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Thermodynamics, 2007.
A look at thermodynamic principles and how they can be used as a guide to explain living systems.
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that thermodynamics can be used as a guide to explain living systems because living systems are simply a manifestation of components of non-living systems, with atoms, elements and an injection of micro-electricity guiding the process. The author points out that this relatively simple assumption has guided years of research and allows scientists to create explanations, which employ thermodynamics to define the development and more importantly the creation of life. The paper relates that a conflict occurs when the biological systems lean in the direction of complexity, as all living systems do, and the human mind then falters in his or her ability to apply thermodynamic laws to living systems. The paper includes a formula and several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Within this driving force of potential complexity and also the inability of simple science to correct for unpredictability there is debate, the driving force of answers. Debate ensues among those who attempt to simplify matters into those which can be recreated and documented repeatable effects to create scientific truth and those who wish to make conjecture part of the scientific rule on this issue. Some would say that the groundhog example is explainable through science, and still others would contend that it is not the environment that determines the reality of the system, ..."
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Jellyfish, 2007.
This paper describes the characteristics of the marine invertebrates known as jellyfish.
2,482 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the life-cycle and reproduction, defense and feeding mechanisms and body systems of jellyfish. The paper looks at how they group themselves into "swarms" or "blooms" and the problems when keeping them in captivity. The paper discusses the severity of jellyfish stings and the different species of jellyfish that exist.
Outline:
Life-cycle and reproduction
Defense and Feeding Mechanisms
Body Systems
Blooms and Grouping
Captivity Sting Treatment
Species
From the Paper
"Jellyfish are marine invertebrates which are part of the Scyphozoan class, and in turn the phylum Cnidaria; "members of this structurally simple marine group possess one of two body forms. Sea anemones, sea whips, corals and hydroids are polyps growing attached to rocks or other hard surfaces of the sea. Jellyfish and the Portuguese man-of- war are free-swimming medusa. Both body forms display radial symmetry with body parts radiating from a central axis. This symmetry allows jellyfish to respond to food or danger from any direction" . Moreover, they have strange shapes and colors: they might look like a bell or an inverted bowl from 3 millimeters to 2 meters in diameter. Their bells contain small sense organs that respond to light and gravity."
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"The Natural History of the Senses", 2007.
This paper discusses "The Natural History of the Senses" by Diane Ackerman.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Ackerman's book "The Natural History of the Senses" that spans an experiential history of all five senses. The paper explains Ackerman's premise that it is essential to use a multifaceted approach to understanding human sensory experiences. The paper discusses how human biology influences the way people experience the sensory world. The paper explains that cultural and social influences affect the ways in which these biologically generated impulses are experienced throughout history, in different areas of the world and from person to person. The paper asserts that one will never smell, touch, taste, hear, or see the world the same after reading "The Natural History of the Senses."
From the Paper
"Diane Ackerman, author of The Natural History of the Senses, seems to posses the ideal qualifications to author such an enterprising and all-encompassing work. According to the author's own website, Ackerman is a noted author of poetry, memoir, and nonfiction. Her education is grounded in both creative and academic training. She received an M.A., M.F.A. and Ph.D. from Cornell University. Previous to writing A Natural History of the Senses in 1990, Ackerman authored several volumes of poetry, and has written a kind of sequel after The Natural History of the Sense's success, called The Natural History of Love. She has authored a book for children on animal's senses, and even has a molecule named after her, called "dianeackerone.""
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Ethics Behind Stem Cell Research, 2007.
A review of the history of stem cell research, and a discussion regarding the ethical implications of this controversial topic.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses stem cell research. The paper provides a brief background of the history of stem cell research and goes on to discuss how oocytes, originally obtained specifically for human embryonic stem cell research and not for reproductive or medical purposes, create an object of ethics research. The paper reports that the National Research Council-Institute of Medicine in the United States has set guidelines that are exemplary.
From the Paper
"Stem cell research dependant upon somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) presents risks for donors and so the women donor's welfare is a concern, but in actuality, the risks faced by these healthy women are equal to the risks other clinical research subjects face. If other research were to be scrutinized as much as these are and are to be found acceptable, then stem cell research donors should be able to fulfill the same scrutiny and find equal footing. The concerns of inducing service and recruiting where women are vulnerable, as well as reimbursing donors sufficiently should be considered, controlled, and informed consent be guaranteed. (Mertes 629)."
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Assisted Reproductive Technology, 2007.
This paper discusses assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.)
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.) has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The writer explains that couples who have difficulty having children are now seeking out assisted reproductive technology to conceive children. The writer examines the developments and advancements in assisted reproductive technologies. The technologies examined include: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, donor egg or embryo, surrogacy/gestational carrier, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT). The writer concludes that the research indicates that there are many alternatives available to infertile couples and that IVF and GIFT remain among the most popular and successful types of reproductive technologies.
Outline:
Introduction
Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer
Donor Egg or Embryo
Surrogacy/Gestational Carrier
In Vitro Fertilization
Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer
Future Technologies and Conclusions
From the Paper
"In addition to egg donation, embryos can also be donated. In most cases embryos are donated by couples that have undergone IVF and still have some additional frozen embryos; couples can choose to donate these embryos, have them used for medical research or have them destroyed. When the embryos are donated they are given to couples that have problems creating their own embryos."
"The author also points out that as it relates to having to use donor eggs, there are certain emotions that a woman may experience. The author asserts that these emotions are similar to the emotions that a man may experience when he discovers he is sterile. Relying on a donor egg or embryo also means that the woman will have no genetic link to the child."
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BIOLOGY, 2007.
A review of biology as a cross-interdisciplinary study.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at biology. According to the paper, biology covers the entirety of human history as well as the study of all life on the planet Earth. This paper focuses on what and how resources within biology are actually used. The paper assesses their validity based upon their credibility and support within the specific fields.
From the Paper
"There are several types of journals about biology. The two most prominent types are peer-reviewed journals and main-stream journals. In the first case, peer reviewed journals are very scientific in nature and not suited for laymen. They are usually published by professional associations of scientists such as the American Biology Society, and the Public Library of Science. Such literature is usually published on an annual, bi-annual or monthly basis and contains articles that are written by professionals within the field that detail their research. All articles within such journals are peer-reviewed and thus have credibility because they are reviewed for accuracy. Peer reviewed journals take on two particular forms, the first are ones that discipline specific, these journals are usually published through professional associations that specialize in such arenas. For instance, the American Ecology Society publishes a monthly peer-reviewed journal on topics that have to do with ecology. Another type of peer-reviewed journals is national level journals that look at the compilation of research across a spectrum of biological disciplines. Such journals such as the one published by the Public Library of Science, tend to be a panoramic view of the biology discipline, with articles that have to do with the complete breath of research within biology in general. The PLOS Biology journal is published three times a year and is a collection of the most important research within the national trimester. "
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The Maple Tree, 2007.
This paper examines the various types of maple trees and their products.
3,276 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the famous maple tree species, which include the red maple, black maple, silver maple, Japanese maple and sugar maple. The paper looks at the maple tree and its two features of helicopter seeds and the syrup or sugar which is made from its sap. The paper also examines how to predict the quality of a maple season.
From the Paper
"The term maple is the common name for a family, Aceraceae, of trees and shrubs in the soapberry order, Sapindales. The Aceraceae has two genera. The first is the Acer, the maples proper and the box elder, and the second is Dipteronia. Most of the maple trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves every year at the end of the budding season; only a few have enduring leaves and are called as evergreen or semi-evergreen. The leaves of the maple tree grow opposite each other, and they grow in pairs. The leaves are commonly long-stemmed and lobed and they also have toothed margins."
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Stem Cells, 2007.
An overview of stem cells and their potential use to medical science.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how scientists believe that stem cell research has the potential to find cures for several previously incurable diseases and how, despite this exciting potential, progress in stem cell research has so far been hampered by serious technical, ethical, and political issues. This paper discusses the types of stem cells and their sources, the potential of stem cell use in medical science, and the issues that are holding back rapid progress in stem cell research.
Outline:
Types of Stem Cell
Sources of Stem Cells
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Barriers in Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are almost always derived from embryos developed from eggs fertilized during fertility treatment in clinics. In the process of in vitro fertilization, eggs removed surgically from a female ovary are fertilized with sperms in a lab for subsequent implant in a woman's uterus. Numerous fertility clinics fuse more than one egg with sperm as a routine in order to try another implant if the first one does not work. Hence, thousands of such "left-over" embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen freezers in the United States and other countries where in vitro clinics exist, which can be used for stem cell research. "
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Biology Research, 2007.
This paper discusses the methods of identifying accurate sources for biological research.
1,504 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the vast array of resources available in the field of biology and examines how credible such sources are for the discussion of biological discoveries. The paper relates that the key factor with the credibility of biology research is an understanding of the motivation behind the research conducted. The paper looks at university professors, journals, books and websites. The paper shows how there is a litany of literary sources for biological resource; the chief concern is to frame the right questions to find the appropriate research.
From the Paper
"The first step to beginning research within the field of biology is at the nation's premier universities. Educational institutions such as Harvard, Cornell, University of California, San Diego, University of Chicago, etc. are just a few that have made profound affects on biology. Once a professor or researcher have made significant discoveries within the field, they will naturally gravitate towards these esteemed universities to conduct further research. Biology research within the university are not completely unbiased however, there are several problems associated with the credibility of such research."
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Endangered Cichlid Fish, 2007.
This paper looks at the elimination of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria and their significance to scientists.
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Lake Victoria is a natural body of water that has experienced exponential change within the past hundred years, due to human activity. The paper focuses on the devastation to the native cichlid fish in Lake Victoria and attributes this to the economic and social value of the lake as a vital source of fish and water for the surrounding human populations. The paper discusses the many features of the cichlid population of Lake Victoria that explain their significance.
From the Paper
"Still, how scientists will uncover this story is becoming increasingly hazy, as the natural environment of these fishes is being irreversibly changed. Applying the biological definition of a species may be fundamentally useless as observing cichlids in the wild becomes ever more unfeasible. As a result, genetic research on captive populations of the fish may be the best way to identify the specific mechanisms that brought about the cichlid adaptive radiation in Lake Victoria, while morphological analysis should accompany these findings with observations of current distinctions."
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Nature of Family, 2007.
This paper analyzes the nature and status of family.
2,308 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the dynamics of the family and the multifaceted nature of it provide the opportunity for a multidisciplinary approach to it. Further, the writer discusses that biology, anthropology, history, literature and psychology can all provide at least a limited view, that, if put together, create a more holistic vision of the family, as it has changed and evolved through time. The writer points out that each discipline has strengths and weaknesses with regard to identifying family dynamic and status. This work briefly addresses how the information from the sources can be integrated, or is incongruent. The writer also discusses what still needs to be learned to have a complete picture of the nature of families.
From the Paper
"This observation could be explained by communication differences or many environmental cues that are present in the human world but are not in the primate world, but many years of scientific observation of both primate and human lends credence to Smith's claim. Additionally, the literature piece 'A Long Days Journey into Night', as well as many other pieces of literature that discuss human maltreatment of children seem to effectively prove Smith's point. Smith's work is focused mainly on the biological and psychological aspects of child rearing but does not always have a great deal to say about the family in general, though one could apply some of the basics in the work to a broader understanding of how these elements, of great import interact to alter the nature of the family in a more general sense."
"In 'Our Babies, Ourselves Small' also focuses on the child rearing aspect of family, as is suggested by the name, but she does so from a multicultural perspective (ethnopediatrics), combining anthropology, pediatrics and child development disciplines to review extensive cross cultural research on child-rearing."
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Charles River Laboratories, 2007.
An overview of issues and considerations facing the biotechnology company, Charles River Laboratories.
5,010 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Charles River Laboratories and the biotechnology industry in which it competes. It describes current science challenges facing the company, economic and industry concerns and financial, marketing and ethical considerations. The paper then discusses relevant regulatory issues involved in the use of laboratory animals and legal and strategic planning issues for the company. Finally, the paper describes the company's current management and leadership cadre and discusses the challenges in its consulting and staffing services.
Table of Contents:
Review and Analysis
Company Overview
Science Challenges
Economic and Industry Concerns
Financial Considerations
Marketing Considerations
Ethical Considerations
Regulatory Issues
Legal Issues
Strategic Planning Issues
Management and Leadership
Challenges in Consulting and Staffing Services
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that Charles River Laboratories is a Massachusetts-based company that was founded in 1947 and competes on a global basis today. The company provides products that have been shown to contribute in significant ways to the development of new drugs, including research models and their associated services. The research also showed that the company is subject to regulatory oversight from a wide range of national and international agencies, but has managed to not only comply with these regulations but has managed to effect substantive changes to them to their advantage over the years as well. The company has enjoyed a healthy economic performance, offset in part by recent changes in its accounting practices as described further in their latest annual report, but the bottom line outlook for Charles River Laboratories remains positive because the biotechnology industry is likewise expected to grow in exponential terms in the years to come. In sum, Charles River Laboratories is well positioned to take advantage of this explosive growth in the biotechnology field, and barring any unforeseen innovations in computer modeling applications for this purpose, demand for their products will likely continue to increase for the foreseeable future."
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Altruism Within Evolutionary Biology, 2007.
An analysis of the paradox of altruism within evolutionary biology.
1,502 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through collected evidence, whether or not altruism can occur under the premise of evolutionary biology. It explains what evolutionary biology is and then explains the concept of altruism. It then goes on to explain why altruism is a paradox for evolutionary biology. The paper presents theories on altruism in an attempt to explain and minimize this paradox.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Methods
Discussion
From the Paper
"There are many different results that are possible within this experiment. First, the expected result is that the majority of individuals will answer that they would act altruistically. However, they could act altruistically in some cases, as when they are giving change back to others, but selfishly when it comes to saving a drowning person and risking their own lives. Another scenario is that they could act selfishly when they are in the room by themselves, but when they are doing so in conjunction with someone else, they might be motivated by the visual sign of someone else to be altruistic. I argue that in most cases individuals will be altruistic and that they are altruistic because it is a reciprocated trait. When it comes to the questions of whether they would act altruistically knowing that the other person would not do the same. I believe the majority of individuals will still act altruistically. Although this result might differ from person to person."
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Cloning and Human Engineering, 2007.
An examination of the arguments for and against cloning and human engineering.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to provide an overview of the controversial topic of cloning and human engineering. It discusses the various arguments for and against cloning in practice and theory. It looks at the scientific and medical implications of human engineering, as well as the ramifications and implications for society as a whole. The paper also describes how cloning has affected philosophy, religion and politics.
Outline:
Introduction
Cloning: A Brief Overview
Stem Cell Research
The Arguments For and Against Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cloning has also initiated the possibly of engineering body parts from cells. Stem cell cloning is one of the most exiting and controversial areas in contemporary genetic research. However the reality of cloning has a long history and forms of cloning has been observed and used by scientists and biologists in the past. In fact cloning takes place in nature to a great extent. "Clones frequently occur naturally. Potato plants reproduce vegetatively by growing tubers from which the new plant will grow. Potatoes are clones". (Biology) Cloning activity has also been observed in colonies of bacteria where scientists have observed the replication of identical genetic duplicates."
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"The Selfish Gene", 2007.
An analysis of the objections to Richard Dawkins' suggestions about how to approach the study of biology, as presented in his book, "The Selfish Gene."
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the arguments presented by Richard Dawkins in "The Selfish Gene," for a challenging new approach to the study of biology and evolution. The paper suggests that, upon examination, many of the objections to Dawkins' "The Selfish Gene" are based on misunderstandings or gross misrepresentations of Dawkins' original text. The paper discusses this interpretation.
From the Paper
"Both ehtology and sociobiology consider the evolutionary advantages of certain behaviors. Ethology is specifically interested in studying animal behavior, though there is some overlap with psychology. Sociobiology, more broadly, argues that genes play a decisive role in the development of behaviors and that behaviors must be considered in terms of the evolutionary advantage that they offer individuals and species (Hergenhahn, 2005: pp. 559-565). Sociobiology in particular can be seen as the primary intelletual influence, or ally, for Dawkins in The Selfish Gene. Dawkins, too, argues that behavior must be considered in terms of its evolutionary advantage, paying particular attention to altruism and selfishness. His unique contribution to this field of study is his focus on individual genes as the most relevant building blocks of evolution and natural selection. It is not, by his characterization that people are animals that just happen to be made up of genes, but rather that genes just happened to organize themselves into people because this increased their chances for long-term survival."
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Organ Donation, 2007.
A brief look at some of the ethical dilemmas associated with organ donation.
806 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Organ donation is removing specific tissues of the human body for transplanting or grafting into another person. Both cadavers and living persons can be donors, but both also have to fulfill certain criterion in order to eligibly donate. This paper examines how bioethics, politics and personal issues have arisen in concern of organ donation.
From the Paper
"There is a waiting list for legal organs to be donated but for indeterminate lengths of time. The fear of literally dying while still waiting to be a recipient has pushed people to deal with the black market. The "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends justifying the means. This is discussed in teleological and utilitarian issues. Concern also focused on the imbalance of the trade because the market is for only those who can afford, therefore only gives chance for the well-off. The black market has been referred to as the transplant trade outside of the United States. Legalization of the international organ trade would lead to increased supply, lowering prices. Therefore the poor might be able to afford such organs as well."
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DNA, 2007.
This paper discusses the subject of DNA and looks at its reliability.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses DNA, which is short for deoxyribonucleic acid. The writer notes that the code contained within the DNA determines whether the organism turns out to be a fish or a dandelion, a person or a chimp. Further, the writer points out that it also creates the characteristics that make one individual similar to, but still different from, another. The writer explains DNA testing and notes that now that there are more reliable procedures, such as DNA testing, there are fewer people who are wrongfully convicted. The writer discusses convictions as they relate to DNA evidence.
From the Paper
"Wrongful convictions are not often talked about in the news, but they are occasionally mentioned when they are incredibly significant, such as a man who was wrongfully convicted 20 years ago and then was freed based on DNA evidence or some other new way of determining whether the person was actually guilty. These are the exceptions rather than the rules, but these do happen, and they can significantly affect the lives of many people. Not only is the life of the wrongly accused changed forever, but his or her family and friends are all affected as well. This is a very serious concern, and naturally the criminal justice system tries to avoid wrongful convictions as much as they can. It is not always possible, however, to avoid wrongfully convicting someone if there is a great deal of circumstantial evidence or if there are witnesses who claim the person is guilty of a particular crime."
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2007.
This paper discusses the tissue disease of systemic lupus erythematosus.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is also simply called lupus. The writer explains that this is an inflammatory connective tissue disease which is manifested in variable signs and symptoms. The writer notes that this condition may affect multiple organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of auto antibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies. Further, the writer points out that there are also genetic factors that play a role in the development and expression of SLE and environmental factors may also trigger the disease in genetically susceptible hosts.
From the Paper
"The cause of SLE is still unknown. This is an immunologic disorder with the production of auto antibodies. There are different triggering factors of this disease which includes sunlight exposure. Specific medications could also trigger SLE. They initiate immune response in individuals who are susceptible to develop SLE. The two most common of these are Hydralazine and Procainamide. Some anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antituberculars and antibiotics could be among those that trigger this disease."
"The pathophysiology of this disease is not completely known. Studies show that the production of abnormal antibodies by B cells remains the hallmark sign of lupus erythematosus. Such auto antibodies like anti double-stranded DNA and anti-Smith, are very specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-RNP, anti-Rho and anti-La, are also present in other autoimmune diseases. Whether the B cells themselves are intrinsically abnormal is a subject of current research. One of the underlying deficiencies in SLE may be emphasized on apoptosis, or programmed cell death; cellular antigens exposed during apoptosis incite an immune response."
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Gestational Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses different kinds of surrogacy and argues that gestational surrogacy is not the best type.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the types of surrogacy and then develops the arguments which emphasize that gestational surrogacy is not the best type. Next, the writer presents a solution for replacing commercial surrogacy, followed by a brief presentation of non-commercial surrogacy. Further, reasons for which the writer considers non-commercial surrogacy to be better than gestational surrogacy are presented. The end of the paper presents a brief conclusion of all the arguments which have been stated. The writer maintains that gestational surrogacy should be replaced in all cases by non-commercial surrogacy, a practice that would allow a closer relationship between the parents and the surrogate mother and would be able to develop under the jurisdiction of several law stipulations.
From the Paper
"Even though in the recent years it seems that the authorities in many parts of the world have understood the reasons for which people choose this practice and, in addition, they attempted to offer support through law and several facilities - for example, in the state of Virginia the law is especially suitable for facilitating surrogate arrangements, and independent legal advice on this issue can be provided to appropriate couples through our consultant network -, there are still many reasons for which gestational surrogacy is still not an overall accepted practice. Among these reasons there might be encountered the ethnical issues it might create, the lack of proper legislation regarding the norm and cultural problems as well. Even though, the practice cannot be totally forbidden, because in this way many couples would be left without the chance of having their own children."
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