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"Changes in the Land", 2005.
A brief summary of "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England" by Walter Cronon.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England", Walter Cronon uses his historical and ecological expertise to cover the changes in New England's plant and animal communities taking place from the transformation from Indian to European life. It explains that the book shows how the interaction among the Indians, Europeans and the land transformed the New England forever.
From the Paper
"Cronon concludes on a bleak note. By 1800, New England was far different than the land the earliest European visitors had described. The Indians were reduced to a small fraction of their former numbers and forced on to less and less usable agricultural lands. Large areas in southern New England were now devoid of animals that previously were common, such as beaver, deer, bear, turkey and wolf. Instead, hordes of European grazing animals placed a heavy burden on the plants and soils. Hundreds of miles of fences, weeds and alien grasses crisscrossed the landscape. Forests still exceeded the cleared land, but, especially near settled areas, remaining forests were significantly altered by grazing, burning, and cutting (159)."
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American Pit Bull Terrier, 2005.
An overview of the rules and regulations concerning ownership of American pit bull terriers.
6,167 words (approx. 24.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the origins and history of American pit bull terriers and why an individual cannot hope to own this dog within city limits without fear of being arrested or being faced with the euthanasia of the dog, for daring to own this dog that is certified as a 'vicious dog' under the city ordinance laws. It contends that current regulations are grossly unfair on the dog owner as well as on the dog, and how somewhere there must be justice for the poor dumb creature that has been trained to be as mean as it is by certain unscrupulous elements of society who had their own reasons for doing it.
From the Paper
"The American Kennel Club in fact eschewed the breed known as the 'Pit Bull' until the year 1936, and it was after this that the American Pit Bull Terrier came to be recognized as the 'Strafford shire Terrier', actually named after the Stafford shire miners who had had a hand in creating the breed for the purpose of fighting in the pits where they worked. In the year 1972, this name was changed to the American Stafford shire terrier', and this was for the purpose of differentiating this breed from the Stafforsdhire Bull Terrier of England, the actual ancestor of the American breed of dog, which was later recognized by the American Kennel Club in the year 1974. In the United Kingdom, the dog is about 14 to 16 inches tall, and weighs about up to 45 pounds, while the breed found in America is about 18 to 19 inches tall, and weighs about up to 80 pounds."
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DNA Sequence, 2005.
An analysis of a human DNA sequence.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author reports on an assignment she received where she was given a human DNA sequence composed of a series of letters such as 'accagacagt' and had to decipher letters and interpret the results.
Introduction
DNA
DNA and the Internet
DNA Sequence
Prospects for Diagnosis and Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The internet has made so many sites and processes available to the average person that home DNA testing may actually be a reality in the near future. But, this plethora of information is actually a bit overwhelming and therefore confusing. Results obtained on one site may not necessarily agree with the results of another site which obviously leads amateur Genomics practitioners such as my self to begin to doubt returned results and thus require professional confirmation. The key is that DNA Sequencing and interpretation will alter mankind's ability to identify 'medicine less' cures and maybe even lead to the creation of completely altered super humans. "Initiation of DNA replication holds the clue to what controls cell division and hence growth and differentiation." (Adams, 1991) "
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Human Effects on Coral Reefs, 2005.
An introduction to coral reefs, their history, characteristics and the damage caused to them by the human population.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the coral reef ecosystem, briefly discussing its history, structural characteristics, and how it benefits humans. The paper then discusses the current status of coral reefs, explaining how almost all the coral reef ecosystems are threatened because of pollution and over fishing. Finally, the paper talks about what is being done to protect the reefs as well as what still needs to be done.
Introduction
Structural Characteristics
Benefits to Humans
Current Status
What Should be Done?
How is the U.S. Government Helping?
How Can We All Help?
From the Paper
"Coral reefs are one of the oldest ecosystems in the world, existing for more than 450 million years. A coral reef is a type of biotic reef that develops in tropical waters. Coral reefs are found in all oceans of the world, generally between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn because the reef-building corals are living in this waters. A water temperature of 20 to 28?C is needed for growth of the coral reef. Massive reef structures are built over thousands of years by tiny coral polyps aided by minute algae called zooxanthellae that live in their tissues, calcifying algae, and other organisms that secrete calcium carbonate and adhesives. The process of reef formation is heavily dependent upon photosynthesis by reef-building organisms. Once formed, the complex, rock-like reef framework provides food and shelter for the multitudes of organisms that inhabit the reef. "
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Nanotechnology, 2005.
An explanation of nanotechnology and its uses in the future.
4,987 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background history of the development of the technology which became known as nanotechnology. The paper looks at the features of this technology and explains that although nanotechnology is a given in the future, there remains many open questions of when and how. It concludes that companies who are presently involved with the technology, or that plan on considering its implementation in the coming decade, need to conduct considerable research before making final decisions.
From the Paper
"As with any other new technology, ethical considerations are also being raised regarding nanotechnology. This is another area that must be a part of a corporation's overall strategy. One of the areas of concern is that the convergence of nanotechnology and biotechnology further complicates the privacy issue. Opponents cite news of tiny radio-frequency identification tags, the kind used to keep track of pets, but the size of a grain of rice that have been implanted in staff at the Mexican attorney general's department to control access to their office. While this particular technology was micro- rather than nanoscale technology, it showed the problems that could result from the trend towards smaller and smaller devices. Such devices, they say, can be put into any products, so that companies can keep track of what products are purchased by whom and where. Military and private weapons, communication devices and tracking systems will also be nano-size, which raises numerous other issues."
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"Darwin's Untimely Burial", 2005.
This paper presents Stephen Jay Gould's argument from his article "Darwin's Untimely Burial" against philosopher Tom Bethell who questions Darwin's Theory.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, ever since Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, individuals involved with science and religion, such as British philosopher Tom Bethell, have tried to negate his thesis; others, such as scientist Jay Gould, recognize Darwin as one of the most brilliant people in history. The author points out that Gould responds that "survival of the fittest" is not a tautology, as claimed by Bethell. The paper relates that Gould concludes that unabated popularity must have something to do with its success in explaining the admittedly imperfect information we now possess about evolution.
From the Paper
"Bethell says he does not support Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection because: "Darwin made a mistake sufficiently serious to undermine his theory. And that mistake has only recently been recognized as such....At one point in his argument, Darwin was mislead." In the first place, Bethell has a problem with the idea of "survival of the fittest." This term normally means no more than "differential reproductive success"-the production of more surviving offspring than other competing members of the population-which is a needless repetition of the same meaning."
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"Primal Leadership" vs. "Getting Things Done", 2005.
A comparative analysis of "Primal Leadership" Daniel Goleman and "Getting Things Done" by David Allen.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the two works, "Getting Things Done" and "Primal Leadership" deal with success and success achievement, but take entirely different routes. It looks at how "Primal Leadership" focuses on the intangibles: emotional intelligence that guides an organization towards success and how the focus is on relationships outside self. In comparison, it discusses how "Getting Things Done", focuses on self, isolates the reader from his or her peers and forces him or her to structure priorities to get work done. Both theories are briefly applied to the real estate industry.
From the Paper
"Specifically, Allen stresses the five stages of mastering work flow. First, there is the Collect stage. One must know what one must do first before one can do it. Allen asks us to process all of our collection of work efforts in several types of in-boxes: physical inbox, paper-based note-taking devices, electronic note-taking devices, voice-recording devices and email. The trick is to minimize your inbox collection devices so you only have a few places to look for tasks to be completed."
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The CYP2D Protein in the Human Brain, 2005.
An analysis of the characterization of the CYP2D protein from human brain cerebellum.
14,400 words (approx. 57.6 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The CYP2D protein in the human brain is expressed as CYP2D6 in liver and is known to metabolize a variety of drugs such as psychoactive, antihypertensives, and environmental toxins. Every person has a unique rate of metabolism. Metabolic rates in children are particularly susceptible to environmental toxicants which affect the way in which their systems absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete chemicals. To date, knowledge in characterization of CYP proteins has been limited to immunoblotting, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and so forth; therefore, this paper investigates:
1) What kind of CYP2D protein is present in brain with modern proteomic tools;
2) Whether, CYP2D6 is the same as liver CYP2D6; and
3) If CYP2D7 is present, can CYP2D6 polymorphism be found in the brain?
To answer these questions, this study uses a one-step method of isolation of protein by immunoprecipitation followed by its identification using 2D-blots, nanospray LCMS, immunoblots and immunohistochemistry.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Rationale
Literature Review
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"The most promising area of pharmacogenetic research today may be in providing patients with customized treatments for specific cancer types. For instance, Christensen points out that Herceptin and Gleevec are two drugs that affect only cancerous tissues expressing certain genes. In the case of Herceptin, it binds to a protein that stimulates rapid tumor growth; this substance has been found to be present in excess in approximately 33 percent of breast cancers. Prior to prescribing the drug to their patients, doctors can now test how many copies of the gene for HER2/neu, which encodes this protein, are present or measure concentrations of the protein itself. Patients who do not have the excess HER2/neu protein or its gene would therefore not receive the drug. Gleevec takes advantage of a particular enzyme that is mutated in a few rare cancers, such as chronic myeloid leukemia. When Gleevec blocks the mutated enzyme, growth of the cancer cells stops; however, the drug has minimal effects on healthy dividing cells (Christensen, 2002)."
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Zebrafish Development, 2005.
An investigation into the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study on the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish and explains that the study was conducted in an effort to help determine when exposure to ultraviolet radiation can be helpful and when it can be harmful.
From the Paper
"Background and Overview. While global warming represents a threat to humankind by virtue of a reduction in the ozone layer and an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the future (Conscience, Cotton, Schlumpf et al. 2001), researchers have shown that moderate exposure to varying levels of ultraviolet radiation may have some beneficial effects for humans. For example, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and, to a lesser degree, rheumatoid arthritis, in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Western Europe and North America, display a latitudinal gradient in disease frequency, with the prevalence of these disorders increasing at higher latitudes (Lim et al. 2003). Furthermore, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) that occurs in the upper portion of air in a room has been cited as an environmental control measure that could economically reduce exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) droplet nuclei (Burge, First & Ko 2002)."
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Cloning: The Arguments, 2005.
Examines several sources which provide arguments for and against human cloning.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The theory of cloning questions many essential areas of ethical and philosophical concern about what human life is and raises the question whether we have the right or even the qualifications to alter life and living beings. It is no wonder that in the light of the extremely contentious way that cloning impacts on important issues that there should be strong and forthright opinions on the subject. Bearing this in mind, this paper shows that it is important to keep an open mind and to also hear the other side of the argument. The paper therefore examines several literature sources to view both sides of this controversial debate.
The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"One of the better and more rational approaches to the issue of cloning which does not become dogmatic or insistent on a single point of view is Brock, Dan W. "Human Cloning and Our Sense of Self." (Science 296 (2002): 314-16) This is an important article in that it addresses one of the most significant and contentious issue in the cloning debate: namely the effect that cloning could have on the idea or concept of human identity. Those against cloning state that cloning will confuse and possibly even undermine the idea of human identity This article also explores the way that the "worth" or value of a human being may be affected by a reproductive process which is not based on normal sexual reproduction. It competently explores the fear that many opposed to cloning have that human beings will become 'manufactured' and seen as products. The article is well researched with documented references."
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Gall Bladder Disorders, 2005.
A look at gall bladder disorders.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This is an anatomy paper which discusses gall bladder disorders. The writer first provides background information and then explores homeopathic treatments. It explains the need for alternative treatments to surgery and drugs.
From the Paper
"The gall bladder is a small, pear-shaped organ nestled beneath the liver. It stores treats the bile from the liver, and then dumps the bile into the intestines. Gall bladders can suffer several disorders, such as gallstones, gall bladder sludge, infection and inflammation, and even cancer. Some symptoms of gall bladder disorders include nausea or vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen or between the shoulders, abdominal bloating, continued intolerance of fatty foods, and gas and/or indigestion (Comforth). Patients may also notice a fever, or slight jaundice (yellow skin or whites of the eyes) (Bartel). Gallstones are the most common form of gall bladder disorder, and usually are the cause of at least 80 percent of gall bladder disorders. Usually, there are always stones present in most gall bladders. However, when the stones move, and block the cystic duct, which is the main artery out of the gall bladder, problems occur. This is when the gall bladder cannot remove the bile, and it builds up inside the gall bladder with not outlet. Eventually this can lead to other complications, such as inflammation, infection, and even bursting of the gall bladder."
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Celiac Disease, 2005.
A look at the biological and environmental causes of celiac disease.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that celiac disease, a severe intolerance to wheat products, has both biological and environmental causes. It points out that studies done indicate that causes of celiac disease are more likely to be environmental than biological.
From the Paper
"We have agreed that genetics definitely represent one of the causing factors of celiac disease. According to our primary article , investigation in this sense was performed both on twins and on family relatives. As such, "the concordance rate for celiac disease in monozygotic twins is estimated to be 75 %" , which makes us believe that, at least statistically speaking, genetics plays a large part in the development of celiac disease."
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, 2004.
An analysis of the muscular degenerative disorder, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
738 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the underlying genetic cause and the resulting muscular infirmities of people suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). The paper discusses the patient's and caregiver's coping mechanisms. An overview is presented of the diagnosis, diet and treatment options available.
From the Paper
"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the most commonly occurring muscular degenerative disorder among the more than 20 different varieties of muscular dystrophies. This disease has an incidence rate of 1 case in every 3500 boys. [Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory] It is a genetically inherited disease which affects only the male sex and is characterized by gradual weakening of the muscles. Like other muscular dystrophies DMD is a progressive disease creating postural imbalances and difficulties in movements. Though, primarily a disease that results in physical handicaps, in some cases, cognitive impairments may also be manifest. DMD is a fatal disease and very few people survive the disease into their thirties. The absence of any cure for the disease implies severe psychological implications for both the caregivers and the patient. "
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), 2005.
A examination the moral and ethical questions of IVF.
2,458 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This is an opinion paper in which the writer argues that in vitro fertilization is morally wrong because it results in meaningless reproduction and may potentially result in the misuse or abuse of life and even death. It supports this thesis by arguing that in vitro fertilization allows man to overstep his authority over creation, that it opens the door to temptation and morally objectionable practices, and that it increases the potential for needless destruction of life.
From the Paper
"In vitro fertilization is a common reproductive procedure that generally falls under the scope of biotechnology. It is a process that is condemned by the Catholic church and often criticized by lawyers and ethicist despite the number of live births that result from the procedure . Despite this condemnation, there are hundreds of thousands of individuals that partake in IVF procedures every year, in the hope of bringing 'new life' into the world. Even members of spiritual communities have gone against tradition and the recommendation of church elders to participate in IVF. The increase in use and potential for abuse is alarming."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
An overview of the ethical matters associated with stem cell research.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Since the ban on creating new embryonic stem cells in the United States went into effect, researchers in stem cell technology have been forced to limit their research to the existing lines of stem cells or to the less flexible adult stem cells. This paper examines moral and ethical issues which are connected to stem cell research.
Paper Outline:
What are Stem Cells?
Current US Policy on Stem Cell Research
Moral and Ethical Issues
Advice for Government
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Critics of the Bush government's policy against cutting federal funding for new stem cell lines point out that the United States is falling behind in stem cell research (Devitt 2003). This means that European countries could be the first to develop, market and therefore benefit from cures for several illnesses. Given the potential of stem cells for curing a host of diseases, this could also mean that the United States could lose its dominance in medical research."
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Thermoregulation, 2005.
An analysis of the function of thermoregulation in animals with a focus on horses.
2,779 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how thermoregulation is essential for a mammal to survive in extreme hot and cold conditions and how horses and humans are the only mammals which sweat to control body temperature. It discusses how understanding thermoregulation is extremely important when it comes to exercising and cooling down horses in various climates.
Outline
Introduction
Understanding Thermoregulation
Adapting to the Environment
Surviving the Heat
A Delicate Balance
Controlling Temperature
Heat Loss
Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms
Types of Thermoregulation
Dangers of Heat
Heat Stress on Horses
Fluid Loss and Electrolytes
Heat Exhaustion and Olympic Horses
Decreased Exercise Capacity
Three Weeks of Acclimatization
Cold Water Cooling
Preventative Care
Important Statistics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since heat stress can lead to heat stroke, anyone exercising a horse should know the warning signs of heat stress as a means of preventing the life-threatening condition. It is crucial to provide extra care and attention to a horse being exercised on hot days, since there is a significant increase in the amount of heat produced by working muscles. Heat production can increase as much as 50% during intense exercise as compare with heat production when the horse is at rest. A horse increases its sweating rate to move more blood to the capillaries under the skin and breaths much harder in an effort to release this build-up of heat."
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Bonobos, 2005.
A brief examination of the Bonobo species.
1,014 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Bonobo species which is a slightly smaller animal than the chimpanzee. It looks at their habitat, behavior, food sources, as well as their physical features and other relevant factors and elements.
From the Paper
"Commonly referred to as Wernicke's, this area of the brain has been linked to what is assumed to be human behaviors in relation to "musical talent, communication disorders, such as the disease of schizophrenia as well as dyslexia. The rarely used left brained language areas are seldom used except in cases previous and in those born deaf making use of sign language. According to Dr. Gannon, he and Dr. Braun discovered, after having received MRI's (magnetic resonance images) of the brains of chimpanzees sent from the Smithsonian Institute, discovered that the left side of the Planum Temporale was larger than that of the right side upon direct inspection to brains of cadavers. The Bonobo or Pan paniscus are closely related to the chimpanzees, or Pan troglodytes. The Bonobo's habitation is the central basin "Cuvette Centrale, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, south of the Congo River. Scientists believe that the two species of the Pan were somehow separated about two and one-half million years ago and the Bonobos since then having developed traits that are specific to their species and is the basis for the difference between the classification of the Bonobo's and the chimpanzees."
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Lower Limb Amputation, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and biomechanics of lower limb amputation.
11,275 words (approx. 45.1 pages), 48 sources, APA, $ 221.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prosthetic devices were needed the minute the first human was born with a missing or deformed limb, or the first person lost a limb in battle or even during the course of daily life. The author points out that the ancient principles on which prosthetics continue to rely are still amazingly efficient. It explains that in the past 25 years, there have been advances in prosthetic limb technology, such as lightweight plastics, composites and electronic systems; but there will be more, which will continue to open new directions for prosthetics. The paper relates that prostheses for amputations through the hip joint consist of a laminated hip basket, hip joint, knee joint, SACH foot, pipe connectors and external cosmetic finish; an active carbon fiber foot and multi-axis hydraulic and mechanical knee joint may also be used. Charts and illustrations.
Table of Contents
Overview Section
History of Lower Limb Prosthetics
Advancements and the Future
Aetiology and Incidence of Lower Limb Amputation
Pre- and Post-Operative Considerations in Lower Limb Amputation
Types of Surgery
Syme's Amputation
Below Knee Amputation
Above Knee Amputation
Hip Disarticulation
Pain Management
Types of Lower Limb Prosthetic Hardware
Literature Review Section
From the Paper
"Sometimes, especially after recorded history began, the reasons for needed prosthetic devices sounded eerily like some of the major 'hero' stories of today; the young man who cut off his own arm to escape entrapment in a crevice on a lonely mountain is one recent example. A few years ago, a man cut off his own lower leg when he caught it in a bear trap far from home or help. However, in Herodotus' The Histories, dating to 484 BCE, there is a story of a Persian named Hegestratus. Hegistratus was captured by the enemy and imprisoned with a leg iron. To escape, he cut off part of his own foot; later, he is said to have worn a wooden replacement, a prosthesis (University of Iowa Health Care Web site). Another account, however, notes that he used a 'wooden filler' to escape, traveling 30 miles before he was captured and "had his head amputated" (Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Web site). Not only was there no prosthetic head, Hegistratus did not live long enough to investigate what was available in foot prostheses at the time. While much of this knowledge is based on the verbal record, there was physical evidence of early prostheses. A tomb in Capua, Italy, offered an artificial leg made from copper and wood and dating to 200 BCE. Bombing in World War II destroyed it, however."
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Horses and History, 2005.
This paper discusses the ecological problems created by the introduction of horses into the more temperate regions colonized by Europeans, especially among North American Indians.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the modern focus on successful Native-American equestrian cultures and the stereotype of the mounted Indian warrior obscures a deeper understanding of the often damaging impact of the arrival of horses on Native-American Indian culture and ecology. The author points out that the arrival of horses brought about a cultural transformation by allowing improvements in transportation, hunting, warfare and trade but disrupted the ecology of the bison and grassland, brought about social inequality and created disruptions in subsistence economies. The paper also relates that the native biology of all of the conquered temperate places (including humans) was not equipped to deal with European invaders: European diseases like smallpox decimated native populations, European weeds and agriculture brought large scale reductions in native flora and European animals (cattle, pigs and horses) squeezed out the native animals.
From the Paper
"Horses, in particular, found their new homes rich in grazing lands, abundant with space, and relatively free of natural predators. Australia was populated with kangaroos, and the South American pampas with flightless birds: species that offered little danger to horses. Further, they did not have to compete, on a large scale, with existing animals for their niche. In the New World, horses from the old world found a welcoming ecological climate that was similar to that of Europe. Mountains, especially the Appalachian Mountains in the United States, provided large open grazing for horses, cattle, and other animals."
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