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Child Asthma Treatment, 2008.
This paper discusses recent treatment trends in chronic childhood asthma.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The writer maintains that treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. The writer points out that assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over his/her life. The writer concludes that treatment for asthma is on a continuum and is aimed at control or management.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma as a Current Issue
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Treatment
Summary
From the Paper
"Treatment of asthma is not directed at cure but at control. Control of asthma leads to reduced and infrequent symptoms and allows the child to have an active life as well as quality of life. The optimal management of asthma requires adequate evaluation of the child and his or her environment. Asthma control is achieved through assessment based on specific criteria. The nurse practitioner must be able to identify the symptoms of asthma accurately because symptoms often are mistakenly prioritized. Wheezing, for instance, is commonly regarded as the most common characteristic of asthma. However, coughing is present even in hidden asthma, and frequent coughing or respiratory infections indicate the likelihood of asthma. Coughing which follows running or crying may indicate asthma as well as a recurrent night cough. Recurrent night cough is common, as asthma is often worse at night. Chest tightness and shortness of breath are symptoms of asthma that may be observed alone or in combination with other symptoms. Other common symptoms are nasal flaring, fatigue or irritability."
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Time of the Day, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of the time of day as it relates to research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that developers of research designs need to take all relevant processes into account if their results are to have validity. The writer notes that many researchers conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests fail to take the time of day into consideration. The writer points out that this can lead to error given that cortisol levels are different throughout the course of a day. This is important because cortisol can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. The writer explains that this can then have an impact on the neural activation/deactivation process, meaning the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) in the MRI study and produce results that will not be properly interpreted unless the time of day is included as a variable.
From the Paper
"Higher levels of cortisol are associated with stress, and cortisol levels vary throughout the day just as levels of stress will vary throughout the day. Because cortisol can cross the blood-brfain barrier and bind to the hippocampus, levles of cortisol can have an effect on the neural activation and deactivation of the BOLD levels and so alter the results of the MRI. Time of day thus becomes an element in the process so that the clinician knows what time of day the examination was made and how high the levels of cortisol might be at different tiemns of the day."
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Darwinian Challenge to Aristotle, 2008.
This paper looks at the Darwinian challenge to the Aristotelian world view and discusses why it is taking so long to resolve.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that according to Aristotle, one of the greatest influences on the development of Western civilization, the natural world is unchanging, eternal and purposeful. The writer points out that this epistemology dominated Western civilization for the two thousand years leading up to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The writer discusses that Darwin's contribution was to make the theory public, to promote it and to provide extensive empirical evidence to back it up. At the heart of the theory is the revelation that nature is not immutable, but subject to change. The writer concludes that continued resistance is to be expected, but not to be overly feared; it is the inevitable death throes of an ideology that is giving way to one that is simply a fitter adaptation to the natural world and its demands on the human species.
From the Paper
"With evidence mounting at every turn and only minor modifications being made to evolutionary theory (thanks to work mainly in molecular biology) many in the scientific community are astounded that a strong current of anti-Darwinism still persists anywhere, let alone in a modern nation such as the United States. Religious fundamentalism and intelligent design proponents have challenged the Darwinian world view since it upset the Aristotelian roughly one hundred fifty years ago. The scientific consensus is strongly in favor of evolution and the empirical evidence support the claims of evolutionary biology. Why does a current of opposition to the Darwinian world view still persist? It persists because two millennia is a long time for a cultural meme such as the Aristotelian world view to become entrenched and self-supporting. The Darwinians shouldn't be surprised that there is still resistance to their position after more than one hundred years--they should be amazed that after such a short historical period, the Darwinian world view is successfully subduing Aristotelian resistance wherever it is found."
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Front Temporal Dementia, 2007.
A literature critique of front temporal dementia (FTD).
3,086 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the literature on the topic of front temporal dementia to see what has been investigated to date and what results have been found, as well as suggestions for future research and for new areas to explore, in order to refine the issue further and to gain more insight into causes, diagnosis, and treatments that might be effective. The paper examines the many aspects of FTD and points out the differences in onset and also in treatment. The writer believes that the discovery of the connection to mutations in the tau gene has opened up a wide variety of possibilities for further study, but notes that there are FTD subtypes that certainly do not have a link with the tau gene and may have a different cause and may also have to be treated differently.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Diagnosis
Chemical Processes
Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Front temporal dementia (FTD) takes place in those parts of the brain preferentially affected by the problem of dementia, which is itself caused by differing pathological processes leading to damage in the frontal and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are largely responsible for such clinical manifestations as behavior, emotional response, and language skills. Damage in these areas can give rise to forms of frontal dementia and language disorders such as semantic dementia and primary progressive aphasia. This damage is linked to dysfunctions of the tau gene or tau protein and can lead to a classification based on specific clinical symptoms or particular lesions or even a mixed classification."
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Liver and Gall Bladder, 2008.
An overview of the physiology of the human liver and hepatobiliary system.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the liver and hepatobiliary system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The relevant physiology in relation to these organs is also discussed as well as pathological disorders associated with each.
Outline
Anatomy
Physiology
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
From the Paper
"The liver is a vital organ for altering the activity of foreign substances such as drugs and toxins. This is accomplished mainly through an enzyme system called the cytochrome P450 complex in the liver cells. Drugs and toxins within the bloodstream are filtered through the liver cells and metabolized. The liver cells detoxify the blood by adding groups to the substances that makes them inactive or more water- or fat-soluble, where they can be safely excreted through the urinary system or digestive system. Alternatively, these substances can be broken down by certain enzymes, rendering them inactive. Some drugs, however, utilize the catabolic nature of the liver in order to convert less active or initially inert drugs into their active metabolites. "
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2008.
This paper studies hepatic portal circulation and fetal circulation.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
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| Term Paper # 101165 |
temporarily unavailable
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Kidney Development, 2006.
An examination of the development of the kidney organ.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the cell growth and organ development in humans, as well as, in frogs. The writer discusses the various growth periods which occur in an organism and looks at how organs evolve into fully functioning elements of the body. In addition, the paper shows that through scientific research it has become evident that with the DNA of all people there can be identification of the cells in the body, leading to an understanding of how those cells work throughout organ systems.
From the Paper
"Taxonomy serves to classify organs and the taxa is the relationship among all elements within the organ system (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). The kidneys are constructed with tubules (Haldane & Huxley, 1927, p. 116). The tubules are created through capillaries within an area called a tuft (Haldane & Huxley, 1927, p 116). As the tubules extend from this tuft they are connected into the core of the kidneys. The tuft itself continues to function within the body as a filter. The kidneys are then comprised of capillaries and glomerulus (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). Their primary function is to dispel fluids from the body when they are no longer needed. Fluid that is drained through the tubes of the kidneys the cells that exist within them are tasked with collecting elements within the fluids that assist in body functioning and that are unwanted (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). For example, a positive element would be blood, while a negative one would be acids."
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Canadian Forest Management, 2008.
This paper discusses the need for sustainable forest management policies in Canada.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian forests have been significantly depleted due to poor management practices centered solely on production and monetary gain. The paper shows how forests need to be managed in a sustainable fashion, allowing the industrial exploitation without endangering the many other vital roles this natural resource plays.
From the Paper
"Almost one half of Canadian landscape is covered in forests that extend from the one coast to the other (Dufour, 267). According to the 2001 inventory, the Canadian landmass covered in forests was 402.1 million hectares (National Resources Canada, 2001). However, the distribution of forested areas varies between the provinces with British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario having the most forested area. In this light, it is not surprising that forestry plays an important role in the Canadian economy. In fact one fifth of the world's forest products are exported from Canada (Dufour, 268). The forest industry provided over 750 000 direct and indirect jobs in 1991 with this number steadily increasing during the next decade. In the same time period the income for forestry doubled: from $17 billion in 1991 to $34 billion in 2001. (Dufour, 271)."
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Aquaculture and Marine Coral, 2008.
An overview of the cultivation and sustentation of coral for aquarium hobbyists.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how although it is not known to what extent the use of aquaculture will assist in the preservation of coral reefs, it is certain that aquaculture will help promote the health and longevity of corals when kept in a personal fish tank. It looks at how the aquaculture process facilitates appropriate animal husbandry methods that are already widely used in facilitating and improving the health of other domesticated plants and animals.
Outline
Introduction
Coral Reefs and the Marine Aquarium Hobbyist
Applications of Aquaculture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To be sold as a piece of authentic aquacultured coral, the organism must have propagated a minimum of two times in captivity, suggesting that the size of the organism has reached a size sustainable for harvest two or more times since the original parent colony was harvested from the ocean (Pillay & Kutty, 2005). This process has been likened to that of houseplants, where a houseplant has grown large enough to divide a minimum of two times before the successive harvested generations are considered to be domesticated. "
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Community Ecology, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of logging and fires on temperate deciduous forests.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that a large part of temperate deciduous forests have been removed by logging, land clearing and fire suppression. The paper examines various theories that look at the effects of logging versus fire in the disturbances of temperate forests. The paper details the effects of fire and logging on tree, understory and wildlife diversity.
From the Paper
"Reviews on the fire effects on tree, understory and wildlife diversity are as follows. Thonicke and Cramer (2006) suggest that a fire model be used as a simulator to determine the patterns of how the fires would dominate long-term vegetation composition. Accordingly, the immediate effects are historical in terms of the range of impact on canopy conductance and litter moisture in Brandenburg (Germany) forests. Yet, burnt areas would not excel and "fire changes had no implication for vegetation composition in Brandenburg but reduced vegetation carbon would be gained" (Thonicke and Cramer, 283). With the fire model (LPJ Dynamic Fire Model), the spread is more likely to change climate conditions along with carbon for long-term best effect in natural vegetation from precipitation patterns."
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Invasive Plants in North America, 2007.
An examination of invasive plants and their effect on the ecological stability of the United States.
2,668 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the spread of invasive plant species, specifically in the United States, and explains the nature of some of these invasive species. The writer discusses how these plants are introduced to the United States, their negative effects on the environment, and methods of control. The The writer also discusses the leading hypothesis for how nonnative plant species become invasive, known as the "escape-from-enemy" hypothesis. The paper concludes that more education and awareness is needed in order to fight these invasive species which have the potential to destroy native ecosystems.
From the Paper
"Invasive plants are a major, if not well understood, threat to ecological stability in the United States if not the world. Some nonnative species that are introduced into a new habitat are entirely innocuous and have no detrimental effects. Others are ill-suited to the new environment and quickly expire. Some, however, are exceptionally well-suited for their new place in the world and quickly overcome all of the native species. The kudzu vine and the zebra mussel are examples of such aggressive, invasive species. Unfortunately for those environmentalists and social agencies interested in preventing the spread of invasive species, the attributes of a successful invasion are not well understood (Wolfe 705). Understanding how nonnative species become invasive must be one of the first priorities in the fight against their spread and the subsequent destruction of ecosystem stability."
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Odor and Memory in Humans, 2007.
This paper explains olfaction is closely related to the limbic system, which plays a role in directing both emotions and memory.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the sense of smell is related to spatial memory in a residual feature shared with other vertebrates that are also able to recognize and become reoriented towards a place by way of olfactory reminders. The author points out that only two synapses separate the human olfactory nerve from the amygdala involved in emotion and emotional memory, and only three synapses separate the olfactory nerve from the hippocampus implicated in memory and especially, working and long term memory. The paper states that neurobiological and other studies pertaining to olfaction and memory have explored such topics as social membership, interaction and recognition.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Indications of Evolution
Amnosmia
More on Human Olfaction and Other Primates
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"This 'Proust Effect' has been noted in various other kinds of survivors and often, many years after other reminders of unwanted, often terrible experiences have subsided. A particular smell of which the person may barely be aware till encountered can create intense emotional memories and upset. It is known that olfactory neurons are unmyleinated as makes them the slowest of those associated with the different senses but also makes perceived smells last longer than those of vision or audition. "
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Wastewater Treatment in New York City, 2008.
This paper describes wastewater treatment in New York City, which has one of the most extensive wastewater systems in the country.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the New York City water system delivers drinking water to more than 8 million city residents plus 1 million consumers in other counties and then returns the used water into the New York's extensive wastewater treatment system. The author points out that the Metropolitan Sewerage commission was created in 1904 after the discovery of the link between waterborne bacteria and human disease. The paper relates that one of the leading challenges and causes of wastewater collection system blockages is FOG---fats, oil and grease. The author relates that solutions counteracting FOG are large monetary penalties requiring the polluter to appear in court every time a fine is issued, helping businesses comply with regulations and installing grease interceptors. The paper includes a figure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History and Overview of New York City's Wastewater Treatment System
FOG: A Primary Challenge to New York City's Wastewater Treatment System Faces
Solutions to FOG
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Grease interceptors are used to prevent FOG materials from entering and clogging the sewer lines. All City business that dispose of grease, fats or oil should have a grease interceptor installed, including: restaurants, hospitals, day cares, senior centers, nursing homes, and other food handling operations. The interceptor works by separating the grease and oils from the wastewater. FOG laden wastewater enters the interceptor and passes through a vented flow control fitting that regulates the flow of the wastewater."
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The Luminescence of Fireflies, 2007.
This paper explores the physiology of bioluminescence in fireflies.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses fireflies, soft-bodied insects who inhabit temperate and tropical environments. The paper describes their characteristics, how they produce light and how this bioluminescence has an important role in the male beetles.
From the Paper
"Fireflies are soft-bodied insects inhabiting temperate and tropical environments. They belong to the Lampyridae family. Today more than 2000 species of fireflies have been described. The elytra, or shard, on fireflies is more leathery than on other species of beetles. The size of fireflies is small to medium and there are different coloured species in existence. Fireflies' larvae can usually be found in wooded areas and around ponds, marshes or other bodies of water."
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Ecofeminism, 2007.
This paper discusses the ecofeminist theory that combines ecology with feminism.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the origins of ecofeminism and discusses the three main aspects of the modern ecofemnist movement; philosophy, political activism and spirituality. The paper discusses how ecofeminism believes that the domination and oppression of women by men is directly related to the mistreatment of the environment. The paper explains ecofeminists' claims that women are suffering more from the adverse impacts of environmental degradation compared to men. The paper shows how ecofeminists attempt to force the international communities to include gender as a perspective for sustainable policy making.
From the Paper
"Ecofeminism is a political and philosophical movement that symbolizes the union of the radical ecology, or what has been called deep ecology, and feminism. "The term ecofeminism was coined by French theorist Francoise d'Eaubonne in 1972, who developed the "Ecologie-Feminisme" group, arguing that the destruction of the environment is due to the profit motif inherent in male power" (Ruether, 2005, p.91). Ecofeminism today has expanded to include the belief that there is a direct connection between the oppression of women, the oppression of 'the others' (through racism, class-ism, ethnic and religious intolerance etc.) and the domination and oppression of nature. Kirk, (2006), points out "how gender, race, class, imperialism and the global capitalist economy are connected to ecological destruction" (p.502). This oppression is twofold: it is ideological-cultural and it is socio-economic. The goal of ecofeminists is to eliminate this oppression and to change the conceptual framework, which is responsible for creating a world in which differences lead to domination."
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Argument against Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of stem cell research and provides an argument against cloning.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, cloning has been a controversial issue in contemporary medical ethics and biomedical research. The writer notes that cloning has many advocates, as it seems to offer the prospect of cures for diseases and illnesses that are currently incurable. However, the writer points out that it also has vociferous opponents, many of whom believe that scientists have no business interfering with sacred human life processes and beliefs. The writer maintains that the media furor generated by this admission highlights the importance of this issue. Moreover, the writer discusses that there is the ongoing problem that few scientific successes have been achieved in cloning. It remains unknown whether cloning will be utilized to cure diseases in our lifetime. This essay attempts to find the facts beneath the sensationalism, and argues that cloning is undesirable.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information
Therapeutic Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Benefits of Cloning
The Potential Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Reproductive Cloning
The Arguments against Cloning
Arguments against Therapeutic Cloning
Arguments against Reproductive Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the first reported successful clone was that of Dolly the sheep. This was an example of reproductive cloning, in which an embryo is created in order to grow it into a replica of the creature from which it is cloned. This is the most controversial application, as it involves creating life - and potentially, even creating human life. The process is the same as the beginning stages of therapeutic cloning, described above. However, instead of killing the embryo by harvesting stem cells, scientists allow it to continue growing, and then implant it into a womb. In the rare cases when this is successful, the embryo then grows to term and is born - an exact, new-born copy of the donor from whom the nucleus was taken."
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Brains and Sex Differences, 2007.
This article analyzes the article "The Difference" by Ann Moir and David Jessel, that argues that there are differences between the brains of women and men.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer provides a critique of Ann Moir and David Jessel's article, which is provocatively entitled "The Differences". The writer notes that the differences to which these two authors allude are the differences that they claim exist between women's and men's brains. The writer points out that according to Moir and Jessel, it is an irrefutable scientific fact that women's and men's brains differ substantially, and moreover that this is reflected in their vastly different aptitudes, interests and abilities. The writer discusses that the authors take issue with what they clearly see as a politically correct vogue of denying that such differences exist, and urge readers to simply accept the differences as a fact of biology. The writer maintains that in so doing, they implicitly attempt to negate much of the work done by feminists to date, and arguably contribute to the backlash against feminism.
From the Paper
"In addition, given the misogyny that lurks just below the surface of this article, it is hard to believe that the authors did not have the deliberate intent of countering the feminist movement. The misogyny is evidenced for example by the fact that Gustave Le Bon's statement that many women's brains are closer in size to those of gorillas than those of men is quoted without censure, indeed, with tacit approval, as the authors then immediately go on to imply that we are in a devastating social revolution due to the fact that women are stupidly refusing to accept their inferiority. And the fact that one of the authors is a woman should not distract us from the charge of misogyny - sadly, the ranks of women also have their share of Uncle Tom's."
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HAART Effects on HIV, 2007.
This paper looks at how effective highly active antriretroviral therapy (HAART) is for HIV positive patients and what factors modify its effectiveness.
1,644 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first explains that HAART refers to highly active antiretroviral therapy. The writer then points out that antiretroviral medications are used for the treatment of infection by viruses such as HIV. The writer notes that HAART is comprised of a combination of several antiretroviral drugs. Since 1990, new antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been used in combination with protease inhibitors and non-nucleosides. The writer discusses that the effectiveness of HAART has been tested in a number of ways, however, its effectiveness depends on demographic and health factors. The writer maintains that the issue of HAART is relevant to nursing since it involves the well being and effective treatment of HIV+ patients. The writer finds this relevant because many patients today are HIV+, even though they may not be aware of their status and enter treatment for other reasons. Using literary sources, the writer examines the effectiveness of HAART for HIV+ patients and what modifies its effectiveness.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Critique
Implications for Nursing and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The purpose of Chu, Gange, and Anastos' study was to determine if hormonal contraceptive use played a part in the effectiveness of HAART. This comparative study used 77 hormonal contraceptive users and 77 nonusers. The design was a prospective cohort study since the sample was based on the larger group used by Gange, et al. The same methods were used as in the earlier study. The main finding was that HIV-infected hormonal contraceptive users and nonusers did not differ significantly in their immunologic and virologic responses to HAART. From the study, it was concluded that there was insufficient evidence that using hormonal contraceptives significantly changed the effectiveness of HAART."
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