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Friedrich August Kekule, 2002.
A paper on Friedrich August Kekule, a German chemist known for his work with benzene.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes a look at the life of Friedrich August Kelule, known as the originator of the structure theory of benzene. This essay discusses Kelule?s interest in chemistry, beginning with a trial concerning a charred woman?s body.
From the Paper
?Kelule went to a trial about a woman?s charred body. Many believed she had combustion because she drank too much alcohol. However, Justus von Liebig testified in this trial and ignited Kekule?s interest in chemistry. He changed his studies from architecture to chemistry. Charles Gerhardt and Jean-Baptiste Dumas taught him the unitary theory of chemistry. From 1855 to 1858 Kekule debated with JFW von Baeyer until 1858 and was professor at Ghent and Bonn (Ulearntoday 1)."
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Linus Pauling, 2002.
This paper introduces and discusses the life of Nobel Prize winning scientist, Linus Pauling.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the life of Linus Pauling, focusing on his achievements and discoveries. The writer discusses how in 1954, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in chemical bonds and in 1962 he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts on behalf of a nuclear test ban treaty. This paper also discusses his book "The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals".
From the Paper
"Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901. When he was nine, his father died, and his mother eventually lost the drugstore her husband had owned. The family, consisting of Linus, his two sisters, and his mother, had to move into a smaller house. His mother took in borders, and money was always a constant worry for the family. Pauling was a good student, and loved to read anything he could get his hands on. He said, "I have always wanted to know as much as possible about the world. As a child, I enjoyed reading and going to school... Possibly I am a scientist because I was curious when I was young... When I was eleven, with no outside inspiration - just library books - I started collecting insects... When I was twelve I began reading about rocks and minerals and started collecting them"
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The Kinetics of Chemical Reactions., 2001.
An investigation into the kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide in an acidified solution.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 14 sources, $ 117.95
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Abstract
The paper deals with a very detailed investigation into how the kinetics of a reaction changes from alterationss in pH, the concerntration of reactants and the addition of a catlyst in a homogenous solution. Also included is the most effective, yet efficient manner, of determining the rate of the reaction including detailed mathematical calculations. There is a lot of experimental data as evidence included and a detailed practical guide of how the investigation was undertaken and numerous discussions.This paper is essential as a reference for those studying reaction kinetics.
From the Paper
"Investigate the kinetics of the above reaction and thus attempt to find a rate equation for the reaction and also establishing the best method to determine the rate of the reaction. I will do this by varying the concentrations of Iodide ions, H+ ions and Hydrogen Peroxide to generate the rate equation, I will also try to find the effect of a catalyst: Molybdate ion on the rate of reaction and also if the amount of catalyst is relevant in a homogenous reaction. The rate will be found using the iodine clock reaction and also by the use of a pH meter and a colorimeter, and these methods will be assessed to help determine the best method of analysis."
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The Development of Aspirin and Salbutamol, 2001.
How Aspirin and Salbutamol were developed and a description of how they interact with the body.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper digs deeply into how aspirin and salbutamol were developed and also how they interact in the body from a heavy chemical and neurological perspective. It also gives a detailed overview into how, in general, pharmacueticals are developed using bronchodilars as an example. Also included are numerous diagrams in order to aid the reader comprehend the text.
From the Paper
"Since 400BC physicians prescribed a bitter powder extract from the willow bark tree to alleviate pain. In the middle of the 18th century two chemists by the name of Fontana and Brugnatelli extracted the active agent Salicin from the willow, and was then converted by Piria into Salicylic acid. Felix Hoffman a German chemist set about trying to synthesise salicylic acid."
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Growth of Bacteria, 2002.
A detailed investigation into how bacterial growth is affected by antibacterial agents.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with how spots occur (inflamed lesions), and their subsequent bacterial growth. It gives details into how the effect of various concentrations of anti-bacterial facewashes affect the spread of bacteria. A thorough experimental aceptic technique is made reference to in this paper.
From the Paper
"A spot starts when a pore in the skin becomes blocked ? usually with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells, which the skin produces. As the pore becomes blocked, it becomes infected with bacteria, which are normally present on the surface of the skin. These bacteria breakdown the oil and dead cells to form chemicals which cause swelling, redness and the formation of an ?inflamed lesion? or a SPOT."
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Antimatter, 2002.
A basic technical outline on antimatter - a substance matter found in the universe.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
A explanation of what antimatter is, where it originated, what its uses are and how much energy it can produce. It looks at the benefits of this matter.
From the Paper
"Antimatter is a rare substance that at one time was abundant in our universe. Antimatter is relatively simple, consisting of the same parts that make up the elements in our planet. The only difference is: an atom of antimatter is a ?mirror image? of a regular atom. Antimatter and normal matter both have neutrons, which make up a good portion of the mass of the nucleus. Normal atoms have negatively charged electrons which encircle the nucleus, and they also help to determine the charge of the atom. In Antimatter, those ?electrons? do not exist, they are called ?antielectrons?, sometimes known as ?positrons?, and they have a positive charge. The Protons of in a normal nucleus are also different in an atom of antimatter. They are called ?Antiprotons?, and have a negative charge."
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Titanium, 2001.
This paper is a detailed look at the chemical element, titanium.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines all things related to the atomic element titanium. The author describes its properties, color, appearance, from where it can be mined and the discovery of the element. The paper also discusses commercial extraction and the various uses for titanium.
From the Paper
"Titanium is not commonly used because it is among the most difficult of all metals to obtain in pure form. It has high reactivity with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen at high temperatures, which means that it cannot be extracted from its ores using the types of process commonly used for other metals. Although titanium compounds have been known since 1795, it was not until 1910 that the New Zealand-born metallurgist Matthew Hunter, working in the United States, produced the first pure sample of the metal."
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E. Coli, 2001.
This paper discusses using the bacteria E. coli for molecular genetic research.
4,215 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This a detailed, and well researched paper discussing how e. coli can be prepared and used for study of Molecular genetics. The author looks at how e.coli lends is an ideal candidate for this area because it is such a simple organism. The paper also examines how scientists have been immeasurably helped in their progression of learning about the fundamentals of molecular genetics by the fact that E. coli can be induced into competence through a number of methods. The paper includes numerous illustrations.
From the Paper
"Most of us, when we think of Escherichia coli at all, tend not to have very pleasant associations with the organism. It is in fact among the organisms that are most likely to affect (and infect) households. While E. coli is actually an integral part of the normal gastrointestinal flora, certain strains can cause diarrhea, fever and vomiting by one of three ways: by giving off toxins, by directly invading the mucosal lining of the intestinal wall, or by adhering to the intestinal wall. A person infected with E. coli may also have malaise or overall weakness and abdominal cramps. And a new virulent strain of E. coli, which is passed to humans via contaminated and improperly stored or prepared food, can cause a fatal kidney condition ? a finding that has prompted public health and food industry officials to suggest changes in the meat-inspection process, including the irradiation of some ground beef. But the bad name that E. coli deserves as a very nasty bug that infects humans must be offset by the fact that study of this organism has vastly increased our understanding of the field of molecular genetics. This paper outlines some of the most important basic principles of this field by focusing on the specific findings that studying E. coli have allowed scientists to derive."
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The Importance of Calcium Compounds, 2001.
The following paper discusses the need for and uses of calcium in our bodies, lives and industries.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.
From the Paper
"It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."
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History of the Periodic Table, 2001.
This paper is an historical overview of the periodic table.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the periodic table. The author begins with some background on atomic knowledge, and then looks at the ancient Greek scholars who influenced the early table. Early atomic theory, and the discovery of distinct weights are discussed in detail. The author pays specific attention to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, whose scientific work in the late 1880s provided the breakthrough in the construction of this table and remains the basis for the model used today.
From the Paper
"Mendeleev completed the table in 1869, when 63 known elements existed. As Mendeleev said, ?if all the elements can be arranged in order of their atomic weights a periodic repetition of properties is obtained.? (Leichester, 1965) Mendeleev arranged the elements according to weight, and then proceeded to group them into clusters of elements that possessed similar properties. These groupings, together with the consideration of variance from strict atomic weight order, left spaces in the table that Mendeleev predicted would encompass elements that had not yet been discovered. Mendeleev left these spaces open in order to accommodate future discoveries. He himself accurately predicted three of these missing elements- Scandium (ekaboron), galluim (ekaaluminum), and germanium (ekasilicon). By 1886, only seventeen years after the creation of the table, all of the elements previously predicted by Mendeleev had been isolated."
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Chelation Therapy and Metal Ions, 2001.
This paper is an overview of chelating groups used in the human body for treatment of excess and poisonous metallic ions.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general overview of chemistry to familiarize the reader and describes how chelating ligands form complexes with metal ions. The chelating groups discussed are: Ionophores, British Anti-Lewisite, Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (Cisplatin?), and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The paper states that Chelation therapy will most likely perfect the removal of tumors without the need for radiation.
From the Paper
"Within the periodic table is found the basic building blocks of life. From the organic atoms like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) to the in-organics such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and even gold (Au), it has been proven that both are vital to the survival of live. In the mid to late 1800?s, two men by the names of Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer began their work on the reoccurrence of certain characteristics of the known elements of the time (ref 1). It was not until some 15 years later that the periodic table, found in most every chemistry book published today, was accumulated into it?s easy to read format by Thomsen and Bohr (ref 1). Since then, many more steps have been made in classifying elements, such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids."
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Multiple Sclerosis: Not Everyone Who Falls Down is a Klutz, 2001.
This paper gives an overview of the symptoms and causes of multiple sclerosis. It includes illustrations of myelin sheathe damage, author's personal experiences with MS, and in-depth descriptions of three drugs commonly used to treat MS.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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This is a concise paper explaining the symptoms of MS as well as the difficulty involved with diagnosing the disease. It explains the cases for some accepted potential causes and also examines the different types of MS. The three drugs used most commonly to treat MS - Avonex, Copaxone, and Beta-Seron - are compared and contrasted, and the pros and cons are duly noted. Paper written by an MS sufferer who also details her own experiences with the disease.
From the Paper
"In normal human beings, the immune system will spot and attack threats to the human body, like viruses or harmful bacteria. In a person with MS, the immune system sees myelin as one of these threats. Immune system cells come into the central nervous system and start attacking the myelin sheath, creating an autoimmune response - when the human body attacks itself. On these demyelinated areas, lesions known as "plaque" develop. The plaques eventually turn into scar tissue, sclerosis, in many different locations, which is where the name "multiple sclerosis" comes from. Thus, people with MS are more or less walking around with scars on their nerves."
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The Chemical Composition of Ethanol, 2001.
An in-depth examination of Ethanol.- its characteristics, uses and benefits.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the ?fuel of the future?.
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
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Behind the Scenes of Human Cloning, 2001.
A look at the history of human cloning, its recent development and attitudes towards the phenomenon.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
An in-depth look at aspects of human cloning. The author outlines some major points about the ethics, myths and process of human cloning. Included is an examination of various cloning foundations, the history and development of cloning, legal issues and an analysis of the ethicality and moral issues around the topic.
From the Paper
"Cloning is one of the foremost thoughts on people?s minds today. A clone is a group of genetically identical cells. The term clone also refers to a group of organisms that are genetically identical. Today science can clone an entire plant or animal, not just a group of cells. The process of cloning humans is currently being deemed unethical, but there are some in the scientific community that are in favor of this experimentation. A clone would look identical to its predecessor. All of the genes in the clone would also be the same but the application of these genes may be different. The clone would not have the same personality or mentality of his or her predecessor. Identical twins are clones of each other but they develop into two different people and are not considered to be the same. A person?s clone would grow up differently and not be subjected to the exact same environment as it?s predecessor, therefore so they may not be the same person except for in looks and genes. "
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The Controversy of Cloning, 2001.
A look at cloning from a moral and ethical perspective.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the new emerging technology of cloning. The author looks at the scientific advantages and moral implications of this new phenomenon.
From the Paper
"Only four years after scientists cloned a sheep in Scotland, the ability to clone human beings is about to make the transition from science fiction to science fact. In recent news, announcements have been made regarding both the advancement of technology to clone and the interests expressed by some to utilize this technology. One such case is of an American couple who lost their 10-month old child to complications during a minor operation. Instead of having another child, they wanted this child. The couple felt that "their little son's genotype deserved another chance" (Talbot 40). The couple, well financed with money from a malpractice settlement, enlisted a "science-loving religious sect" called the Raelians to take frozen cells from their deceased child and make every attempt to clone him (Talbot 40). The issue of cloning humans is possibly the greatest controversy ever, as it will have the farthest-reaching effects on the world well into the future and there is a clear divide in society when the issue of cloning arises. Many support its use, while others cringe at the thought. Cloning technology is a fascinating prospect with firm roots in medical science and a strong footing in controversy as well, and responsible use will further advance higher knowledge and health."
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Nuclear Reactors and Energy, 1998.
An examination of the process by which nuclear reactors produce energy.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how a nuclear reactor produces energy. The paper includes a discussion of fission, radioactivity, types of reactors and how they produce electricity.
From the Paper
"All modern nuclear reactors operate on the principal of nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split when it absorbs a free neutron after a collision occurs between the atom and the neutron. Splitting the nucleus of the atom releases large amounts of nuclear energy contained within the nucleus. Once the nucleus of the atom is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split nuclei of other atoms, causing what is known as a chain reaction. The chain reaction will continue as long as an average of one neutron per fission is absorbed by a nucleus. By harnessing and manipulating the energy that is released, other types of energy can be obtained. The power developed by nuclear fission has been used by man to create, as in the driving of an electric generator and for propulsion, as well as destroy, as in the release of atomic explosion. Whereas the fission in a nuclear reactor is precisely controlled to prevent a nuclear meltdown, the fission in an atomic explosion is not controlled and the shock wave produced by the splitting atom and its resulting chain reaction is equal to several thousand tons of TNT."
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DTT and the Environment, 2001.
An examination of the effects of DDT on the environment.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay contains the history of the pesticide DDT and it's uses within the environment. DTT is a harmful pesticide which has been detrimental to the environment, and has caused a decline in a variety of species. The author focuses specifically on the effects of the pesticide on the environment.
From the Paper
" As earth's population grows so does the demand for food, and the use of pesticides has become essential in meeting this demand. The first important synthetic organic pesticide was a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. DDT was discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul M?eller. In its early days, DDT was a popular pesticide because it was toxic to a wide range of insect pests, yet it appeared to have low toxicity to mammals. DDT was also persistent, which meant the pesticide didn't break down rapidly in the environment and therefore did not need to be reapplied often and since DDT was insoluble it did not wash off by rain or other weather conditions. Although gradually throughout time it was discovered that many insects had developed resistance to DDT, and it was discovered that DDT did in fact pose to be harmful to the ecosystem. This discovery created wide public interest and made people aware that chemicals were polluting the environment. As a result DDT was banned for use in North America and other countries in the early 1970?s. Though pesticides, such as DDT, may decrease the number of insects, throughout history it has been proven that there is a detrimental effect upon the environment, animals and humans as a result."
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"Isn't that a Rock Band?", 2001.
A look at anthrax, its causes, treatments and effects.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the disease anthrax and the bacterium that causes it. Included is information on history, tests, where it is found, how and who contracts it, symptoms, treatments, and uses as a biological weapon.
From the Paper
"Since the events of September 11 shocked our nation we have become increasingly concerned with the possibility of further terrorist attacks. President Bush has already added a new member to his cabinet; Tom Ridge now serves as the Homeland Defense Secretary. Words such as anthrax and biological warfare, which are not usually seen unless you look for them, can now be found almost every time you turn on the television, pick up the newspaper or log-on to the internet. If you had taken a survey of Americans three months ago asking them ?What is anthrax?? the most common response next to ?I don?t know? would probably have been ?Hey, isn?t that a rock band?? Now it can almost be considered a household word. Since September 25th several people in the United States have become infected with a disease called anthrax, some have even died, because of exposure to letters containing a white powder from an, as of yet, unknown mailer. When used as a biological weapon, anthrax posses a serious threat to people and the environment and therefore should not be used as such."
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Searle's Biological Naturalism, 2001.
An analysis of psychologist John C. Searle and his philosophy of the mind.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the writings of psychologist John C. Searle and his philosophy of the mind. Includes a deep probing into the mind-body debate and an analysis of Searle's concepts and ideas.
From the Paper
"Searle?s answer to the mind-body problem is a radical adjustment in how we view mental and physical phenomena in regards to the philosophy of the mind. In fact, his solution demands a complete shift in the language we use to approach the mind-body problem. Searle asserts that we must no longer partition phenomena into either the mental and the physical. What we observe as mental phenomena are actually higher-level views of physical events taking place in the brain and perhaps the central nervous system. The workings of the brain do not exist in two separate domains that are related by rules, programs, or processing of information. To even consider one big all-inclusive domain would be wrong. Searle?s whole point is to discard the language we have used to describe the workings of the brain. Our language reflects our approach towards the problem, and by using the terms ?mental? and ?physical? we unnecessarily compartmentalize the observations we make about the mind. A philosophy of the mind does not need to incorporate a mysterious mental component that is seemingly detached from the physical."
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