| Papers [286-304] of 1831 :: [Page 16 of 97] | | Go to page : <— 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 —> | |
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Co-Evolutionary Interactions, 2.
Provides evidence for co-evolution of mammalian herbivores and plant secondary compounds in boreal forests.
2,907 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the potential for co-evolutionary interactions between plant secondary compounds and browsing mammals in a relatively simple system. It first briefly presents several theoretical ideas on plant-animal co-evolution and then present the evidence on interactions between mammalian browsers and woody plants in boreal regions that may bear on the co-evolutionary questions.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Co-evolution
Browsers and Food Plants in the Boreal Forest
Variation in Secondary Compounds and Browsing Resistance
Estimating Plant Fitness
The Herbivores: Hares, Moose, and Voles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The evidence for the effects of secondary compounds on fitness has not been measured directly for boreal mammals. However, the evidence presented above suggests that they may be important. Both the fine-scale selectivity of browsers among similar plants and plant parts that vary in their levels of secondary compounds (Bryant et al. 1991a,b, Bryant et al. 1992) and the potentially severe effects of these chemicals on the herbivores' nutritional status (Iason and Palo 1991) suggest that the ability to avoid or detoxify secondary compounds is a result of selection."
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Substitute Skin, 2006.
This paper discusses the engineering of substitute skin.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the demand for substitute skin is because (1) the loss of significant amounts of this layer can result in functional morbidity or death and (2) the many burn injuries and dermatological disorders such as chronic skin ulcers and nevi excision, which require substitute skin. The author points out that, to design a skin substitute, it is necessary to replace both the dermal and epidermal layers because the dermal layer cannot spontaneously regenerate in humans and the epidermal layer is needed as protection for underlying dermis. The paper relates that the three main types of temporary skin substitutes, which are used for coverage of wounds that do not completely eliminate the dermis or for areas where skin is being removed as a donor site, are allograft, synthetic, and bio-synthetic; whereas, the two main types of permanent skin replacements are bio-synthetic and biologic, but many of the newer types of artificial skin being developed are a combination of both categories.
From the Paper
"The basic design criteria specified by Yannas and Burke have become standards used to fabricate new skin alternatives. These criteria utilize two separate stages of design. The initial stage involves keeping bacteria out of the body and retaining water within the body [9]. Once these goals have been met, a second long-term stage involves improvement of cosmetic appearance and tissue scarring, minimizing contracture of the skin, and anchoring to the underlying tissue [9]. In addition, it is assumed that the skin is non-toxic. Researchers have added several more goals to the design criteria since the original publication by Yannas and Burke. These goals are to make the artificial skin easy to store and use and to produce it inexpensively [7] as well as reducing heat loss and pain in the area and providing a hypoxic area wherein wound healing would occur faster."
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The Concept of Species, 2006.
An examination of ways to define the concept of species.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this report the author looks at ways to define the concept of species. He considers that in a biological sense, it is a difficult task, considering that so many different organisms and variations of organisms exist. This author looks at the concept of species as having been pursued since the time of Aristotle and how it has consistently been revised, scrutinized, rejected and accepted by different disciplines and schools since the birth of western science. He then proceeds to suggest ways of defining species whether it be as an organism that can reproduce or the essential concept. The paper concludes with the summation that whether or not species is a convention created by humans, it has become an integral and fundamental unit of science.
From the Paper
"If two individuals in nature can produce fertile offspring, they are of the same species, and the opposite is true if offspring are produced but are infertile. The interbreeding of a horse and donkey is an excellent example of reproductive isolation. The individuals can successfully reproduce, but the offspring that is produced is not fertile. Therefore, the horse and donkey are not of the same species. With this, and the concept of reproductive isolation in mind, a species can then be defined as a group of reproductively isolated individuals. However there is a group of organisms to which this does not properly apply; those that reproduce asexually."
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The Women of Salerno, 2006.
Examines how female medical physicians from the medieval Italian Salerno school contributed to the origins of medicine.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Medicine in medieval Europe benefited from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin influences. Because of geographical and other favorable conditions, many of these cultural contributions synergized to form the Medical School at Salerno around 900 AD. This paper shows that, somewhat uncharacteristically, women physicians played a part in the advances that came from this school. The women physicians of Salerno contributed to a textbook that gained wide acceptance and distribution throughout Europe. The textbook called "De Passionibus Mulierium" was first published about 1100 AD and was a prominent text until a significant revision by Ambrose Pare's assistant in the early 1600's. The paper shows that the advances first taught and implemented by the women of Salerno are an interesting and important part of our surgical heritage.
Paper Outline:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction: the Medical School at Salerno
The Women of Salerno
Medical Certification in Southern Italy
Anatomic Dissections at the School of Salerno
Surgical Contributions
References
From the Paper
"The anatomy of the reproductive organs was only known from animal dissections and written descriptions (without pictures) of Islamic texts. It was to the study of the female reproductive system that the women physicians of Salerno made vital contributions, since women doctors had greater access to female patients than did their male counterparts. In her book, Trotula writes that she was called to the practice of medicine because she had too often seen the suffering of women who were ashamed to share their maladies with a male doctor. [10] A good number of the sixty-three chapters of Trotula Major are devoted to the problems of conception, pregnancy, embryonic development and childbirth."
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IL-7 and KL, 2006.
Explores immunophenotypic isolation and an analysis of human Interleukin-7 and c-kit (KL) ligand producing TEC.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
IL-7 and KL are stroma-derived cytokines, both of which are necessary for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of thymocytes. This paper show that the loss of intrathymic IL-7 production may underlie various forms of acquired immunodeficiencies, such as those occurring after BMT, HIV infection or during aging. The paper concludes that data indicates that the CD45- HLA-DRdim TEC are the only intrathymic source of IL-7 and KL in the human thymus. These cells are present in both the cortex and medulla of the thymus and direct infection of the TEC is not a mechanism for impaired thymopoiesis in active HIV infection.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Study Design
FACS Analyses
RT-PCR
Immunostaining
HIV Challenge and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
From the Paper
"KL exists in both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms, which result from differential splicing. Inclusion of the 6th exon results in a transcript encoding the transmembrane domain of the membrane-bound form.
RT-PCR primers designed to detect each KL isoform as different sized products demonstrated the presence of both transcripts in the CD45- HLA-DRdim populations, but no other sorted populations of thymic cells.11 Since thymocytes express both the IL-7 receptor and c-kit, the expression of both IL-7 and KL by the same TEC infers that the thymocytes are stimulated simultaneously through the IL-7R and c-kit interaction."
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The Metamorphosis of the Butterfly, 2006.
An overview of the four stages of a butterfly's metamorphosis.
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are four concrete stages of metamorphosis in the life of a butterfly, listing these stages as the egg stage, the caterpillar/larva stage, the pupa/chrysalis, and finally the butterfly stage in which the complete butterfly emerges. The paper describes the processes and changes that take place in each of these stages and points out how the final stage of the butterfly's metamorphosis has become the universal image for various transformations.
From the Paper
"The lifecycle of the butterfly, namely metamorphosis, is a symbol of transformation. The process of Metamorphosis has four stages; each stage can be used to symbolize the life process on a diacritical level. The essence of this change of form can clearly be seen when one observes an ungainly, crawling caterpillar morph into a delicate, brightly colored flying butterfly. It is crucial to note that not only is this process beautiful, it is complex as well. Metamorphosis is controlled by a blend of genetic messages and hormones residing inside the organism, though it can also be influenced by environmental factors such as diet and temperature (Metamorphosis, 2). Additionally, Metamorphosis is defined as a marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal occurring subsequent to birth or hatching."
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Preserving the Wilderness, 2006.
Argues for the need to preserve the world's wilderness as these areas are a haven for habitat and biodiversity not found anywhere else on earth.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Our entire society is governed by consumerism and competition and in order for our economy to thrive, our appetite for prosperity must continually grow. The paper argues that it is for this very reason that we must take wilderness protection very seriously. As a commercial society we are dependant on our abundance of natural resources and our common wealth of public land to fuel our ever-growing population. The paper argues that even if the average person never visits a pristine forest, their quality of life is seriously affected by its preservation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Why Protect Wilderness?
Wilderness as a Resource
Biodiversity
Wilderness as a Laboratory
The Arctic Refuge; An Urgent Risk
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Perhaps a fundamental importance of wilderness lies in its ability to provide a basis for understanding the effects of our current land-use practices. Wilderness offers us "an ecological laboratory" (Miller, 199) where it is possible to examine nature as it was meant to function. Multiple use approaches to land management and other attempts at conservation may well be practical solutions towards preserving wilderness. However, without being able to compare our practices to an area of land that has not been managed or disturbed, it would be almost impossible to judge the difference. In addition, the National Resource Defiance Council, or NRDC, claims that half of our public lands are home to endangered or threatened species. Unspoiled wilderness provides a habitat in which both nature and evolution can progress without disruption."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
This paper examines the social, moral and ethical merits of stem cell research, as well the ongoing political debate regarding the funding for continued research in this controversial field of science.
2,023 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper defines stem cells as primal undifferentiated cells which retain the ability to separate into other cell types which can be used as a repair mechanism to reproduce cells and repair systems in the body. The writer examines the negative side of stem cell research contending that there is evidence which states that the impact of this type of research on the human immune system as well as overall genetic growth will eventually decline. This paper also discusses the moral and ethical merits of stem cell research which is currently rife with controversy. Politics plays a large role in stem cell development, mainly due to funding. The writer contends that stem cells are too dangerous to be carelessly used and applied to the human race, while its continued research might be slightly beneficial, in the current stage the harms far outweigh the benefits.
From the Paper
"The first step in analyzing the effects of stem cell research is through the scientific perspective. Stem cell research is important for the advancement of science because of its ability to replicate exact copies of different cells. Stem cells are obtained from a clone of the specific patient's cells, and thus have a genetically identical fit with a stem cell. This cell then has the ability to produce either missing tissue, or even an entire organ that will allow the patient to function as normal. Unlike transplants within the body that could be rejected by the immune system if there is a possibility of incompatibility, the stem cell created organ is a perfect construction of the body's organ and thus will be accepted as the original inside the patient's body. This is why stem cell research is so highly touted, it allows for a new frontier of technology in the health sciences industry."
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Human Sperm Competition, 2006.
Examines male and female subconscious manipulation of the ejaculate.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Sperm competition is a subconscious force at work during copulation which affects the amount of sperm inseminated and influences the chance of pregnancy. The paper shows that females affect sperm levels through flowback and sperm retention. Males affect sperm levels by inseminating different amounts of sperm due to the time interval between copulatory behavior. The paper examines current theory which states that males subconsciously desire to fertilize a female, while females subconsciously do not want to become pregnant.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background: Animal Sperm Competition
Experiment #1: Sand Lizards
Experiment #2: Chaffinches
Human Sperm Competition
Experiment #3: Human Females
Experiment #4: Human Males
Works Cited
From the Paper
"One of the aspects of copulatory behavior studied by Baker and Bellis (1993b) was the manipulation of ejaculation by females during in-pair copulation. To do so, they examined the flowback discharged by females after copulation. Flowback comprises vaginal fluid, female tissue, sperm and up to 3ml of seminal fluid (Baker and Bellis, 1993b). Flowback occurs directly after copulation when the female gets up, or most frequently, during the first urination after copulatory behavior. No previous study had been done in regard to the quantity of sperm expelled from possible impregnation by this means."
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Cruelty to Animals, 2006.
An assessment of organizational and governmental efforts to protect animals.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the organizations, governmental agencies and courtrooms acting to protect animals from cruelty. The paper begins with a review of the laws against cruelty to animals. Next, the paper explores the mission and success of some of the most well-known non-profit organizations working to protect animals. Included are the Humane Society and American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as well as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). The paper also briefly discusses smaller, grassroots organizations, like Animal Cruelty Actionline. The paper then turns to the laws against animal cruelty and their application in several rather disturbing courtroom cases.
From the Paper
"There are currently hundreds of organizations around to prevent and stop cruelty to animals. The most widely recognized organizations are the American Humane Society and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The ASPCA since its inception has become a role model for other similar organizations to follow. The organization has a legislative action center in which volunteers are asked to write their legislatures in order to rally for stricter penalties against animal cruelty. Volunteers are kept abreast on current issues related to animal cruelty. The society also keeps a listing of animal humane law enforcement officials and animal control agencies throughout the United States."
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Migration of Canadian Goose and Arctic Tern, 2006.
A look at the migratory habits of the Canadian Goose and the Arctic Tern.
1,459 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.
From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."
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Ambiguous Genitalia, 2006.
This paper explores cases when gender is unclear at birth.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author explores the incidents of birth where gender is unclear. He looks at how the sex of a child at birth moulds the child for future life from the color of the blanket he or she is given to the type of toys they play with. The paper cites examples of children born in South East Asia who are neither male or female that are disowned by general society and often turn to prostitution in later years if they are not accepted as performers. They are considered to be neither man nor woman and are often considered freaks. Finally the paper concludes that, with the advancement of modern medicine, there is hope that operations can be performed to give these people a true gender identity.
From the Paper
"Early in fetal development, males and females are indistinguishable. Male fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs; female fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs. It's the body's hormones that determine which organs develop further and which disappear. The hormones get their 'messages' from the sex chromosomes. So you can begin to understand how if a problem arises anywhere along these lines of 'communication', a baby could be born with ambiguous genitalia or organs of the opposite gender."
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Acid Rain and Freshwater Fish, 2006.
This informative paper examines the disastrous effects of acidic precipitation and aluminum toxicity on freshwater fish populations around the world.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This well-researched and detailed paper explores the effects of acidic precipitation (acid rain) which has been a major factor in fish kills throughout countries in the northern hemisphere. The writer of this paper cites numerous studies which have linked aluminum toxicity along with acid rain as the main cause of fish extinction. This paper stresses the urgency in developing a successful management tool in determining the viability of fish populations in various natural settings. This paper also contains detailed information and results of various case studies as well as two graphs that support the author's claims in this report.
From the Paper
"The fish used in this experiment were obtained from a trout farm which ensures the relative similarity of the fishes used in the experiment. They were acclimated to artificial soft water for 2 weeks before they were used in the experiment. They were then transferred to flux chambers for the experiment and given 24 to 48 hours to recover from the handling stress before they were exposed for 24 hours to low-pH water (pH 4.4, 4.8, or 5.2) A control group (N=36) for each of these pHs was left in these conditions for 10 days. The experimental group after this 24 hour exposure to low pH levels were exposed to concentrations of Al of 111, 333, or 1000 ug/L at the same pH (N=72)."
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Monsanto, Genetic Engineering and Indonesia, 2006.
Examines how the agricultural company, Monsanto, introduced genetic engineering (GE) to Indonesia.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
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The American Alligator, 2006.
An overview of the American alligator including its habitat, mating and eating habits.
1,394 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various aspects of the American alligator including the regions it inhabits, the type of climate it favors, its primary habitat and its origins. It also looks discusses the threat posed to alligators by humans and what the government has done to try to protect them from extinction.
From the Paper
"The American alligator is a cold-blooded member of the reptile family. The American alligator got its name from Spanish explorers who named it "el largarto," which means "the lizard." Since the body temperature of the alligator is the same as the temperature around it, the American alligator lives only in the southeastern states of America. Since that's in the vicinity of the Mississippi, the American alligator's scientific name is alligator mississippiensis, although the highest populations of alligators are found in Florida and Louisiana. In Florida, alligators are found in almost every body of water, with the highest concentrations being in the Central and South regions. Prime alligator habitats are swamps, marshes, lakes, and drainage canals. Alligators prefer a climate that is warm, wet, light and cool, and always stay near their body of water. The American alligator prefers fresh water to salt water."
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Soil Erosion, 2006.
Examines the effects of marginal land and deforestation on soil erosion.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Never before in the history of mankind have we faced an environmental dilemma with the worldwide effects of soil erosion. The problem is so severe, that many experts fear the land will not be able to produce enough food to feed the world's population in the next century. The paper discusses the problem as two fold - marginal land and deforestation. Much of the world's land is marginal sandy desert and sub-desert. In order to feed and house their growing populations many countries in South America, Asia, and Africa clear the world's forests to create more grazing land. The paper shows that, although much of this land has rich soil, the effect of deforestation is an increase in soil erosion. Once the trees are removed, the soil erodes and soon becomes marginal. Combined this with the problem of acid rain, other forms of pollution, and over population, and it is obvious we are entering a time of intense food scarcity.
From the Paper
"In order to preserve life for future generations, we must preserve the soil. Conservation and research are the keys to the future. Conservation and improving soil quality will prevent food shortages in the future. The quality of food today has decreased to dangerously low levels. In spite of increased knowledge about nutrition and advancements in medicine, people today are not as healthy as previous generations. We suffer from nutrient deficiencies related to the poor quality of soil."
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The African Hunting Dog, 2006.
An overview of the characteristics of the Cape hunting dog, also known as the African hunting dog.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The hunting strategies of the African wild dog were behavior once shrouded in inaccurate myth. The dogs were formerly considered among the roughest and meanest species on the African savanna and bushland. The paper shows that they were noted for driving out all other species in their regions, for mutilating their victims beyond recognition, as well as for consuming their own kind who had fallen prey to illness or exhaustion. The paper shows, however, that researchers have recently taken a closer look at the animals' morphological, physiological and adaptive characteristics, their methods of locating prey, as well as their prey-capture techniques and food allocation practices. New studies have presented a wildly different version of the African wild dog.
From the Paper
"According to recent research, the prime habitat for wild dogs is not the open, grassy plains but rather the woodland-savanna areas which support larger populations of prey due to the interspersion of seasonally-flooded grasslands in these areas. The animals' diet consists largely of impala (80-85%), with the remaining percentage distributed among red lechwe, reedbuck, steenbok (antelope types), and the juveniles of kudu, buffalo, tsessebe, zebra and wildebeest. Most of these animals are nearly ten times the weight of the average hunting dog. They are also common in the regions where wild dogs exist, so that locating their prey is not often difficult."
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Will to Survive, 2005.
Argues that a human's will to survive is instinctive.
2,841 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
One of the most valuable human qualities is the will to survive. Case histories of life-threatening situations have demonstrated that stubborn, strong will power is often the key to conquering dangerous conditions. The paper shows, however, that the will to survive also manifests in the human physiology. Hunger, sweating and panic are good examples of anatomical responses to danger. These actions are largely uncontrolled. The paper argues, therefore, that the will to survive is not simply a human trait, it is also an instinct.
From the Paper
"However, by stopping the sweating mechanism, the body is making a drastic attempt to prevent further water loss by initiating absolute conservation of water. This physiologically-initiated method of survival actually prolongs the person's ability to survive in that it allows him extra time to replenish his fluids. If the body continued sweating, the fluid loss level would reach 15 percent, the blood volume would fall below sustainable levels and the organs would simply die."
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Opportunities in the Biotechnology Industry, 2006.
This brief paper examines the impending opportunities for smaller biotech companies to crack open the door and compete against the global pharmaceutical giants that are currently the major players in the industry.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the biotech industry which is currently controlled by several big global companies and the fact that this is about to change. Patents on nearly $40 billion in drugs manufactured by the large pharmaceutical companies are set to expire which should open the door for smaller companies to help medicate the world. The writer's vision is for smaller companies to secure a place in an international growth market, to receive approval by various government agencies, to prove the efficacy of innovations and more importantly to solve some of the world's ills which can be alleviated by biotechnological products. This paper includes a statistical graph detailing biotech industry threats and opportunities.
Topics covered in this report include:
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Competition
Political
Ecological
Energy
Economic
Spirit/Ethics
International
Technology
Social
Conclusions and Statistics About Threats and Opportunities for a New Venture
Citations
From the Paper
"As long as there is no human genome project underway, there is little government interference. However, the American companies claim that the FDA is much too slow, compared to overseas regulatory agencies, to approve new drugs. For this reason, many of the companies are either buying, being bought by, or creating partnerships with overseas companies in order to sell their drugs where restrictions are not as tight as in the U.S. One major problem that the industry faces is the high cost to the consumer. Congress has a number of bills about medical costs."
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