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Groundwater and Hydrology, 2004.
An analysis of groundwater and hydrology, with a focus on national water resources.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of water that takes place through a continuation process referred to as a hydrological cycle, which derives its momentum from solar energy and gravity. The paper analyzes the various methods for maintaining an adequate water level. The paper contends that a comprehensive examination, analysis, and determination of the hydrologic and geological characteristics of a selected location are essential for the productive management of the water resource.
Outline
The Occurrence of Ground Water
Properties and Classification of Water-Bearing Formations
Darcy?s Law
Measures of Water Quantity
Utilization of Groundwater
Permeability
Water Level Measurements
From the Paper
"The groundwater is observed to rest on the empty spaces of the natural elements such as soils, unconsolidated settlings and rocks. Envisaging the level of underwater is quite a hard task. It is considered by some that the groundwater is reserved in the subversive lakes and flows in subversive rivers. The groundwater is the underlying water beneath the ground that is fully soaked through the small outlets of soils and rocks. The groundwater is refilled primarily by the downpour and determined totally by the local environment and geology, which causes its disproportionate distribution in both quantity and quality."
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Air Pollution, 2005.
A look at the complex problem of air pollution, its causes, and its effects.
2,944 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper makes a distinction between pollution caused by humans and pollution that is naturally occurring. The paper also traces the origins of man-made pollution to the beginnings of early man and talks about the increasing causes and increasing amount of pollution generated over time. The paper also discusses some of the more notorious and deadly air pollution incidents in history and concludes with a brief discussion on steps that can help alleviate the problem.
From the Paper
"Why is human pollution such an issue to environmentalists, then, if nature itself creates such pollution? One reason is that today, ?natural events like these only cause about ten percent of air pollution -- the rest is caused by human activities.? (Baines, 8) Natural pollution, if it were not for the pollution caused by humans, would not be a significant concern because it is part of the natural cycle of the world. In the natural cycle, ?nothing is wasted and nature produces relatively little pollution. The gases we use from the air are recycled. Animals breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, while plants use up carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis. So the gases in the air remain essentially in balance when left to nature. Human activity has disturbed these natural cycles." (Becklane, 5) The total production of the gasses and paticulates that are recognized as pollutants may actually be greater from natural sources than from human-created sources, however the atmosphere is able to disperse and lower these releases and recycle them into a form that is not harmful."
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Genetic Engineering, 2004.
An analysis of the ethical dilemma involved in genetic engineering, including a review of Darwin's perspective.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of genetic engineering. Darwin's perspective on the topic is explained as the next step in the evolution of the human capacity to ensure the survival of the species. The paper introduces the issue of cloning in order to debate in favor of genetic engineering. The paper emphasizes that the science of genetics should be applied with ethical responsibility.
From the Paper
"According to Darwin, the survival of a species is determined by the degree of strength of its members. Thus, the ?fittest? in terms of physical prowess as well as to a degree mental capacity survives. Human beings have long used their mental capacity to overcome the challenges of the physical environment. The very first discoveries of tools, fire and the wheel have set the species apart from the rest of life on earth. Human beings use their mental capacity to create tools in order to ensure and facilitate their survival in the face of challenges such as weather, predators and illness. From the Darwinian viewpoint, genetic engineering is simply the next step in the evolution of the human capacity to ensure the survival of their species."
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Marine Pollution Act, 2005.
A look at various laws enacted in order to control and prevent marine pollution from ships.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes many of the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress for the preservation and protection of marine life. The paper explains which federal body has the authority to enforce the laws, the penalty for violating the laws, and takes a look at some of the laws passed in direct response to the accidental wreck of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. The paper also discusses some of the recycling efforts currently underway and how these efforts are helping to protect the environment.
From the Paper
"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships signed a Protocol, called the MARPOL Protocol, on February 17, 1978 to control and prevent marine pollution from ships, oil tankers in particular (US Congress). It forbids the disposing of any kind of plastic materials, including synthetic ropes and fishing nets, garbage bags, floatable lining and packing materials and other garbage, into the sea.
The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) was signed (US Congress) on October 21, 1980 and amended in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1996. Renamed into the Marine Pollution and Research Control Act of 1987 when amended, it requires ships in US waters to comply with the Protocol of the Convention and the Annex IV of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996 (US Congress)."
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Behavioral Biology, 2004.
An analysis of biopsychology, the scientific study of behavior and mental processes through a biological approach.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses biopsychology, presenting a scientific explanation to certain psychological phenomena, such as learning, memory, perception, attention, motivation, emotion, and cognition. The paper examines the fields of cognitive neuroscience, psychopharmacology, neuropsychology, behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, and comparative psychology.
From the Paper
"Biopsychology is unlike other branches of psychology in terms of its approach rather than subject matter. It studies a full range of psychological phenomena always on a biological premise and perspective. Scholars, philosophers and researchers in previous years observed the role that biological factors play in these phenomena, but the field did not evolve until the last century (Cooper). The book, ?The Organization of Behavior,? in 1949 by Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb was a key initiative. In the book, Hebb suggested that the brain (as qtd in Cooper) produced these diverse and complex psychological phenomena in overriding the traditional belief that psychological functioning was too complex to be derived from the simpler chemistry and physiology of the brain. Hebb clinically experimented on both animals and humans and observed their daily lives critically. His findings became a controversial basis for biopsychological analysis in the year his book was published. It was an unexplored field at that time and few universities even used the new term ?biopsychology? or offered courses on the biology of psychological processes (Cooper). Yet, today, it is one of the most active fields in psychology: bio-psychologists are now employed to teach and conduct research. Several academic journals specialize on bio-psychological research as well."
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Genetic Screening, 2005.
A look at the science behind genetic screening and the controversy surrounding its use.
2,013 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the basic science that underlies genetic screening, describes the different applications of genetic screening, and investigates some of the common misconceptions and ethical questions about its use.
Outline
Scientific Basis of Genetic Screening
Application of Genetic Testing
Common Misconceptions
Social and Ethical Issues
From the Paper
"Genetic screening itself is simply "the systematic search within a population for persons possessing particular genotypes, which are either associated with disease, predisposing to disease, or leading to disease in descendants" (Miller). In simpler terms, genetic screening involves testing and determining whether "an individual's genetic material to predict present or future disability or disease either for oneself or one's offspring" (McCarrick). Essentially, genetic screening is conducted for several basic reasons, including the care of the ill and the prevention of disease, providing reproductive information, determining the incidence of disorders in the general population, and research (Miller)."
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Animal and Human Language, 2004.
This paper discusses that human and animal languages are not fundamentally different in type, but differ in degree.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the three elements of language ? abstractness, grammar, and cultural ramifications ? are not unique to human language, but merely more advanced or merely more evident from our perspective than the language of animals. The author points out that chimps and parrots in laboratory settings seem capable of grasping abstract terms (such as ?mad? or ?bad? or ?blue?), generating new combinations of words to express new ideas, and referring to distant events or objects. The paper relates that animals may be more driven by instinct than by learned behavior, yet they show a propensity, in many cases, to learn language.
From the Paper
"Grammar is one of the strictest supposed differences between human and animal languages. Grammar involves the organization of discrete words into complex sentences that have specific required orders and syntaxes. Even human sign language tends to require certain specific syntaxes. While animals appear capable of understanding syntax, there is little evidence that they use it in communication (though it is difficult to prove a negative). According to one influential chimp research, Terrace, ?No chimpanzee has learned sign language. They?ve certainly learned some gestures, but sign language is not just a system of gestures. It?s a full, grammatical language with its own systematic grammar, like Latin.? The lack of grammar is evident in cases such as that of Koko, one of the stars of the talking-chimp movement."
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Prions: Proteinaceous Infectious Particles, 2004.
A discussion of prions, the proteins that are typically expressed in brain tissue and that may exist in a normal or abnormal shape, and prion diseases.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains what prions are and how degenerative brain diseases result from abnormal prions. The paper discusses professor Stanley Prusiner's discovery of prions and pediatrician Carleton Gajdusek's contributions to this discovery, as well as the prion diseases themselves. Additionally, the paper explains the infectious nature of the prion protein and explains the progression of prion diseases and tests used to diagnosis the disease.
From the Paper
"Recent cases of Mad Cow Disease have focused the public attention on prion diseases and the small proteins that are believed to cause them. The scientific community has been slow to recognize this mechanism of disease, since prion-caused encephalopathies can demonstrate diverse symptoms, and share characteristics with other disorders, such as dementia."
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Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay, 2004.
A discussion of the pollution problems of Chesapeake Bay's waterways.
1,903 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons for the eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay, the consequences of that eutrophication, and possible solutions to the problem.
From the Paper
"Located off the coast of Eastern Maryland and Eastern Virginia, Chesapeake Bay?s length is 200 miles, and its width ranges from four to 40 miles. Many rivers and streams, including the James, York, Rappahannock, Potomac, Patuxent, and Susquehanna rivers, join the bay (Encarta, ?Chesapeake Bay?). Home to more than 2700 species of plant and animal life, including oysters, the blue crab, and over 150 species of fish, the Bay has historically provided settlers and Native Americans with vital natural resources (Virginia Natural Resource Leadership Institute (VNRLI), 1). At its healthiest in the early 1600?s, the Bay rated an estimated100 on a scale of 100 in terms of health, according to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (Chesapeake Bay Foundation, ?2002 State of the Bay Report?, 1)."
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Atkins Diet, 2004.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the Atkins diet.
2,458 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the basic theory behind the Atkins diet and why it is thought to help one loose weight. The writer then provides theories, which refute the logic behind the Atkins diet, providing biological and nutritional reasoning.
From the Paper
"The philosophy behind so-called ?low carb? diets such as the Atkins Diet is that obesity is primarily the result consuming too many carbohydrates, and that the traditional medical focus on lowering fat intake is partly to blame for obesity in the United States. The theory underlying the Atkins Diet philosophy is that carbohydrate consumption stimulates elevated insulin levels in accordance with their relative position on the ?Glycemic Index? familiar to diabetics. According to Atkins, the recent rise in obesity in the United States is partly the result of governmental advice to minimize high-fat foods in favor of carbohydrates (Atkins, 1999)."
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Deforestation in Ghana, 2004.
A look at the environmental devastation brought upon the country of Ghana as a result of the destruction of the Ghanaian forest.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and causes of the deforestation of Ghana. The paper points to economics and greed as the primary causes of this deforestation and points out that, while there have been some attempts to protect the natural landscape of Ghana, the overriding poverty of the country makes it vulnerable to environmental exploitation as a means of boosting the economy.
From the Paper
"According to Microsoft?s online Encarta, in the 19th century, the southern half of Ghana was completely covered by hardwood forest, however, by the year 1995, such large portions of its forests had been destroyed, over logged, or cleared for mining, that only 39.7 of the entire country remains forested, with (during the period from 1990-1996) more than 1.3 percent continuing to be lost every year (Encarta)."
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Nature and Ecology, 2004.
A biblical perspective of both ecological processes and human behavior and how they relate to the environmental crisis.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper compares two religious or philosophical approaches to nature and ecology. The contents also focus on how religious traditions relate to the environment crisis.
From the Paper
"Having sufficient ecological knowledge is not sufficient to solve many of the ecological problems because it is not able to solve the environmental issues of modern culture. Even though we know why the number of living species in the world is decreasing, the human population is growing, the mounting waste from the backyards and oceanic abyss reach the upper layers of the atmosphere. The solution to these problems requires knowledge of ecological processes, and human behavior too."
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The Bioethics of John Kass, 2004.
This paper discusses the bioethics beliefs of John Kass, especially regarding birth defects.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Kass is very much opposed to the notion of interfering with nature, as well as producing a separate standard of existence for children who are born with defects. The author points out that Kass believes that, by terminating a pregnancy just because the child has a birth defect, is like saying that all society is only good if everyone is perfect and ?normal? and suggests that individuals who are disabled are somehow less than acceptable and worthy. The paper stresses the importance of examining each case on a unique and personal basis before offering generalizations about what is good and what is right.
From the Paper
"The government does not have the right to determine whether it is ok or not for someone to give birth to a child with defects, who might face a life of nothing but suffering. If your choice is to raise that child from cradle to grave, that is a decision that you can make for yourself. Regardless of whether the child is biologically or physically deficient, one takes risks when they endeavor to reproduce and have children."
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Tuberculosis, 2004.
An examination of the phenomenon of TB as an emerging infectious disease.
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how tuberculosis is not a new disease. The fact that it still exists in the world illustrates the tenacity of this infectious disease and the difficulties in continually treating and eliminating these types of diseases. The writer points out that tuberculosis continues to kill millions of people each year, and scientists are attempting to find new cures for the disease as it spirals out of control into one of the worst health menaces facing our world today.
From the Paper
"The scientist Robert Koch first discovered the disease tuberculosis (TB) in humans in 1882. There is also a bovine form of the disease that is effectively controlled in areas that thoroughly pasteurize milk and practice more efficient health care in cattle. Birds can also carry a type of tuberculosis that can affect humans. Before its discovery, tuberculosis was known by a variety of names, including the most popular, "consumption," which was thought to be a wasting disease that affected the lungs. Tuberculosis is most known as a lung disorder, but it can also affect the intestines, bones and joints, the skin, and the genitourinary, lymphatic, and nervous systems, though less frequently than the lungs. The disease is caused by mycobacteria or tubercle bacilli in the case of human infection."
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Stem Cells: A Different Approach, 2004.
This paper examines two alternative approaches to stem cell research which, in the opinion of the author, are more ethical than current directions.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how stem cell research could be accomplished in at least two ways that should not raise the moral ire of politicians, religious groups, or the public in general. The writer states that the first is through the use of adult stem cells, avoiding the terrible risks of tissue rejection. The second potential direction for stem cell research involves extracting a few cells in the early stages of an embryo's development without destroying that embryo.
From the Paper
"Revolution is in the air. While the digital revolution is transforming our view of the universe, the biotech revolution has the potential to alter the universe itself. The parallel with the invention of the printing press and the Renaissance is clear. (Blake, 2001). ?Gutenberg's and Caxton's inventions turned the world figuratively and intellectually upside down and heralded new patterns of human activity and organization that were inconceivable prior to the early 15th century.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the great achievements of that era was the quick adaptation of this communications revolution to every aspect of human life. Today, ?we are at the beginning of a new Renaissance?.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the more controversial elements of this new Renaissance is stem cell research. There is perhaps no field fraught with more possibility along with questions of morality and medical ethics. (Hickey, 2001)."
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Homeostasis, 2004.
An introduction to the process of homeostasis, a self-regulating process whereby equilibrium is achieved between various organs or segments of an organic system, such as the human body.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the basic process of homeostasis, with a look at the crucial role it plays in the maintenance of the complex sequence of biochemical activities that occur within organisms. The paper also explains the functions of cell membranes in the process of homeostasis, different forms of homeostasis, and what happens when the process is disrupted.
From the Paper
"Homeostasis has also been formally defined by many scientists in different ways, perhaps most accurately as the ?maintenance of a stable internal environment? whether in a cell or in the organism as a whole (MSNucleus, 2004). Homeostasis is in essence equivalent to a state of equilibrium. Much like balanced scales, homeostasis ensures that too much nor too little exists at any point in time within organisms. When a state of imbalance occurs, the scale tips unfavorably to one side or the other. Homeostasis works via establishment and maintenance of the internal chemical balance of cells, whether they are in a human life form or a botanical one. Homeostasis is crucial to maintenance of the complex sequence of biochemical activities that occur within organisms, traditionally during the process of energy utilization (MSNucleus, 2004)."
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Killer Whales, 2004.
The paper provides overview of the orcinus orca and argues that killer whales are not harmful to humans.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the biological classification, diet, distribution, and social behavior of the mammalian, orcinus orca. The research also outlines the factors that are responsible for the decline in orcinus orca population around the world today. Special emphasis has been given to resident orcinus orca so as to demystify the concept that orcas are lethal to fishermen and, hence, should be targeted for hunting.
From the Paper
"PCBs or polychlorinated hydrocarbons via toxic waste dumps, oil spills and industrial and human refuse pollution are the main culprit for the high levels of toxicity in killer whales. Killer whales are predators at the top level of the food chain but any toxic pollution would accumulate in high levels as we move up the food chain. The pollutants cause tissue contamination and infertility as well as a high probability of epizootic disease."
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Beta Thalassemia, 2004.
An overview of the blood disease known as beta thalassemia.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
Beta thalassemia is the more severe of the two main types of thalassemia, an inherited blood disease resulting from defective production of hemoglobin. This paper discusses how the disease develops, the types of beta thalassemia, how it is inherited, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
From the Paper
"Hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood, is made up of four chains of amino acids: two identical alpha chains and two identical beta chains. Thalassemia is the result of an imbalance in the production of beta chains that is caused by a mutation in the genes that direct their production. A mutation to the beta genes decreases the production of beta chains, resulting in beta thalassemia."
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Evolution, 2004.
An overview of some of the more popular terms in the field of evolution.
746 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper presents explanations of several terms relating to evolution. Some of these terms include population, biological species, genotypes and phenotypes, Darwinian fitness, and convergent evolution and coevolution.
From the Paper
"The ?biological species? concept does not consider physical appearance as an important criterion for classifying species but reproductive isolation is considered a main factor. In other words biological species refers to the broad group or population of individuals, which can successfully interbreed, and produce offsprings while at the same time are reproductively isolated from other populations in the natural environment. [UCMP]"
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