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Achievements in the Biological Sciences, 2006.
A paper discussing the advances made in the biological sciences and, in particular, in the technology of cloning and why these advances are beneficial.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the advances made in cloning technology and looks at why these advances have made a difference to mankind and why they are beneficial. The paper considers the many controversial issues associated with cloning and discusses its advantages as well as its disadvantages. The author of the paper concludes that cloning technology, while still in its infancy, holds great potential for mankind.
From the Paper
"Personally, I believe that cloning is one of the truly spectacular achievements in the biological sciences. We may be a while off from perfecting the complete process but the seed of success is built on a foundation of failed attempts. The Wright brothers did not fly the same way as our modern jets do and the learning process along the way for flight had many trials and tribulations. Yet, flying today is safer than driving. I believe over time that cloning will become a standard operation in healthcare and that from a biological perspective, all those who benefit from the technology in the future will be pleased with their outcomes."
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Medicinal Uses of Plants, 2006.
This well-researched paper examines the sudden resurgence of interest in medicinal plants, which is due not only to their potential health benefits but also to the enormous amounts of money involved as well.
1,669 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper supplies significant research which proves that medicinal plants, commonly referred to as medicinal herbs, have been successfully used by man for more than 60 thousand years. The uses of medicinal plants have ranged through the entire spectrum of the physical and psychological maladies that can afflict the human race. The writer of this paper examines the various vaccines made from medicinal plant preparations which are designed for oral consumption as well as the numerous health benefits attained by properly ingesting these herbs. This paper also analyzes the business aspect of the medicine plant trade. Through relevant research, this paper estimates that world sales of medicines derived from plants, discovered and collected by indigenous tribes and cultures in 1990, amounted to some $43 billion.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Etiology, Applications and Common Medicinal Plants Today
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"According to Zerner, the majority of the knowledge about medicinal plants today has been accumulated based on empirical observations over long periods of time. Likewise, Crellin and Philpott note that observations of the use of different plants by sick animals has always been a valuable source of information for early practitioners, and many continue to believe this is a valuable source of reliable information concerning the efficacy of medicinal plants today. Even the nonmedicinal uses of these various plant materials has helped the body of knowledge through increased familiarity to the point where, "Nowadays, many herbalists believe that they have an almost intuitive sense of whether or not a plant is medical. Ten of the most popular medicinal plants today are bilberry, cranberry, echinacea, feverfew, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, kava kava, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and St. John's wort."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
Examines some of the controversial points of stem cell research.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to help more than 100 million Americans who have life-threatening diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and many others. The paper shows that the limits on the lines of stem cells available for federal funding has strictly limited researchers' ability to help treat these diseases and conditions. The paper examines the views of research supporters, including famous actors such as Michael J. Fox.
From the Paper
"Michael J. Fox, a man with a personal interest in finding cures, thinks it's "nuts" to restrict stem cell research when it has so much potential to help or cure millions of people. In his words, "Those of us with Parkinson's and other degenerative diseases see it as so self-defeating. We don't want to clone a Frankenstein or Uncle Charlie so we can play poker with him again. We just want to save lives." The man has a point. Would President Bush be so quick to ban research if his own daughter could be cured? Would any of us?"
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EU Safety Regulations and GMOs, 2006.
Examines how European Union safety regulations affect marketing, especially in the case of genetically modified organisms.
2,608 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In the past few years, citizens, policy makers and government officials have noted that safety legislation enacted in the European Union (EU) has significantly impacted the manner and method in which companies market their products. One of the most dramatically affected products involves the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This paper discusses how safety legislation and specific cases regarding GMOs has affected marketing in the EU.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Legislative History
Council Directive 90/220/EEC: Deliberate Release Directive
Council Regulation 258/97: Novel Foods Regulation
Commission Directive 97/35/EC
Council Regulation No. 1139/1998
Legislative Trends and the Relation to Marketing
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Aimed at providing a uniform law for new foods throughout the member states, the Novel Foods Regulation applied to foods which have not been used for human consumption to a significant degrees within the community (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 1(2)). These novel foods include GMO products within the meaning of the Direct Release Directive, foods produced by though not containing GMOs, and foods with a new or intentionally modified primary molecular structure (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 1). Through an approval procedure, this legislation requires the submission of a proposed label for the product, including information as to how the product's characteristics differ from existing foods (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 6(1), 8(1)(a))."
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Theory of Evolution, 2006.
An overview of Darwinism and the controversy surrounding this theory in U.S. schools.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The concept of evolution embodies the belief that existing animals and plants developed through a process of gradual and continuous change from previously existing forms. This paper traces Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. It examines how the idea of this theory has been met in the U.S. educational system and how it is dealt with by lawmakers. The paper also examines alternative theories on evolution.
From the Paper
"Scientific creationism is considered a pseudoscience, however, a number of states passed laws requiring that creationism be taught in school as an alternative to evolution, yet a Federal court in 1982 considered an Arkansas law to be a pretext for teaching religious views and declared it unconstitutional, (Dutch pp). Although defeated in the courts, creationism continues to thrive at the grass-roots level and opponents of evolution focus their efforts at influencing school curricula at the local level and have had such a national impact the many textbook publishers, for fear of losing sales, water down the evolution content of their texts, "reinforcing the misconception that evolution is little more than an opinion held by some scientists" (Dutch pp)."
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Cloning, 2006.
This paper focuses on the controversial and much debated issue of cloning.
1,422 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer contends that while there is virtually universal agreement that human cloning is neither safe nor ethically desirable, the research work being done in other cloning techniques continues to greatly interest scientists and the public alike. This paper examines the three main types cloning processes, while also discussing the ethical issues that arise from these techniques. The three cloning techniques are comprised of DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. The DNA cloning process involves the transferring of a DNA fragment from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element or a cloning vector such as a bacterial plasmid. This paper details the technology involved in reproductive cloning, which entails creating organisms with an identical genetic make-up to an already existing organism. This paper explores the benefits of cloning, including finding cures for diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer and diabetes. This paper discusses the concerns which have been raised over the destruction of unwanted embryos and the potential risk of abuse in this specific area of science. The writer examines the fact that many countries currently permit stem cell research, which can be conducted only on in-vitro embryos or embryos that were discarded during infertility treatments.
From the Paper
"In therapeutic cloning, concerns have been raised over the destruction of unwanted embryos, and the future abuse of such technology. The fear of abuse is, in fact, all too real since therapeutic cloning is just one step away from reproductive cloning. But the fear of eugenics or playing God is not the only ethical issue involved. For, opponents of the technology also argue that an embryo has life and the moral status of a person from the moment of conception. Therefore, it is immoral to kill the nascent life that is the embryo. Advocates of therapeutic cloning refute this argument by pointing out that the technology holds the promise of curing millions of adults of hitherto incurable diseases, and, therefore, the life of an already living being should be valued far more than one that has yet to fully form."
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Childhood Obesity, 2006.
This in-depth research paper provides a qualitative examination of the physiological and psychological effects of obesity among American children as well as the factors contributing to this growing epidemic.
9,375 words (approx. 37.5 pages), 39 sources, MLA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper details the results of various studies that prove obesity and overweight conditions among adolescents are the results of multiple elements. This paper explores the genetic influences that can increase an individual's susceptibility to overweight or obese conditions. This paper analyzes the factors that contribute to obesity while focusing on the genetic, environmental and parental issues. One factor that is contributing to the nation's obesity epidemic is inadequate participation in active sports by young children. This paper details the results of a study that sampled 50 physical educators to determine their perceptions of the unintended physiological and psychological consequences of childhood obesity in their classrooms. This paper looks at the nutritional and dietary habits of adolescents which determine what factors are most likely to contribute to obesity. The writer of this paper explores the social, emotional and physical effects of obesity among children. This paper details the physical effects in obese children, which prove they are more susceptible to suffering lifelong health problems such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes and even orthopedic problems.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"With regard to nutrition and dietary intake, the data currently available indicates that Americans are consuming more calories but are not compensating for them with increased physical activity. According to the U.S. Department of agriculture, Americans in the 1990's were consuming more food and several hundred more calories per day than they did in the 1970s. Much of this observed increase can be associated with an increase in eating away from home. A study by McCrory and colleagues found that an increasing proportion of household food income was spent on food prepared away from home and that frequently eating restaurant food was associated with being overweight. In two-career families where there is no one at home to prepare healthy meals, warming up packaged foods, picking up fast food, or dining out has become the norm. "Eating is also a form of entertainment and a forum for socializing, as the number and variety of restaurants has mushroomed in recent years." Grantmakers in Health. As a result of this, the amount of meals eaten outside the home has almost doubled in the past few decades."
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Evolution, 2006.
A discussion of the evolutionary process as it pertains to teeth.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the evolutionary process and the changes it has led to in mammals. The paper provides scientific and statistical data regarding changes in animals' body size, mass and cranial capacity, in addition to oxygen intake levels and reproductive behavior. The paper then focuses on how evolution has led to changes in the diets of many mammals, which have affected the number and types of teeth, as well as in the sexual dimorphism in teeth between males and females.
From the Paper
"These primates, generally grouped into the suborder of Plesiadapiformes, are known only to modern scientists by tooth remains. According to fragments found in Africa, these early primates were mostly fruit and insect eating animals (Milton, 89). Their dental records show three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars on both the top and bottom jaw, with blunt cusps (Bramblet, para. 2). In the late Paleocene primates, the structure of the molars and incisors began to alter, showing longer incisors and variable molars, suggesting the beginnings of dietary differences, including consumption of increased plant materials (Bramblet, para. 3)."
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Agriculture and Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
Discusses agriculture and GM food in the development of third world countries.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is used to describe agricultural crops and plants which are grown for both human and animal consumption, through the use of techniques from the science of molecular biology. This paper examines the heated debate which surrounds the topic of GM products. In many third word countries, GM products are associated more with big business and money and less with help for poverty stricken countries. The paper shows that, nevertheless, the prevalence of GM produce cultivation and usage is on the increase globally. The paper includes a graph.
From the Paper
"Despite these aspects, there is a large body of dissent and opinion against GM products in the third world and elsewhere. Much of this disagreement originates from developing counties, particularly in Africa. There are many reasons given for the opposition to GM crops. The central argument against GM products is that many feel that these foods have not been tested enough over a sufficient period of time. Many critics also see the use of GM product in third world countries as a form of experimentation. There is also a high degree of awareness throughout the word of the possible dangers of tampering with the genetic composition of foodstuffs."
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18th Century Botanical Art, 2005.
This paper traces the history of 18th century botanical art as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment scientific botanical explorations.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the exotic new plant species brought back from the many 18th century global scientific explorations created an interest by men and women in landscape gardening and gardening magazines. The author points out that the botanical illustrations originated as a help to Carolus Linnaeus' classification system, which greatly influenced the botanical art (also called linnaean art) of the era, and soon became very popular, appearing in garden magazines along with cultivation instructions and even as textile prints. The paper compares the similarities of the work of Claude Aubriet (1665-1742), the first botanical artist to be part of an expedition, with commercial textiles, noting that in both examples all the 'working parts' of the plants are depicted.
From the Paper
"A president of the Royal Society subsequent to Sloane, Sir Joseph Banks, was one of the most powerful men in the British scientific community at the time, and he commissioned or caused to be published significant numbers of botanical illustrations that would have influenced both artists in other genres and the public, still hungry for information about exotic plants. Banks was also unofficial director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, giving him yet another platform from which to influence the public taste. Banks himself had sailed with Captain Cook on the first of Cook's voyages around the world in 1768."
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Canine Hypothyroidism, 2006.
An overview of hypothyroidism in dogs, its symptoms, causes and consequences.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explores canine hypothyroidism and its impact on canine behavior. The author examines research about canine hypothyroidism and its causes, symptoms and how these things ultimately impact the behavior of the dog.
From the Paper
"Pet owners often love their pets as much as if they were human. When the pet begins to act like he or she is not feeling up to par it warrants an immediate trip to the veterinarian to see what the problem is. Many dog illnesses are obvious, such as bites, infection, fever or flu, but there are also disorders or illnesses that are less obvious at first. One such disorder is canine hypothyroidism. Canine hypothyroidism is similar to human hypothyroidism in many ways. It impacts the adrenal system, it affects weight, mind and behavior in the canine just like it can in humans. One of the problems with canine hypothyroidism is that the animal cannot tell the owner what is wrong. The symptoms can go on for quite some time before anyone in the family figures out that something is wrong. Usually the first indicator is the behavior of the animal because the earlier symptoms are not something the dog can express."
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The Effect of Red Tide on Manatees, 2005.
Examines how red tide effects the manatee population of Florida.
1,422 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the manatee population of Florida which has suffered devastating effects not only from the fishing and boating industry but the from re-occurrence of the red tides has killed large numbers in recent years. This has lead to much research and numerous efforts regarding manatee protection and algae controls.
From the Paper
"Between 1995 and 1996, about twenty percent of the Florida manatee population died from exposure to red tide, a toxic algae bloom that occurs naturally in the Gulf of Mexico, and to which manatees have been exposed to for many years (Trouble pp). Scientists believe that perhaps the blooms are more concentrated due to the increasing levels of pollution in Florida's coastal waters, and moreover, that the pollution may be reducing the manatees natural immune system and its resistance to disease (Trouble pp)."
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Animal Rights, 2005.
Examines personal and ethical decisions which we need to make regarding animals.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Just as each person has the responsibility to determine how they will live their lives so as to be most moral towards their fellow humans, each person must also determine how they can live so that they are moral towards their fellow animals. The paper shows that the main areas in which one must make decisions about personal morality are those regarding the eating of animals and using their bodies for pleasure and profit, the use of animals for experimentation, and the appropriate way to live with animals who are our companions. The paper shows that in each of these areas, it is necessary to take into consideration the facts of the case in each area and balance the pain and suffering they entail with one's own self-interest.
From the Paper
"However, most animals who are eaten today are not killed in a humane way. The movie "Meet your Meat," narrated by Alec Baldwin, describes the way in which animals are raised and butchered. They show cows still alive, strung up by their hind legs screaming as their throats were cut, or dunked in boiling water while still alive. In one clip, a half-slaughtered pig broke one of his own legs trying to get free, slipping and sliding on blood as he tried to escape the slaughter house. Chickens and pigs are kept in terrible conditions while alive."
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Homeostasis, 2006.
An analysis of energy homeostasis in the body.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that homeostasis generally refers to the ability of an organism, including a human to maintain a certain state of equilibrium. The paper then goes on to discuss the subject of energy homeostasis with regard to human physiology and reviews some of the available literature on the subject. The paper explains that this research indicates that men and women may require different levels of basic nutrients in order to maintain a state of homeostasis and that water, like other nutrients, is a vital component for maintaining the physiology of the human body.
From the Paper
"Energy homeostasis can be defined as the state of equilibrium where the body is not only producing an adequate level of energy to function, but where the metabolism is working synergistically with the rest of the body to burn and store nutrients as needed (Cone, 2001). This is an ongoing process that occurs as human beings feed and hydrate themselves day in and out. Energy homeostasis is affected by a number of factors, including how much exercise and how much sleep one gets during the course of a given day (Cone, 2001). If for example a person sleeps excessively, in theory they will disrupt the natural state of equilibrium in the body, potentially causing even more sleepiness (contrary to what one might think, that an individual might feel more rested)."
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Animal Testing, 2005.
Examines the ethical questions regarding the issue of animal testing.
3,778 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
Around the globe, animals are utilized to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs. Each and every short of medication applied is first tested on the animals. Animals were also applied to develop anesthetics to alleviate human ailments and suffering during surgery. The paper shows that, currently, questions have been raised about the ethics of this usage. Several regulations have been devised and legislated to evaluate and control the application animals in all fields of studies, with the objective of ensuring that such research is carried out in a humanely and ethical manner. The paper show that acceptance of such experimentation is subject to heavy debate.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Arguments for Testing
Arguments against Testing
My Stance (Author's Point of View)
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Government and humanitarian agencies have financed researches into the substitutive strategies since the 1960s. (Animal Experiments) Revlon Cosmetics was considered premier in this line to finance research studies for substitutions with a grant of $750,000 to the Rockefeller University in 1979. Several agencies like the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal testing - CAAT, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, and the Soap and Detergent Association followed the trend and initiated their own projects in justifying the alternatives. (Animal Testing Alternatives) During the last 15 years, Germany has granted about ?4.2 million per annum in research grants, while the annual expenditure of Netherlands in this regard is ?1.4 million."
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Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper explains that stem cell research is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of treating disease with cell-based therapies, often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that implanted stem cells used to repair or replace damaged tissues are less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system than other foreign cells. The author points out that germ line cells and adult stem cells are less versatile than embryonic stem cells, which can develop into every type of tissue found in an adult; however, the processes that control this development are at present not fully understood. The paper discusses that BioMark International, a privately funded Biotech Group, provides access to a unique method of Cord Blood Stem Cell (CBSC)processing by which CBSCs are derived from the umbilical cords from natural full term births of consenting mothers, all of whom have been tested according to standards set by the American Association of Blood Banks .
From the Paper
"In May 2004, Nancy Reagan, whose husband former President Ronald Reagan was at the time suffering the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease, urged the Bush administration to support embryonic stem cell research and said that too much time had been wasted discussing the issue. Although a Republican, Mrs. Reagan has been critical of the Bush administration for blocking public funding of stem cell research due to the party's ethical reservations concerning embryo research. Speaking at a fundraising dinner for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, she said she believed the research could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease, and "may provide our scientists with many answers that for so long have been beyond our grasp...I just don't see how we can turn our backs on this...We have lost so much time already...I just really can't bear to lose any more.""
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Mad Cow Disease, 2006.
An overview of this brain disease which affects cattle and humans.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.
Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited
From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
Examines the debate surrounding the issue of genetically modified food.
1,284 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
Genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genetic makeup of organisms and is especially common within the agricultural industry. This paper shows that during recent years, the appearance of genetically modified foods in the marketplace has spawned much heated debate in the public arena regarding the ecological and human health factors. The paper explores some of these issues and examines the views of those who are pro-GM and their critics.
From the Paper
"The ISP report claims that not only have GM crops failed to increase yields or reduce herbicide and pesticide use, they have cost the United States an estimated $12 billion in farm subsidies, lost sales and product recalls due to transgenic contamination (Independent pp). Moreover, in India, massive failures in "Bt cotton" are up 100 percent (Independent pp). Moreover, triple herbicide-tolerate volunteers that have combined transgenic and non-transgenic traits are now widespread in Canada, and multiple herbicide-tolerant volunteers and weeds have emerged in the United State (Independent pp)."
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