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Rainforest Depletion, 2008.
This paper looks at the causes and potential effects of rainforest depletion.
2,588 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that tropical rainforests are arguably the most precious natural resource on the earth and constitute the world's most diverse biological eco-system. The writer points out that unfortunately, rainforests are being destroyed at an alarming and unsustainable rate and may even disappear completely within a few decades if the present rate of their depletion continues. In this paper the writer discusses the causes of rainforest depletion and the potential catastrophic effects of their rapid destruction.
Outline:
Causes of Rainforest Depletion
Direct Causes
Underlying/ Indirect Causes
Potential Effects of Rainforest Depletion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Commercial Agriculture is different from slash-and-burn farming and refers to large-scale farming of cash crops such as sugar, palm oil, natural rubber, coffee, cacao, and tropical fruits by business corporations. Such large-scale farming contributes to deforestation in a number of ways. The very meaning of 'cash crops' means that the commercial agriculture in only interested in maximizing his profits by using modern machinery, fertilizers and pesticides and is not bothered about the environment. A specific example of commercial agriculture is the palm-oil plantations in the South East Asian countries that have replaced vast tracts of tropical rainforests, especially Indonesia in the recent past. Widespread use of agrochemicals by commercial agriculture companies results in contamination of crops, soils, and ground water and the occupation of choicest land by influential corporations force the subsistence farmers further out into the forests leading to indirect deforestation."
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The Dermatological System, 2008.
Looks at the way stress affects the dermatological system.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the skin as an organ can experience a very wide range of disorders, it is not generally known that stress also affects the skin's ability to remain healthy. The author describes anatomy of the skin as a human organ. The paper relates that some of the ways in which stress affects the skin includes the redirection of blood by adrenaline, which causes the skin to become pale and lackluster, the prevention of blood flow, which cuts down on oxygen and vital skin nutrients and an increase in cortisone secretion, which suppresses the body's natural immunity. The paper relates that, although many dermatologists are still debating whether stress actually causes skin disorders, they do agree that stress definitely triggers or aggravates skin conditions like acne, hives, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea and herpes simplex.
From the Paper
'Somatic factors include the use of certain legal and illegal drugs, obesity, malnutrition, metabolic disturbances, circulatory disturbances, immunologic deficits or abrupt changes in the turgor (i.e., the resiliency) of the skin. Some of the defining characteristics of impaired skin integrity include "a disruption of the surface of the skin," such as with cuts and scrapes, "the destruction of cell layers and the invasion of structures of the body through the skin, such as with stabbing and cutting."
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Heavy Alcohol Use and the Brain, 2008.
A review of the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the brain.
2,365 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that there are many studies into the long-term effects of heavy alcohol use and notes that it may lead to shrinkage of brain material. This in turn may lead to short-term memory deficits. The paper also relates that it is known that heavy alcohol use impairs the hippocampus which affects memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Brain Shrinkage and Short Term Memory Loss
Hippocampus Activity and Memory Loss
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As discussed earlier in the essay, heavy consumption has been associated for some time that with reductions in the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. The forebrain cholinergic neurons are distinguished into two groups, those of the basal ganglia and those of the basal forebrain. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the cortical regions, and the most rostral of these project to the allocortical regions such as the hippocampus. Therefore reductions in numbers of these cholinergic neurons will lead to reductions in activity of these allocortical regions, including the hippocampus. It is also possible that alterations in modulatory transmitter inputs such as cholinergic innervations may also play a role in the reduction of hippocampus activity without the actual loss of cholinergic neurons themselves. However in tests which have been performed on rhesus monkey models it has been shown that hippocampal activity reduction which is related solely to these alterations in modulatory input and not reductions in numbers of cholinergic neurons are unrelated to observed changes in memory function of any kind (Calhoun 475). This does not mean however that the reduction in hippocampal activity related to actual loss of cholinergic neurons does not lead to degeneration of memory function."
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Otoacoustic Emissions, 2008.
Discusses the meaning and value of otoacoustic emissions (OAE).
4,235 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that otoacoustic emissions or OAEs are low-intensity sounds produced by the normal cochlea and by the cochlear outer hair cells as they expand and contract. The knowledge of the function of OAEs has provided new breakthroughs and insights into early intervention and treatment of deafness. The paper then describes the four types of OAEs, as well as ways to test, assess, and measure OAEs. Additionally, the paper discusses their clinical use and prognostic value. The paper concludes that their overall recognized value is in supplying information about cochlear function, which indicates hearing problems. This unique capability holds many promises.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Anatomy
Types
SOAEs
TOAEs
DPOAEs
SFOAEs
Measurements
Clinical Use
Low-Level OAEs Predict Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
OAEs Can Cause Hearing Loss without Ear Damage
Recreational Hearing Loss
Tympanic Perforations
Retrocochlear Dysfunction
DPOAEs in Older Adults
Hearing Conservation Programs
Prognostic Value of OAEs
Perspectives
OEAs and Hearing Conservation Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been proposed that OAEs are located in the peripheral portion of the eighth cranial nerve. These emissions appear to perform an instant modulation of frequency in the basilar membrane. Experts have established that directional hearing and noise reduction depend on inter-aural difference. They have, therefore, found it difficult to believe that a process could be working against these factors. Sound used to elicit an emission is transmitted through the outer ear. There, the auditory stimulus is changed from an acoustic to a mechanical signal at the tympanic membrane."
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The Spread of Bacteria on University Campuses, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American University Campuses.
8,634 words (approx. 34.5 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American university campuses. The paper explains that methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gained public fame as the notorious "flesh eating bacteria." MRSA is serious because, unlike non-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus, it does not respond readily to a host of antibiotics commonly used to treat such illnesses. This paper utilizes the results of a survey done on MRSA and university students to develop a plan that can be used by American college campuses to help control the spread of MRSA among the student population. The paper points out that MRSA is typically associated with a hospital setting, but as outbreaks began to occur that were obviously not of a hospital origin, a new classification system was developed. The paper then looks at how this classification system has more to do with disease prevention and community health than clinical treatment of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Appended is a survey questionnaire
From the Paper
"MRSA has been the subject of many clinical studies. There is an abundance of information one the various drugs that have been developed to help combat the disease, its history and mutations, and methods of control in various populations. A majority of the literature has focused on MRSA in the healthcare setting. However, there is a growing body of literature that addresses MRSA in settings other than in hospitals. The reason for this growth in interest regarding Community Acquired MRSA is the growing number of outbreaks on college campuses, particularly among sports participants.
Literature focuses on the clinical aspects of control and treatment. However, there is little information on the reason for the growing concern on college campus."
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The Doctrine of Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy, 2008.
Looks the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy as applied to modern medical ethics.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy emphasizes the dilemma that modern medicine experiences when faced with the issue of a patient's right and autonomy to decide what is going to be done to his or her own body once he or she is committed to a healthcare unit. The paper then points out that the once unquestionable acceptance that the patient should leave him or herself completely in the care of the medical staff seems to be outdated. The paper then goes on to define the concepts of patient's right of patient autonomy and the physician's obligation of informed consent. The issue may appear to be simple; however, there are many aspects to this doctrine. These are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper
"Wear also identifies many other aspects and medical situations where informed consent and patient autonomy can be harmful from a medical point of view, rather than beneficial. According to Wear, the two bioethics concepts can be termed as 'fast ethics', as in 'fast food', that is, a compromise between real ethical principles and no principles at all. Wear emphasizes thus that the ethos itself and its functionality may be seriously undermined in such cases where the doctors are confronted with the spontaneous behavior of the patients who are confronted with the truth about a serious illness or condition."
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"More Than Human", 2008.
A critical review of Ramez Naam's book "More Than Human".
1,471 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Ramez Naam, in his book "More Than Human", looks at technologies that exist today or will soon exist that will impact how society will progress in the future. The paper looks at how Naam argues that biotechnology will dramatically enhance our lives by providing a variety of different benefits to the human race. The paper also looks at Naam's discussion of gene therapy and shows how he provides no real evidence to support his claims. In addition, the paper discusses how Naam ignores obvious moral and ethical issues and clearly offers a very biased approach towards biological enhancements.
From the Paper
"There are many different types of abilities that Naam talks about in his book. He discuses how biological enhancements such as nanotechnology will soon enhance our ability to fight diseases as well as implications of technology to extend the human lifespan far beyond current levels. A lot of his book deals with how humans can find ways to increase their intelligence and alter their current personalities through genetic changes and computer implantation. All of his arguments are presented very well with a lot of documented research. The focus of his book is clearly on the benefits of technology; he does not spend any time devoted to the problems that this type of technology could mean for the rest of us, and most specifically the ethical considerations of this technology."
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Genentech, 2008.
An overview and analysis of Genentech, a world leader in the biotechnology industry.
1,648 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Genentech company history and describes key aspects of its operations including its corporate locations, manufactured products and financial information. The paper presents some predictions, based on evidence from the past, on the company's future. The paper also addresses the issues of what career opportunities and employee benefits Genentech, Inc. offers its workers today.
From the Paper
"Genentech, Inc. (an abbreviated version of the company's full name: Genetic Engineering Technology, Inc.) has arguably become, in the past three decades since it first was formed, the relatively young biotechnology industry's foremost worldwide corporate entity. In fact, Genentech in its earliest corporate phase throughout the mid-to-late 1970's is the company that actually pioneered the (then brand new) field of biotechnology, beginning officially in 1976. Unofficially, though, Boyer and various research associates were doing what would now be called biotechnology research several years before that ("Genentech")."
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The XYY Chromosomal Factor, 2008.
A look at the contention that the XYY syndrome causes aggression in males.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the XYY syndrome has been blamed for many abnormalities in human males for well over one hundred years and how recent evidence points to the fact that this syndrome does not
manifest aggressive or violent behavior in affected human males, at least not to the extent of criminality or sociopathological behavior, such as one would find in sociopaths or "serial killers." It concludes that since genetic research on this abnormality is rather scant, we must rely on what is available, based on hard scientific evidence and documentation and that under extraordinary circumstances, this type of genetic disorder may indeed cause some type of aggressive behavior in males, due to the existence of higher levels of testosterone.
From the Paper
"This 47, XYY Syndrome is rather common as compared to other genetic abnormalities associated with human chromosomes and how they pair up during the development stages of human growth in the womb. Overall, this syndrome occurs in about 1 male out of 1,000, "born with an extra Y chromosome in each cell." In the United States, recent data has revealed that 5 to 10 boys are born each day with the 47, XYY Syndrome which figures to less than one percent ("What is 47, XYY Syndrome?" Internet). These statistics tend to show that the XYY Syndrome is rare, yet when one considers the number of males born in the U.S. every day with other genetic disorders, it could be said that this syndrome is relatively common. "
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An Analysis of Vestibular Rehabilitation, 2008.
A literary review on the subject of vestibular rehabilitation.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper is a literary review and discusses vestibular rehabilitation, the incidence of spontaneous recovery, impact of compensation, decompensation and long-term balance of organ dysfunction. Also discussed are alternative therapy and virtual reality. The paper proposes a new patient management strategy to improve patient outcomes for those undergoing vestibular rehabilitation.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Literature
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Darlington, Matheson & Smith (1999) note often, vestibular deficits result as people age, and the vestibular system deteriorates resulting in declined function. The most prominent symptoms include dizziness or the sense "of lightheadedness or a spinning sensation" as if one existed in "an altered orientation of space" (Darlington, Matheson & Smith, p. 10). Without care the long-term outcome for patients is poor, as many lose confidence in their ability to function independently. This may result in feelings of anxiety and depression."
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Neuroendocrine Controls in Lower Invertebrates, 2008.
A study on the endocrine effects of pigment dispersal on color change in fiddler crabs.
1,804 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the hypothesis that injections of pigment dispersing hormone (PDH) will result in abnormal darkening of fiddler crabs, even when returned to a white background. The paper discusses how the color changes in response to the environment in the fiddler crab helps us understand the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The paper looks at the methods, results and factors that might have affected the results of this experiment. The paper concludes that this study is an important step in the understanding of hormonal dispersal in many living creatures, possibly even in higher vertebrates.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
From the Paper
"The study of neuroendocrine controls in lower invertebrates can provide important clues to the functioning of these systems in higher vertebrates, such as humans. Some of the hormones found in invertebrates are unique and do not exist in higher species. However, some of the hormones, such as peptidic and lipidic hormones are quite close to those found in their vertebrate counterparts (LaFont, 2000). This makes the understanding of crustacean hormones important for the understanding of the hormonal reactions of higher species as well. This research cannot be directly applied to higher order vertebrates, but it can give us important clues as to in which direction research needs to proceed in the development of a better understanding of higher order vertebrate endocrinology."
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Genetic Engineering, 2008.
An overview of the genetic engineering including research and the controversy surrounding it.
1,481 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how genetic engineering refers to a number of biotechnologies that are used to combine or manipulate genes or genetic material to produce new physiological traits in the organism or in the next generation. The paper then looks at how genetic engineering includes some aspects of gene therapy, stem cell research, and cloning as well. It also discusses how genetic engineering has come under fire when it has been used in the production of new foods because of the fear that these foods may have unfortunate and unforeseen consequences for the population eating those foods. In addition, the paper discusses other research that has sought to splice genes and manipulate genetic material so as to cure diseases by changing bodily characteristics to fight off the causes of disease. The paper continues with a look at the benefits of genetic engineering and concludes that The field is really in its infancy, and the possibilities are increasing by the day. Each new line of research opens new possibilities for more research tomorrow.
From the Paper
"Stem cell research is related to cloning and is also called therapeutic cloning, a term that refers to the cloning of cells the removal of stem cells from the pre-embryo in order to produce tissue or a whole organ to be transplanted back into the person who supplied the DNA. The reason for this is "to produce a healthy copy of a sick person's tissues or organ for transplant," which "would be vastly superior to relying on organ transplants from other people" ("Embryo Cloning, Adult DNA Cloning and Therapeutic Cloning" paragraph 4). For one thing, the problem of rejection is overcome in this manner without the need for specialized drugs. The supply of tissue that could be cloned is virtually unlimited, and this would eliminate waiting lists for transplants."
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Microbial Diversity, 2008.
This paper explores microbial diversity and its effects on aquatic ecosystem function.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews past and present literature on microbial diversity, bio-geochemistry and how they are interrelated. The paper provides a short overview on diversity and the aquatic ecosystem and reviews some of the new techniques in measuring microbial diversity as well as some of the disadvantages of these techniques. The paper discusses the biogeochemical processes and presents studies that link diversity to the overall functioning of the system.
Outline:
Introduction
Biodiversity
Aquatic Ecosystem
Measurement of Microbial Diversity
Trophic Interactions in Aquatic Systems
Biogeochemical Cycling
Diversity and Aquatic System Functioning
From the Paper
"Although microorganisms are barely visible in the aquatic system, they play a very important role in the processes occurring in the system be it in the food web or in nutrient cycling of the system, also called biogeochemical cycle. According to Kiorboe (1993), the majority of the biological activity in pelagic systems are performed by microorganisms smaller than 100 m. Larger organisms, on the other hand, play a very minor role in the nutrient and energy cycling of the system."
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"The Naked Ape" and Morris' View on Imprinting, 2008.
A review of Desmond Morris' views on imprinting as discussed in "The Naked Ape" and a comparison of his views with those of L. Salk.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the third chapter of Desmond Morris', "The Naked Ape," as it relates to the development of human children. It discusses the content of the chapter under discussion and describes Morris' view on imprinting. The paper compares Morris' view with that of L. Salk and his strong case for imprinting. It concludes that these individuals are very similar, but their methods differ.
From the Paper
"In the end, Desmond Morris relies heavily upon the work of Salk in the third chapter of his book. Instinctively, I am inclined to think that Morris is correct in dismissing left-handed cradling; I am also inclined to think that the matter is more complicated than he acknowledges - especially given the findings of later research. Fundamentally, I prefer Salk's findings to Morris' simple regurgitation of them; by engaging in original research, Salk gives his conclusions an authenticity that Morris does not. Furthermore, Morris' refusal to cite studies supporting the arguments of critics insisting that left-handed cradling is caused by "right-handedness" in society leaves the reader with the impression that he erected a "straw-man" so that his own argument would be strengthened."
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An Aquatic Ecosystem, 2008.
Looks at the food web of an aquatic ecosystem.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an aquatic ecosystem located in a botanical garden in which dragonfly larva eat stickleback fish, which eat daphnia. The author describes the dragonfly larva, the stickleback fish and the daphnia and points out that the actions of these three entities in this aquatic ecosystem transfer nutrients into energy as they move through the food chain. The author concludes that the presence of predators has an effect on the morphology of each of the species and any changes in their behavior affects the environment as a whole.
From the Paper
"A study by Arnqvist and Johansson (1998) considers ways in which the dragonfly larva may show the effects of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, meaning that the form of the insect based on environmental considerations, one of which is the action of predator-induced defenses in prey. Predation is known to affect the phenotypic expression of a wide range of traits in a way that reduces the impact of predation. Most studies have examined traits that exhibit switched plasticity and usually do not examine the ontogenetic growth trajectories of defense structures."
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The Neanderthal Problem, 2008.
A analysis of the relationship between early homo sapiens and the Neanderthals.
1,011 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a number of the dominant theories concerning the nature of the relationship between the ancestors of modern humans - early homo sapiens or "anatomically modern" (AM) populations - and the distinct species of the "homo" genus known as the Neanderthals. The paper then examines the fate of the Neanderthals. The paper focuses on the two main groups of theories: replacement theory and the interbreeding theory.
From the Paper
"It should be noted, however, that there is as yet no definitive conclusion to the "Neanderthal problem" as scholars and researchers in a range of disciplines from archaeology to bio-genetics argue about the complex issues in this debate. It is clear that AM populations who comprise the ancestors of modern day humanity likely played some role in the extinction of the Neanderthals, given the coincidence of their settlements in the archaeological record, as well as similarities in their cultural technologies. This being said, however, the question of whether early humans replaced Neanderthals - who became extinct through natural processes or violence - or absorbed them through interbreeding, remains an open subject of debate to this day."
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The Origins of Life, 2008.
Looks at the origins of life on earth and the implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the search for life beyond this planet must be built on a solid understanding of how life managed to emerge on Earth. The author examines the development of extraterrestrial theories about the origins of life by beginning with an examination of previous theories of origin. The paper then presents current research and the empirical basis for current theories with implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. The author also offers some possible avenues of future research and examination, which could help refine the understanding of the origins of life in the universe.
From the Paper
"In fact, the presence of a liquid like water seems to be the only major prerequisite for the development of life. Without a liquid, the complex chemical reactions required for the emergence of life are presumed impossible. But, that's not to say that the liquid in question must be water. Many researchers are exploring the possibility of life developing in more unorthodox liquids, such as methane, ammonia, or even sulfuric acid. Life on earth may have simply developed to take advantage of the very abundant liquid water; water's presence may have only been happenstance."
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The Doll-Maker, 2008.
A creative short story about the growing "designer baby" craze.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a fictional story about a couple going to a clinic to have their baby designed. The paper describes the drive to the clinic of the couple, Jim and Nancy, noting that they are both quiet on their long drive to see the doctor. The paper relates that Jim realizes he was scared about the doctor and, maybe just a little, about Nancy, as well. The paper then relates that Jim wanted a baby, just not the baby that was now being built piecemeal by his wife.
From the Paper
""I'm fine," Nancy said. She was wearing sunglasses and Jim couldn't be sure if she wasn't looking at him out of the corner of her one eye. "Just keep your eyes on the road, hun'; we don't need an accident." From where he sat, Jim thought he saw the faintest flicker of a smile, but he really couldn't be sure. To be honest, she rarely smiled anymore."
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