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Salt Consumption, 2006.
A discussion of the nature/nurture issue as it related to the consumption of salt.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the use of salt in our diets and how it is not merely a matter of essential health, but also of taste. The paper then relates the need and taste for salt to the nature/nurture issue, explaining why the body requires salt and how the taste for salt could have developed as a result of both genetics and environment.
From the Paper
"Salt is the world's oldest known food addative. It is an essential nutrient for both human beings and animals, since it is necessary for life and health, but is not produced within the body. A human body contains about 250 grams of salt. Salt aids in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain, and also the contraction of muscles, including the heart. Apart form health issues, a number of functions are fulfilled by salt regarding food. It brings out the taste in foods and reduces blandness. It reduces the sourness of acid and increases the sweetness of sugar (Salt Manufacturers' Association, UK). The taste of food is thus generally improved through this additive. Other fuctions of cooking include salt used a s a preservative, a texture aid, a binder, for fermention control and as a color developer."
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Evolutionary Models, 2006.
A paper looking at the different methods of analysis used to learn about evolutionary change.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper considers which scientific methods of analysis in the study of evolution are more compatible with the ideas of punctuated equilibria. More specifically, the paper compares Cladistic Methods with the methods of Phyletic Gradualism in terms of their compatibility with the ideas of punctuated equlibria and then considers whether the concept of adaptation is more important in either model of evolutionary change. Included with this paper, in addition to the sources used to write the paper, is a list of recommended sources as well.
From the Paper
"Biological systematists who wished to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies of species based on morphological similarities originally develop phylogenetic analysis. The German entomologist Willi Hennig was the first author to propose an explicit method of phylogenetic analysis, and the publication of his work in English (Hennig 1996) quickly led to the widespread use of his approach. Phylogenetic methods used to reconstruct the relationships between macro-molecular sequences also involve the application of Hennigian principles."
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The Exxon-Valdez Disaster, 2006.
Examines the environmental effects of this 1989 oil-spill which took place in Alaskan waters.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In March 24, 1989, Captain Joe Hazelwood and his crew impaled the oil tanker Exxon-Valdez on Bligh Reef, spilling more than 42 million liters of oil into the waters of Alaska's Prince William Sound. This paper shows that it was the worst environmental disaster ever to happen in American waters. The spill area was about the size of three football fields and covered nearly 1,400 shoreline miles of the Sound. The paper examines the immediate and long-term effects on the environment as a result of this spill. It also discusses the role of the media in the disaster.
From the Paper
"Immediately after the spill, nearly 800 birds were captured and laundered by scientists, but after their re-release into the environment, most birds only survived an average of one week before dying. Sea birds often gather at the places of land-water and air-water interface - the areas most disrupted by the spill itself. In the long term, however, the lowering of sea bird populations was related to their reproduction cycles, which were inhibited by the presence of oil in their nesting areas."
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Self-Shading, 2006.
A paper discussing factors that lead to self-shading during the development of leaf canopies.
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of self-shading that takes place during the development of leaf canopies, the factors that lead to self-shading and the importance of avoiding self-shading for the healthy growth and development of the canopy.
From the Paper
"Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ of higher plants. self- shading is not a problem, for example in plants exposed to very bright sunlight or having long narrow leaves, petioles may be missing. Large, thin leaves offer the maximum surface area to intercept sunlight for photosynthesis, but are highly susceptible to wind hurt and are likely to exhibit high transpiration rates. In addition, large thin leaves may less effectively capture CO2 than smaller leaves. Air moves more smoothly over large surfaces than over smaller ones, leaving a thin layer of non-moving air at the surface of a large leaf."
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Global Warming, is it a Deadly Trend?, 2006.
A look at the growing problem of global warming and what can be done to curb the threat it presents.
2,589 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the environmental phenomenon known as global warming and looks at what is causing the problem as well as what we should be doing to minimize its effects. It describes the effects that global warming has on the ecosystem, human health and the sea level and discusses some immediate measures that should be taken to help curb the problem.
Outline
The Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming and Agriculture
Global Warming and Human Health
Global Warming and Sea Level Rise
Conclusion: Zero Emissions?
From the Paper
"According to A Primer on Global Warming, life on earth is dependent on the so-called "greenhouse effect," which keeps the planet about 59 degrees F warmer than it would otherwise be. It was the French mathematician and physicist Jean Fourier who first described in 1827 how Earth's thin atmospheric blanket warms the earth. The atmosphere, Fourier suggested, possesses special greenhouse-like properties that permit solar energy to enter and strike the earth as visible light, but which then impeded the energy's return into space as infrared heat. These "properties" are in fact the so-called greenhouse gases, which permit solar energy as visible light to pass through the atmosphere, but which absorb and re-radiate a portion of the same energy as it leaves Earth's surface as infrared heat. The net effect is a warming of the atmosphere. The relative warmth of a cloudy versus a cloud-free night sky is an accentuated example of this effect, since the water vapor making up clouds is itself a greenhouse gas."
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The Human Eye, 2004.
An examination of the human eye.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the human eye. The paper focuses on the origin of the sensory neurons in the retina. The paper contends that the sensory neurons play an integral role in maintaining a virtual "communications" network within the human body, especially regarding the eyes. The paper presents a detailed anatomical description of the eye in general and the retina in particular.
Outline
Introduction
A Look at the Eye
Sensory Neurons in the Retina
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The human eye is a fascinating function. If not for our eyes, we would not be able to enjoy the visual interpretations of people, places and things. Of the five known senses - see, hear, feel, touch and smell - the gift of sight is probably the most valued. For if an individual lost four of the senses - hear, feel, touch and smell - he or she would still retain sight. We have seen movies for example, wherein someone loses their sight. Amazingly, the other four senses become more highly developed and sensitive than when the individual could see."
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Bull Shark, 2006.
A discussion about the habitat and characteristics of a bull shark.
2,154 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the bull shark is the most dangerous form of shark known to humans. It examines the physical characteristics of this shark and then looks at its food habits and living habitat. The way it reproduces is also discussed and a look at whether the species is endangered or not.
From the Paper
"Growing anywhere from 7 to 11 feet long and weighing up to 500 pounds, the Bull Shark has no distinguishing markings. However, a short snout that is wider than it is long, small eyes, an off-white underside, and gray topside can identify it. The first dorsal fin of the Bull Shark is much longer and pointed than the second. As an adult, it possesses no fin markings, but may in some cases have a pale stripe along its flank. Also, the Bull Shark lacks a skin ridge between the two dorsal fins, which most other shark species possess."
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Plant Growth and Reproduction, 2006.
An overview of how plants grow and how they reproduce.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains the basic principles behind plant growth and reproduction. It looks at the cell division process, describes the inner and outer cell layers and what is inside a cell and finally explains the process of cell division and photosynthesis.
From the Paper
"In order to understand exactly how plants grow and how they reproduce, one must first have a basic understanding of the principles behind these two biological functions. In essence, the so-called "building blocks" are known as cells which exist in a great variety of shapes and forms with each cell having a specialization for bring about certain functions and biological operations. All of these specialized cells develop from identical cells through a process called cell differentiation, "a highly regulated process in which specialized chemical reactions control the cell's length and width, the mass and architecture of its walls and the nature of its internal structure." 1 Due to the fact that the growth of a plant involves the development of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and related structures, a continuous supply of new materials is required which is made possible through a process known as cell division."
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Military Food Research, 2006.
The impact of military food research on the food industry.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The impact of military food research on the food industry has emerged in recent years as a topic of growing significance and importance to citizens, scientists and government officials alike. This paper explains that military research on food has had a significant impact on the food industry, mainly because military research in this area often consists of food preservation, nutrition and performance enhancements. The paper points out that all of these categories directly impact the economic and nutritional aspects of the food industry. Research indicates that food intake in the military is influenced by the same factors that influence food intake in non-military settings. This paper analyzes and discusses the impact of such research on the food industry as a whole.
From the Paper
"Military research on the food industry often consists of studies conducted on the diets of those serving in the military, and how those diets may be modified to improve performance. The National Academy of Sciences published a report in 2004 from the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board concluding that combat soldiers engaged in extended field operations might improve their mental sharpness and physical stamina by eating a diet supplemented with specific food components. Similar research indicates that other food components also have been shown to have beneficial effects, but some do not live up to performance expectations. In the 2004 report, the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board examined six food components; tyrosine, choline, carbohydrates, caffeine, carnitine, and structured lipids."
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Euthanasia, 2005.
Presents arguments in opposition of mercy killing.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
Euthanasia or "mercy killing" is a life and death issue. Recent advances in medical sciences that have conquered many previously incurable diseases and greatly extended human life spans, make the issue more relevant today than ever before. As a result, euthanasia continues to evoke heated debate among doctors, philosophers, academicians, lawyers and the general public, with well meaning people taking committed positions both for and against the issue. The paper shows that proponents of "mercy killing" look at the issue as a compassionate act and advance a number of seemingly valid arguments in support of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Opponents of euthanasia, on the other hand, advance equally compelling arguments against taking of lives, irrespective of the justification. The author of this paper, despite sympathizing with some pro-arguments, is firmly against the practice of euthanasia for a number of medical, religious, ethical and moral reasons. Besides presenting these arguments in the essay, the paper examines some of the major arguments in favor of euthanasia and shows why they are misplaced.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Some Relevant Definitions
Types of Euthanasia
Arguments for Euthanasia and their Rebuttal
Further Arguments Against Euthanasia
Possible Abuses of Legalized Euthanasia
References
From the Paper
"Even when it is not possible to eliminate pain entirely, lessening it to a manageable level is almost always possible. In the present day and age, if a person's pain cannot be relieved sufficiently, it is almost certainly due to inappropriate treatment due to inadequate access to the required medical facilities and/or inadequately trained doctors in palliative care. The problem, therefore, that needs to be tackled is the lack of proper pain management training for doctors and access to adequate medical coverage for everyone, rather than access to legalized euthanasia and assisted suicide. (Foley, 1997)."
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Diminishing Wilderness, 2005.
This paper discusses that the main reason for most endangered species is habitat destruction and suggests ways of overcoming the problem of the diminishing wilderness.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while some animals are resilient enough to cope with major habitat destruction, others, particularly those animals who have evolved to live in very specific types of habitat, cannot. The author points out that the ecological problem for the pygmy-possum was that the mountain on which the females live became a popular ski resort area with a road cutting across the path the males used to get to the females; ecologists solved the problem by constructing a corridor --a man-made tunnel under the road--for the males to use to get to the females. The paper stresses that biologists need detailed information about the ways endangered animals live, feed and reproduce in order to find a solution to diminishing wildernesses.
From the Paper
"There are numerous examples of habitat destruction and its effects on wildlife. For instance, the Richmond birdwing butterfly is a beautiful butterfly found in subtropical rainforests in Australia. This butterfly feeds almost exclusively on one plant -- the Richmond birdwing vine. As habitat shrank, a second problem developed: a vine called Dutchman's pipe pushed out the Rhichmond birdwing vine. The butterflies laid their eggs on the Dutchman pipe, which made a good environment for the eggs but was poisonous to the caterpillars. The result was that the butterfly lost nearly 70% of its habitat, and a further decline because of the intruding vine, which was not native to the area."
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The Role of Genetics in Ataxia, 2006.
A look at the neurological disorder Ataxia, its characteristics, genetic make-up and diagnosis.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a general overview of Ataxia, a neurological condition, wherein spinal and cerebellum nerve cells slowly but progressively deteriorate. It describes the characteristics of the disorder, treatments used to help alleviate its symptoms, the prognosis for those who suffer from Ataxia and the genetics of the disorder. It also discusses the diagnosis of the disease, its progress, the different types of Ataxia, and the parts of the body most affected by it.
From the Paper
"Ataxia is a neurological disorder that is characterized by unsteady walking, loss of muscle coordination and slurred speech. It is no longer a rare condition in that more is known about it. It is dominant hereditary, recessive or sporadic. It is dominant hereditary if both parents pass the gene on to their offspring and DNA tests detect this condition. It is recessive when only one parent transmits the gene. And it is sporadic if there is no evidence to show this. Friedrich ataxia is the most common recessive type of ataxia, with first symptoms developing in childhood. The ataxia gene may also be mutated and develop into ATM. No cures are known for ataxia and the prospects are dim."
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Designer Babies, 2005.
This paper discusses the possibility and limitations of controlling the genetic composition of unborn babies.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that today, science is close to having the ability to selectively choose which babies will be born based on their genetic characteristics; therefore, now is the time to decide the ethicacy of this action. The author points out that the first applications of genetic manipulation will likely be medical; embryos will be manipulated to treat some genetic illness, such as Huntington's Chorea, or will be chosen selectively based on the absence of the Huntington's gene. The paper relates that, already in 2002, a hospital in Scotland was issued a license by the British government not to create "designer babies" but only to allow parents, by the use of abortion of defective fetuses, to avoid babies who are doomed to have some serious genetic disorder.
From the Paper
"The problem is that genetics is rarely that simple. Most of the time, genes only show a tendency, and experts cannot say whether the developing child will develop a specific illness or not. Even in identical twins, sometimes one develops a disease influenced by genetics, such as schizophrenia, while the other does not. Nevertheless, genetic researchers believe that eventually we will be able to screen embryos for combinations of genes that predispose people not only to life-threatening illnesses but for personality traits as well. However, people's personalities aren't as simple as a cluster of traits."
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The Evolution of the Giraffe, 2005.
Traces the evolution of the mammal known as the giraffe, examining different views on the topic.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Since the giraffe was first used by Lamarck to rationalize his theory of evolution, the organism has been a textbook example of the most simple and obvious applications of evolutionary theory. This paper examines theories relating to the evolution of the giraffe. It examines the processes of natural and sexual selection to see how they apply to the theory of the giraffe's evolution.
From the Paper
"The elemental difference between natural selection and sexual selection is that the latter form takes place within a population. Sexual selection can often result in characteristics that hinder an organism's chances of survival, but simultaneously increase their chances of finding a mate. Since evolution is driven by the amount of offspring produced, both forms of selection are extremely important to the process of evolution."
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Louis Pasteur, 2005.
This paper discusses the work of French scientist Louis Pasteur, who revolutionized the studies of chemistry and biology.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the implications and applications of Pasteur's work extend into differing areas including human health and medicine and the food industries. The author points out that Pasteur alone was responsible for boosting and saving many of France's most important and lucrative industrial sectors such as wine, silk and farm animals. The paper relates that Pasteur's findings on germs and vaccinations are still applied to human medical practices today; he was the first to demonstrate that injecting small amounts of a weakened strain of bacteria would render an organism immune from this bacteria's detrimental effects.
From the Paper
"Pasteur's first major discoveries related directly to France's wine industry. Though yeast was already known to be the precursor for fermentation processes, Pasteur developed a deeper understanding of the process of fermentation. For example, he noted that while yeast causes the primary fermentation of a substance into alcohol, unwanted germs and bacteria can cause the product to sour. Applying his research to both the wine and beer industries in France, Pasteur discovered that heating the products kills the germs and therefore prevents the formation of souring agents like lactic acid. His process, called pasteurization after the esteemed scientist, was quickly applied to milk. Pasteurization works especially on substances like wine, beer, and milk, which contain large quantities of sugars: When microorganisms invade those substances, they interact with the sugars to cause souring."
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Punctuated Equilibrium, 2004.
An analysis of the theorized form of evolution called punctuated equilibrium.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the form of evolution known as punctuated equilibrium. The paper contends that punctuated equilibrium appears to be increasingly proving itself as the most appropriate model for explaining evolution. The paper defines punctuated equilibrium as a theory that still holds to the idea of generational change, but suggests that it happens relatively quickly (geologically speaking). The paper explains that even if one is a creationist and does not believe in macro-level evolution, one must admit that micro-evolution has been proved to exist in a way that can only be explained as punctuated equilibrium.
From the Paper
"Evolutionists for generations after Darwin imagined a slow and steady process of adaptation, in which daily culling and breeding success very gradually adapted a population from one form into another. Such a process would not be dissimilar to unnatural selection, such as that done with domesticated animals, that gradually worked to change a wolf into a little Cairn Terrier or Shih Tzu. However, some have suggested that there might be a more sudden sort of change involved, in which evolution moves suddenly and with great speed. This theorized form of evolution, called punctuated equilibrium, has been widely debated, but seems to be increasingly accepted by scientists. There appears to be evidence for punctuated equilibrium from laboratory experiments, from field and fossil evidence, from theory and even from Darwin's original work."
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Anthrax, 2004.
A brief overview of the highly lethal bacterium, anthrax.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses anthrax, an acute infectious disease that came into the limelight recently due to the anthrax attacks in the United States in the weeks following the September 2001 terror attacks, causing widespread panic. The paper includes information on how the disease is caused, types of anthrax, symptoms of the disease and its treatment. The paper also presents information on the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States and examines what makes anthrax a good bioterrorism agent.
Outline
Introduction
How is Anthrax Caused?
Bacillus Anthracis
Types of Anthrax and Ways in Which it can Infect Humans
Treatment
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
The 2001 Anthrax Attacks
From the Paper
"Anthrax is caused by the bacterium 'Bacillus anthracis' that is highly lethal in its virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic animals, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium which causes anthrax, is rod-shaped and about 1 by 6 micrometres in size. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. The bacteria normally rest in spore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state. When ingested by a plant eating animal, the bacteria starts to multiply and eventually kills the animal. They even continue to reproduce in the carcass but eventually revert back to the dormant spore state when they run out of nutrients. ("Bacillus anthracis.")"
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The Right to Die, 2005.
A thorough examination of euthanasia, including the author's own opinion on the topic.
4,283 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
Euthanasia can be attained either though an intentional process, or by refraining to take an action intentionally. In any one of the cases, the decision of a doctor makes the death of a patient a reality. This is substantiated on the grounds that the individual's life was 'not worthy of living' maybe in their independent, or in somebody else's consideration. This paper first presents an historical overview of the topic of euthanasia. It then discusses the arguments in favor and opposition to euthanasia. Finally, the paper presents the author's pro-euthanasia views.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Historical Overview
Case For
Case Against
My Viewpoint
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"It has also been advocated that if taking life is established as medical procedure there is no guarantee for its proper regulation. The controlling methods to secure against exploitation will necessitate an open system, but privacy requirements make such a system unbelievable. The legalized physician-patient association necessitates sealing of all records of treatment and patient condition. Moreover, a climate in which managed care system are motivated by economic considerations enhances the real risk that legal killing will spread out and the profit motive will be infused into the euthanasia consideration."
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The Human Genome Project, 2005.
This paper discusses the Human Genome Project (HGP), designed to provide detailed and complete information about the genes in human DNA.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, when completed, the Human Genome Project (HGP) will map the 50,000-100,000 genes contained in the human DNA resulting in the single most dramatic sphere of biological research, which holds the power to change theories and assumptions in the areas of biology, psychology and medicine. The author points out that the early stages of this project already have provided important new information about human genes, resulting in ethical questions requiring carefully judgment about such issues as congenital diseases and privacy. The paper stresses that in cases of clear-cut genetic causation, such as Huntington's chorea and some types of breast cancer, medical professionals and their patients have to make some difficult decisions.
From the Paper
"Other questions involve the right of individuals to privacy. Once we have human DNA completely mapped, will we then begin to generate detailed genetic profiles of all medical patients? If we do, is this information that can be shared with other organizations, by, for instance, hospitals? If it can be shared, insurance companies might then drop people with genes that make them prone to certain kinds of cancer, or destined to develop some genetically-driven disease such as Huntington's. In those cases, the individuals would get glimpses into their medical future whether they wanted to know what their genes reveal or not."
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