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Golgi in Prion Protein Pathogenesis, 2005.
An NIH-style paper presenting information on prions, pathogenesis and potential treatments.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper is written in NIH standard format style. It details a completely novel, potential experiment in determining prion protein pathogenesis by use of the Golgi. The paper outlines the specific aims, the materials and methods, expectations, and future work in a logical order. The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the Golgi Apparatus is instrumental in facilitating the distribution of infectious prion proteins from infected neurons. It is hypothesized that constitutive exocytosis from the Trans end of the Golgi Apparatus is a vector through which infectious prions exit an infected neuron. It is also hypothesized that chemical inhibition of exocytosis may decrease formation of pathogenic PrPSc from healthy PrPc.
The paper includes figures.
From the Paper
"Steps toward understanding the nature of these dreaded pathogens are extremely important. Many lives may depend on the development of a treatment, since it is unknown how many people may be carrying PrPSc. The death inflicted by prion illnesses is a slow, excruciating, unimaginably frightening ordeal. In addition, infectious prions are extremely resilient, able to withstand temperatures that carbonize meat, sterilizing doses of UV radiation, and standard autoclaving (4). The pathogenic PrPSc protein poses health risks to not only those who consume and work with beef, but also to physicians, nurses, and technicians who may be exposed to potentially-contaminated neurological tissue."
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Wanted: Fossil Fuel?s Replacement, Nuclear Energy, 2005.
The pros and cons of nuclear energy.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper thoroughly describes the advantages and disadvantages between using nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Overall, the paper provides a positive view of nuclear energy and concludes that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
From the Paper
"The green, glowing substance illustrated on "The Simpsons", capable of destroying 155,200 people and giving frogs three legs, actually proves to be beneficial. A decrease in the conventional coal burning ways is more than important for conserving and consuming energy. The efficient, clean and safe solution for conservation appears to be nuclear energy. As the safest out of any major technological industry, nuclear technology's powers are nearly limitless. Of course, with no known method for storing radioactive waste, it is in constant, high debate because of the danger spent reactors pose. Leakage and moving tectonic plates in the main storage mountain, the Yucca, continue to be arguments for the opposing of nuclear energy. Still, in everyday use, the benefits of nuclear power outweigh the negative aspects and are a prime alternative to the rapid reduction of fossil fuels."
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Sun Safety Products, 2005.
A discussion about sun safety factors in sunscreen products.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a background on UV radiation. It then explains what the UV index is and why it is an important factor in determining the level of protection against the harmful sun-rays. Active ingredients in sunscreen products are explained and discussed. The paper concludes with a comparison of sunscreen products and a recommendation for the most effective one.
From the Paper
"It's important to check the active ingredients in sunscreens because the active ingredients are what tell you if it covers the entire UVA and/or UVB bands (9). The active ingredient doesn't have anything to do with the SPF rating of the sunscreen, the SPF rating is mainly used to tell you how long you can stay in the sun(9), the higher the number, the longer you can stay protected, although it doesn't make you immune to the sun, you still need to re-apply every few hours. The Sun Essentials article mentions that you multiply the number of minutes you can be in the sun before you turn pink by the number of the SPF you get the total minutes you are covered by the sunscreen(9). The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) doesn't tell you what UV bands it covers, you still need to use a product that contains Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or avobenzone, which are the only products that cover the entire UVA spectrum and are also the only ones approved for use in the US (9.)"
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Trans Fatty Acids: A Death Sentence, 2004.
An explication and analysis of the biological and health implications of trans-fatty acids.
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are lipids that have been chemically manipulated to become more solid at room temperature. In particular, it looks at how they are broken down by the body and how they can be a cause of heart disease.
From the Paper
"Dietary fatty acids are emulsified by bile acids in the small intestine and transformed into chylomicrons which enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Fatty acids are also taken up by cells, where they may serve as fuels for energy production. Chylomicrons can have two outcomes depending upon the body's need for energy, either being stored or oxidized. The oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-ScoA, which is the platform for cholesterol synthesis. Excess cholesterol can be stored or deposited on the walls of arteries, narrowing them. The stored fatty acids, as triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in white adipose tissue, also results in the formation of acetyl-ScoA, but through a different pathway."
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), 2005.
An analysis of the chemistry make-up of PVC and the controversies surrounding the health and environmental effects of the chemical.
2,296 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a very strong and rigid plastic, which is found in a wide range of consumer products, such as packaging and plastic wrap. In particular, it looks at how PVC presents an array of problems from its production to its disposal.
Outline
History
Structure and Properties
Production
Health and Environmental Hazards
Alternatives to PVC
From the Paper
"It has been claimed by many groups that PVC is damaging to peoples health. This is especially true in the production phase of PVC. Many of the components and by-products in the manufacturing of PVC have been known to cause cancer or other health effects. The vinyl chloride monomer itself is considered a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a branch of the World Health Organization (IARC). More than 30 million pounds of VCM were emitted in 1974 from PVC product manufacturing solely in the US. Another big part of the reason that PVC could be so detrimental to ones health is the fact that it contains large amounts of chlorine."
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Antacids and Soil Acidity, 2005.
Science project that attempts to determine whether or not antacids help soil that is polluted by acid rain.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author describes a science project in which she attempted to see if antacids had an affect on acid, in particular, acid in soil. In the research, the author hypothesizes, before conducting her experiment, that the antacid will decrease the acidity of the soil. After conducting her experiment, the author concludes that the data collected supports her hypothesis.
From the Paper
"The immediate purpose for this experiment was to determine the relationship between antacids and acidity in soil. As discussed in the discussion, I believe that the antacids would have an affect on the acidity mainly because antacids are neutralizers. The data that I collected did support my hypothesis. Although the data may have inadequacies because of the sources of error, it shows that the acidity of the soil did decrease in response to adding the antacids into the soil. The reason why I believe that the data is inaccurate in some parts is because after adding 35 g of antacids, the results turned back towards the acidic end of the pH scale. It wasn't until adding the 50 g of antacid that the results skyrocketed toward the base end of the scale."
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Horseradish Peroxidase, 2005.
Scientific review of journal article, "Determination of Safety Levels of Horseradish Peroxidase-Iodide System to Human Gingival Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Vitro" .
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains and reviews an article about the effects of the horseradish peroxidase-iodide system on metabolic activity, membrane permeability, and cell growth of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. The paper provides background information on the subject of the article, details the results of the experiment under discussion, and explains the significance of the experiment in terms of future research on the subject.
From the Paper
"Collectively, these results demonstrate that of the three studied cellular indicators the effects of the complete HRP-I system were first observed as decreased metabolic activity and cell growth. Keratinocytes cell membrane permeability was altered only with concentrations of iodine and hydrogen peroxide as high as 25mmol/L in the complete HRP system in growth medium. The highest production of free iodine was measured to be by the HRP-I system in buffer compared to the growth medium. This is due to the presence of oxidizable free amino acids and antioxidants in the growth media. The highest concentrations of the HRP-Iodine system components which did not have any significant detrimental effects on the metabolic activity and cell growth of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts with exposure time as long as 1 hour did not have detrimental effects on the metabolism of HGK and HGF cells if the exposure time did not exceed 5 minutes. The effects of the HRP system on cell growth and metabolic activity were observed at lower iodide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations than its effects on membrane permeability. Gingival fibroblasts were more prone to detachment than keratinocyte cell lines, but no differences in changes of growth or metabolic activities were observed between gingival fibroblasts and gingival keratinocytes."
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Celebrex, 2005.
A look at the pain medication called Celebrex.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the pain-killing medication, Celebrex, including its functional groups and solubility. This paper also talks about some of the diseases Celebrex helps control, as well as the medication's possible side effects.
From the Paper
"There has been much controversy the past couple of years about COX-2 inhibitors. These drugs are currently either being taken off the market or given strict caution labels. This is due to a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes. One of these COX-2 inhibitors that are coming up in discussion is Celecoxib. This drug is better known by its brand name, Celebrex."
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Protein Folding, 2004.
An analysis of the process of protein folding by which a protein assumes its functional shape or conformation.
1,828 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of proteins and protein folding to the human body. The paper explains that, during the different stages of protein folding that include primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes-quaternary structures, the protein becomes susceptible to incorrect folding by binding with other molecules. The paper explores these ?misfoldings?, which may cause diseases such as Alzheimer?s disease, cystic fibrosis, and many cancers. The paper states that researchers continue to try and comprehend the reasons and methods of protein ?misfolding? to further our knowledge of the diseases that are caused by it.
From the Paper
"Proteins are the biochemical molecules that make up cells, organs and organisms. (1) Like the larger structures, proteins also put themselves together, in a process termed "folding." Protein folding is the process by which a protein assumes its functional shape or conformation. All protein molecules are simple unbranched chains of amino acids, but it is by coiling into a specific three-dimensional shape that they are able to perform their biological function. The proteins fold into either alpha or beta helices with the assistance of chaperon proteins. (1)"
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Ketamine, 2004.
A look at the drug known as ketamine, its uses, and ways it can also be abused.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the use of ketamine in the medical field and as a recreational drug. Also includes some history of the drug and its chemical breakdown.
From the Paper
"Chemically known as 2-(2-Chlorophenyl1)-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone hydrochloride (Merck Index), Ketamine is commercially sold as Ketalar. Ketamine is a fast-acting general anesthetic and painkiller used primarily in veterinary surgery and a lesser extent in human medicine. It was thought to be a very unique drug because of its three main characteristics. Ketamine is sleep producing or hypnotic, it relieves pain or analgesic, and gives the patient short term memory loss or amnesic. It is often given to children and the elderly because it does not depress breathing or circulation. However in more recent times Ketamine has grown to be a problem among the youth of America and become a problem recreational drug."
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Spontaneous Generation, 2005.
A look at the early belief in spontaneous generation and how this belief was eventually disproved by scientific means.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the early belief in spontaneous generation, the theory that living things could originate from non-living matter. It then takes a look at the scientific experiments responsible for finally putting this belief to rest. The paper also describes a laboratory experiment, performed by the paper's author, that delivers results, which concur with the previous experiments mentioned.
From the Paper
"For many centuries people believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter. This belief is known as spontaneous generation, or abiogenesis. It was a commonly held belief in Ancient Rome, during the Middle Ages, and even until the late nineteenth century that spontaneous generation, or the sudden generation of complex life from nonliving matter, existed. (Evers, 1999) Scientists began to question this theory as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but it was not until almost 200 years later that Louis Pasteur definitively disproved spontaneous generation and changed the course of scientific thought. While it is still debated whether any forms of abiogenesis, or the generation of even simple or microscopic life from nonliving matter, could be possible (Wilkins, 2004), it is certain that spontaneous generation involving complex life forms is not possible."
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Creating Orally Active Prohormones, 2003.
This paper is a detailed history of the processes and discovery of steroids.
1,121 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper uses explanations and many technical chemistry terms. It is written using a lot of chemistry terminology, but maintains a coherent voice. The paper covers how steroids used to be administered, why newer steroids are given the way they are, and what the advantages are to the different types of drugs and delivery methods.
From the Paper
"The new technology in prohormones hitting the market are Lipophilic ester and ethers, and are being touted as the first truly effective solutions to the poor oral bioavailability of many such supplements. And there is a tremendous amount of promise with this technology if properly applied. Supplement manufacturers have been looking for a solution to problems with oral dosing for some time, and they knew they had a true advance on their hands in this area. Chemists went through great lengths not to just drop powder into a capsule, but to develop a series of ether-modified, oil-solubilized, softgel-encapsulated prohormones."
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Determination of Heating Value of Fuels, 2003.
Determination of the heat of combustion of naphthalene, using the Parr bomb calorimeter.
1,498 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This is a technical report on a laboratory experiment determining heating value of fuels. Test sample is naphthalene, and the calibrating substance is benzoic acid. The oxygen bomb calorimeter used is the Parr type.
From the Paper
"The experiment aims to determine the heat of combustion of naphthalene using data obtained from the Parr bomb calorimeter.
Three 1-g portions of naphthalene were weighed using the analytical balance. Benzoic acid is the calibrating substance used for the experiment. The heat capacity Csys of the system is calculated using the theoretical value of benzoic acid and the nickel fuse wire. This Csys is equivalent to the heat capacity Ccal of the calorimeter; this value will be used in determining the heat of combustion of naphthalene.
The heat of combustion of naphthalene is accepted at
?5156.95 KJ/mol. The experimental value ?3787.445097 KJ/mol has an error of 26.56%."
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The Ring Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl using a Pt-Ir ring on a Du Nuoy tensiometer.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the Du Nuoy ring. Samples are pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl. Calculations for the correction factor and other necessary values are included in the discussion.
From the Paper
"The Du Nuoy ring is the most commonly used apparatus for surface tension measurements. The group used pieces of paper to determine the weight needed to depress the lever arm to zero. For the experiment proper, the ring was thoroughly cleaned and flamed to red heat for a few seconds. The vernier was turned to zero reading and the lever arm made to just touch the zero indicator. The ring was made to contact the surface of the liquid and was carefully submerged until good contact is established. This was then slowly recovered from the liquid by careful downward movement of the platform and of the thumbscrew. It is important that the lever arm is kept at the zero indicator until the ring is detached from the liquid."
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The Capillary Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, NaCl solutions, and HOAc solutions using the capillary rise technique.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the capillary rise method. Samples are deionized water and varying concentrations of NaCl and of HOAc. Calculations are included in the appendix.
From the Paper
"Increasing concentrations of HOAc solutions tend to lower surface tension of water, while NaCl solutions increase surface tension of water. The former results to a condition called positive surface concentration, where the solute tend to concentrate slightly in the neighborhood of the surface; the latter is due to negative surface concentration, where the solute molecules become less concentrated in the neighborhood of the surface."
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Oxygen, Radon, and Lead, 2002.
An examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead.
2,972 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead, including who discovered them and when, how they are isolated from the environment, and some of their commercial applications. An analysis of what the impact of the loss of these elements on life and society is also provided.
From the Paper
"Dmitri Mendeleyev's discovery of the Periodic System can be traced to when he first began his scientific work in 1855. At this time, the central axiomatic assumption of chemistry was the notion of a chemical ?element.? Tennebaum says that this notion was associated with the idea that researchers cannot differentiate or divide substance down indefinitely, without encountering some kind of a limit, boundary or, ?singularity? (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 3). In the specific practice of chemistry up to the time of Mendeleyev, the exploration of this area took the form mainly of what are called chemical separation methods as distillation, precipitation, electrolysis, centrifugation, and so forth (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 4). It was through this type of exploration that chemists that chemists had discovered about 64 elements at the time of Mendeleyev?s initial research. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, on the other hand, adopted the view that these chemical elements are ?singularities? (moments of change, in a search not for ultimate building blocks, but for what he called the ?principles'' of matter."
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Madame Marie Curie: Early Martyr to the Atomic Age, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of Madame Marie Curie's life and contributions.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly biography of Marie Curie and an assessment of her unique contributions to humanity, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Albert Einstein said she was "the only person to be uncorrupted by fame" (Davis 1986:1). Marie Curie (n?e Maria Sklodowska) was born September 12, 1897, in Paris and died there on March 17, 1956 (Marie Curie 2004). While many people suggest that it takes 35 years to become an overnight success, Marie Curie was successful from the outset and while her personal life was marred by tragedy, her professional career has been widely recognized as being an early example of the contributions women in the scientific community could make given the opportunity. According to Lydia Davis, Curie ?was a proud, passionate, and hard-working woman who played an important role in her time because she had the ambition and the means to do so, and who has played an important role in our own time too, since there is a direct relationship between Marie Curie-Sklodowska and atomic energy. It was also atomic energy that caused her death? (1986:2)."
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Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 2004.
An explanation of the causes and treatments of NSH.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
A research paper on Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathryroidism (NSH). Discusses causes of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The paper includes many references from medical and veterinary journals, Internet sites, and research on the topic. The writer also interviewed some experts in the field to gain an understanding on this disease.
From the Paper
"Calcium and phosphorus, two very important minerals, make up approximately 70% of the total mineral content in the equine body. Most people, including young children, have seen the milk commercials on television that inform their viewer of the important role that calcium plays in creating strong, healthy bones. Calcium plays this role in many species and is especially important in large breed animals such as the horse, who is often asked to perform hard work and athletically challenging tasks. In addition to creating strong bones in the equine body, calcium is also important for several metabolic functions such as nerve conductions and muscle contractions. Without a sufficient amount of calcium, the horse?s bones would grow weak and he would be at greater risk for injury. Due to the importance of these vital functions of calcium, the equine?s body closely regulates the levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Vitamin D and hormones such as the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important part in maintaining adequate calcium levels in the blood stream. When there is not enough calcium in the horse?s diet the PTH begins to break down calcium from the bones, which store 99% of the body?s calcium, and moves it into the bloodstream. When there is a long-term deficiency of calcium in the equine?s diet, significant re-absorption of bone can occur, which can lead to decreased bone strength and density, or abnormal bone formation. Many racetrack injuries, laminitis, and tendonitis have been attributed to inadequate calcium in the diet of young racehorses. Even if there is adequate calcium, a large concentration of other minerals such as phosphorus will decrease the absorption of calcium. Thus, there must be a balanced ratio of these minerals. If improper Ca:P levels in the diet continue for an extended period of time, serious problems such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop.
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Firefighting and Carbon Monoxide, 2004.
This paper discusses the problem of carbon monoxide when fighting fires and devices that prevent the inhalation of carbon monoxide by firefighters.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while many poisonous vapors may be present during a fire, carbon monoxide has characteristics that make it particularly dangerous because it causes oxygen deprivation. This author suggests that the solution for firefighters is a piece of equipment called a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), which includes a face mask, bottled air supply, a regulator to control pressure, and a harness to carry the apparatus on the firefighter?s back. The paper stresses that fire departments must replace all their breathing apparatus at once so they are standardized, and every firefighter has the same level of protection.
From the Paper
"When SCBA devices were first developed, they were sold as units. Today, however, most departments buy each piece of apparatus separately. This means that each firefighter has his or her own face mask, which reduces the chance of contagious illnesses being spread because multiple users used the same mask while one of them was coming down with something. In addition, departments need to buy extra masks in case masks get damaged. They also need extra bottles, because one bottle per firefighter may not be enough air, making a bottle exchange necessary. This makes it even more important that components be compatible with one another."
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