago, to pay to investors who had bought stock and bonds in the telecommunications giant WorldCom before its bankruptcy filing two years ago. If the adage that 'crime does not pay' is not always true, it is certainly valid when estimating the tremendous cost the WorldCom and Enron investing and accounting scandals have cost employees, investors, shareholder, and ordinary consumers. (Morgenstern, 2004)"
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Professional Athletics, 2004.
An analysis of the career of professional athletes, with a focus on necessary financial and retirement planning.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the current situation in relation to the job duration of today's professional athlete. The paper examines the amount that is optimal for the savings plan of the professional athlete who intends to ensure a retirement that is at least financially stable, if not productive or in the best case, lucrative. The paper includes charts and tables of salaries, amounts needed to save and amounts currently saved if available. Further the paper explores whether today's professional athlete is receiving proper advisement in the area of financial matters by mentors in the athletics field.
Outline
Objective
Methodology
Introduction
Literature Review
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"The International Foundation for Retirement Education or InFRE believes that one of the "foremost responsibilities are to promote the need for education and or advice from well-qualified retirement professionals." Further the Foundation (InFRE) believes that there is more to counseling individuals competently in terms of their retirement that assisting them in being able to communicate about investments, asset allocation, securities laws and the such. The InFRE organization has been in the process of working with elected officials in the initiative to offer education in the subject. The work entitled "Managed Accounts Model Makes 401(K) Advice Affordable, Easy and Unbiased" states that the "primary focus of the financial services industry" has been in signing individuals up but after that point had "largely left them to their own devices." (Henkel, 2002) The Foundation (InFRE) states that it is not the industry's fault entirely but also the employees who have access to advice concerning their retirement and don't utilize it. The question at hand is whether or not professional athletes receive proper advice or any advice as to their planning of finances for the future in terms of their retirement."
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Asset-Liability Management, 2005.
A description of the purpose and function of the business system known as asset management.
887 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes asset management as the business system that enables a company to collect, maintain and manage a complete list of all the components possessed by the company. The paper then goes on to explain the concept and main objective of asset management. The paper also reviews another paper written on the related topic of estimating the costs of capital, explaining that, in the paper, the authors strived to find out the appropriate method for estimation of cost of capital with respect to insurance firms and that they proved their method (the full-information beta approach) to be an appropriate and dependable one.
From the Paper
"The difficulties in the estimation of the divisional cost of the capital are indicated to be the conglomerate firm itself instead of the division traded in the capital market. Universally, the pure play technique is applied to attain the desired results but specifically at the circumstances when a relatively large number of pure play firms of various sizes are found where it does not entail a satisfactory solution to the divisional cost of capital problem. Therefore, the paper applies a comparatively, new methodology, the full formation industry beta approach that resolves the principal problems of the pure play methodology. The paper mainly concentrates on demonstration of the full-information beta approach to cost of capital estimation applying a sample embracing all firms-insurance and non-insurance listed in the Compustat data base that caters to the selection criteria for the sample period 1997-2000."
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On-Line Banking, 2004.
An analysis of the growing phenomenon of on-line banking.
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses on-line banking--the ability to conduct banking transactions on the internet. The paper claims this is revolutionizing the way that consumers bank. The paper explains that behind this transformation is information technology. With its use, banks have been able to scale and secure transactions, provide the same and often more functionality than brick-and-mortar banks and evolve from mass marketing to one-to-one marketing. The paper examines issues of security and fraud in on-line banking.
Outline
Introduction
Consumer Readiness
Hardware Infrastructure
Security and Fraud
Software Functionality
Customer Relationship Management
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The popularity of online banking is soaring with more than fifty million adults banking online in the United States as of November, 2004, an increase of forty-seven percent during the past two years (Sullivan, 2005). It is the fastest-growing Internet activity. Home broadband connections are credited with driving consumer adoption. Those with broadband access are about twice as likely to have tried online banking as users with dial-up connections because broadband encourages users to do more activities online. Demographic characteristics of those more likely to have broadband access include consumers between the ages of twenty eight and thirty nine, and more affluent households, reflecting a group inclined to be early adopters of information technology."
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Revenue and Expenses, 2004.
An analysis of recognizing revenue and expenses in a legal service business.
2,418 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the different issues concerning the revenue and expense recognition, as identified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in several documents over the past couple of years. The paper provides the theoretical base on which a discussion is developed around the type of revenue and expense, as related to a company's specific area of expertise. The paper explains and summarizes the findings for the company's president, with a series of conclusions thereafter.
Outline
Introduction
Revenue and Expense Recognition
Report to the Company's President
Conclusion
From the Paper
"GAAP is a set of specific common guidelines, provided by the institutions such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Securities and Exchange Commission, about "acceptable accounting practices" . These acceptable practices should not necessarily be regarded as a set of ground rules. In fact, it is a common denominator, useful when foreign firms, especially auditing companies, proceed to financial verifications. The GAAP provide for an easier task from the auditing companies and anybody else who interprets the financial statements."
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