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Marine Ecology, 2007.
This paper explores marine ecology with a focus on organisms' specialized adaptations.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper defines marine ecology as how plants and animals in a marine setting interact with the physical attributes of a water-dominated environment, such as in the major oceans of the world which are predominately saline. The paper shows how a great variety of animals and plants have managed to adapt themselves to this often harsh environment in order to survive and flourish. The paper relates that one particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. The paper demonstrates how flounder, mussel, the sponge and barnacles have adapted themselves to their marine environment.
From the Paper
"One particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. A specific type of camouflage is called disruptive coloration, best illustrated by certain types of fish that are striped or spotted or have external markings or colors that blend in with the environment, making it very hard to see them when set against a sandy or rocky bottom. A prime example is the flounder, a flatfish belonging to the families of Pleuronectidae or Bothidae and well-known for its ability to conceal itself on the ocean bottom to primarily escape detection by predatory fish."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper examines aspects relating to stem cell research.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that on March 02, 2006 Rick Weiss reported in The Washington Post that due to the myriad of laws and ethics rules governing human embryonic stem cell research, an international community of scientists, ethicists and others have begun to collaborate on setting out a set of universal principles that will guide stem cell research worldwide. The writer notes that among the emerging principles are that restrictions should be rare, well-justified and flexible, and that scientists should be free to work abroad if research is banned in their own country. Further, the writer discusses that the group is hoping that the principles will, over time, gain widespread acceptance much as did early declarations of human rights.
From the Paper
"In the April 02, 2005 issue of the National Journal, Neil Munro discussed the potential use of stem cells in accelerating the development of new drugs. According to James Battey, chairman of the stem-cell task force at the National Institutes of Health, says that embryonic stem cells could be sued to shorten the drug-development process."
"Munro notes that this is one of several new twists in the long-running debate over stem cells that surfaced as advocates stepped up their promotion of new initiatives in several states that, like the 2004 successful initiative on the California ballot, would pump hundreds of millions of dollars into embryo-cell technologies."
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The Circulatory System, 2007.
An in-depth examination of the circulatory system and cardiovascular disease.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the composition of the circulatory system. The paper explores the common disorders associated with the circulatory system; arterial damage, inflammation and blood clots, hypertension and arterial aneurysms. The paper identifies common procedures and treatment for these disorders. The paper reveals that one of the most pervasive forms of preventative treatment for cardiovascular disease is lifestyle modification, especially a change in diet. The paper details angioplasty, coronary artery bypasses and anti-hypertensives.
Outline:
Make Up of the Circulatory System
Common Disorders Associated with the Circulatory System
Common Procedures and Treatment for the Disorders Identified
From the Paper
"The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, has several functions. These functions include: the transport of substances to and from the cells, maintenance of body temperature, and maintenance of pH as part of homeostasis. The circulatory system of all vertebrates, including humans, is a closed system, meaning the blood is not meant to leave the system. The primary components of the system are the heart, blood and blood vessels ("Circulatory System")."
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Photosynthesis, 2007.
A research paper, including two experiments, to better understand photosynthesis.
1,733 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the absorption spectrum of a chloroplast suspension. The paper further examines the determination of the effect of light quality (wavelength) on photosynthetic rate. The paper explores how to measure photosynthetic rate with dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), determining the extent of color loss of the dye DCPIP.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"The second experiment of this lab is determination of the effect of light quality on photosynthetic rate. The cabbage has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxx(nm) in blue light. But the spinach has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxxx(nm), in green light. Red cabbage and spinach have different photosynthetic rates in four different kinds of light, because red cabbage and spinach have different-colored leaves. For red cabbage, the highest to lowest photosynthetic rate is blue (xxxxx nm), broad spectrum (xxxxx nm), red (xxxxxnm), and green (xxxx nm)."
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Petco Company, 2007.
This paper offers an analysis of the Petco company, which is comprised of a chain of pet stores.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the company Petco, a chain of pet stores offering a full line of merchandise, from the animals themselves to housing, feed and toys for pets. The writer discusses the pet industry as a whole, looking into its history. The writer then explains how Petco grew and expanded into a national chain and looks at this company that has played a leading role in reshaping the industry. The writer concludes that Petco has gained a leading position in the pet superstore segment and has made good use of advertising, promotions, and other marketing tools to attain and maintain this position. Further, the writer notes that the marketing for the company's stores has helped make it the number two pet store chain in the country.
Outline:
Description of the Industry
Historical Development
Current Status
Future Outlook
Description of the Organization
Historical Development
Current Status
Micro-environment
Target Market
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The pet store has long been a staple in the retail market, with small single stores in cities across the country selling pets and pet supplies to consumers. Pets have been an important part of many households in America for a long time. In early America, animals were commonly part of farms, with many animals kept for pets. Some dogs served both as pets and working dogs, a dual role that continues to this day on farms and ranches across the country. As more and more people moved into urban regions, they brought animals along as pets. Dogs and cats are the most common pets in American households, followed by fish and birds. Among the other creatures kept as pets are snakes, lizards, and even certain types of pigs. These animals have to be fed, and stores emerged to sell food products for these pets. Industries developed around producing healthy foods for pets, showing that people were willing to spend a good deal of money to provide for their pets."
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Neurology, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of gene transfer and examines various neurological disorders.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that today, understanding and comprehension of the central nervous system and immune system has progressed much beyond previous years. The writer points out that this is perhaps due to the development and progress of advanced molecular genetic techniques. The writer then explains that in medical and technical terms, this means that it is now possible to isolate, characterize and eventually clone a gene related to certain specialized disease states. The writer maintains that the very combination of gene transfer and grafting would be a reasonable and practical approach to the problem of alleviating biochemical deficits and to restoring function wherever necessary. The writer then looks at communication difficulties in children. Further, the writer discusses various language disorders in children and adults.
From the Paper
"Today, several institutes like for example, the NINDS or the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, are conducting research on the topic, and they hope to find a better understanding of trauma to the brain caused by injury or disease, and they also hope to develop strategies that would effectively limit primary and secondary brain damage after an injury or trauma. The device that has been developed by the team simulates the condition of trauma in cells under culture. The purpose of the devise would be to allow researchers to be able to control the degree of injury to the cells, and therefore, to be able to study the biological and physiological effects and responses that those cells would demonstrate towards the trauma."
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Anthrax: A Public Health Concern, 2007.
A look at the transmission, symptoms and treatment of anthrax.
2,946 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Anthrax, which is caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis, actually occurs as an acute and infectious disease, and is generally found in animals, both wild and domestic. This paper examines how the disease spreads, its different forms, its symptoms and its prevention. In particular, it looks at how it is used as part of bioterrorism.
From the Paper
"Anthrax is termed a zoonotic disease (meaning that it is acquired by people from animals) (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). The earliest accounts of humans getting this disease are thought to be caused by anthrax dating from the Fifth Egyptian Plague, which was 3500 years ago (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). During the Middle Ages, anthrax, which was then called "The Black Bane," actually killed very large numbers of people and animals over in Europe. At that time, there was no understanding of the disease, and there was no vaccine (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). Much like the bubonic plague, people simply did not seem to understand how the disease worked or how they should prevent it."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
A discussion regarding the controversial issue of stem cell research.
753 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the hot topic of stem cell research. The paper discusses how stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types within the body and because they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the individual or animal is still alive, they serve as a repair system.
From the Paper
"According to the National Institutes of Health, the most important potential application of human stem cells is the generation of cells and tissues that could be used for cell-based therapies (Stem). Donated organs and tissues are often used today to replace ailing or destroyed tissue, however the need for transplantable tissues and organs far outweighs the available supply (Stem). Because of the ability to differentiate into specific cell types, stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (Stem)."
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Growth Hormone, 2006.
A discussion regarding pharmaceutical and biotechnological uses of growth hormone.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This study helps to ascertain whether the use of growth hormone has any beneficial effect on those who wish to use it for cosmetic purposes. The paper further discusses whether its use should be restricted to those who have deficits in their body's secretions of somatotropin as children.
From the Paper
"Dr. Richard Sadovsky, in the journal, American Family Physician treats children to improve height velocity and bone maturation in children. However, he says "the use of growth hormone in children with non-growth hormone-deficient short stature is controversial." He cites a study by Kawai and Associates with 27 boys of short stature that were divided into a control group that received nothing that would affect growth or bone maturation and a treatment group that received pituitary-derived or recombinant human growth hormone five or six times every week for 3.5 to 4.8 years. The surprising findings were that growth hormone therapy during prepubery did not improve height and actually resulted in shorter final height than what would have been attained naturally. "This may be the result of accelerated bone maturation and reduction of the duration of puberty." Rosenfeld, who conducted the study, commented that short children with normal growth velocities may be negatively affected by "the early and rapid pubertal progression caused by growth hormone therapy." Those involved must carefully select the children, as the time that they utilize this drug affects and is affected by puberty. (Sadovsky 1997)"
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Periodontal Disease and Low Birth Weight, 2007.
This paper discusses a research report on "Periodontal Disease and Prematurity among Non-smoking Sri Lankan Women" by P.S. Rajapakse, M. Nagarathne, K.B. Chandrasekra, and A.P. Dasanayake.
1,898 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the research in the article "Periodontal Disease and Prematurity among Non-smoking Sri Lankan Women". The writer discusses the hypothesis that periodontal disease has a role in causing preterm low birth weight deliveries among rural primi-gravida women who are free of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. The writer notes that various factors have been associated with the delivery of preterm and low-birth weight infants and the role of infection is receiving increasing attention. The writer concludes that the data and statistics presented link periodontal disease as one of the contributing factors for preterm low birth weight deliveries. Further, the writer maintains that this study can educate mothers that even if they feel they are perfectly healthy and free from smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use, they are not guaranteed to have a term infant with normal weight.
From the Paper
"Periodontal disease is associated with a chronic Gram-negative infection of the periodontal tissues which results in long-term local elevation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and cytokines and an increase in the systemic levels of some of these inflammatory mediators. Hence, periodontal disease has the potential to influence preterm low birth weight through an indirect mechanism involving inflammatory mediators or a direct bacterial assault on the amnion which is suggested in this study conducted in Matale, Sri Lanka. 227 subjects were studied, resulting in a cohort of 66 subjects with the exposure and 161 without the exposure. In this study, the authors observed a higher proportion of preterm low birth weight among subjects with higher pocket depths, plaque, and bleeding scores (the exposed group). This can be linked to a series of animal and clinical studies by Offenbacher and co-investigators that indicate an association between periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcome."
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HIV Infection, 2007.
This paper examines the HIV disease and discusses related aspects.
3,172 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a brief history of HIV and discusses the treatment options that exist throughout the world. The writer addresses the quality and quantity of life as it relates to treating the disease. The writer concludes that HIV is a very serious illness that leads to AIDS and ultimately death. The writer further notes that the research indicates that while the number of people receiving treatment has increased in recent years there are still challenges associated with obtaining the treatment that is needed. The research also suggests that the development of a successful vaccine is near.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief History
Treatment
Status for treatment overall
Cost associated with these drugs
HIV VACCINE
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Overall when people are diagnosed early with HIV they can live for 10 years or more before being diagnosed with AIDS. Sadly in many cases people are not diagnosed early and in many cases when they are diagnosed they do not have access to the drugs that will increase their life spans. When people who are deteriorating because of the effects of the disease, receive treatment the results can be drastic particularly for children. People on he medication experience weight gain and a greater amount of energy. Overall when people who are HIV positive receive treatment their quality and length of life improve."
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Stem Cell Consultation, 2007.
This paper discusses the lack of patient compliance after stem cell consultation.
3,077 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines why patients have difficulty retaining information given during an initial stem cell consultation. The writer then discusses whether anxiety and stress can be considered contributing factors. In this case, the results of this study illustrate that high levels of stress and anxiety do contribute to patient noncompliance and their inability to retain important information.
The writer concludes that the success of these recommendations and tools is built on an understanding of patient limitations and needs gleaned through direct interview and observation. Further, the writer points out that there is every reason to expect that, if appropriately implemented, these recommendations will improve patient experience, instruction compliance, and information retention.
Outline:
Introduction: The Cell and Gene Therapy Clinic
The Flow of Information: New Patients at the CAGT
Literature Review: The Current State of the Research
Method: Twelve Patient at the CAGT Clinic
Results and Discussion
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
From the Paper
"For patients faced with the possibility of cancer, this breadth of information is invaluable. Beyond the Internet, books, articles, and other people can all be useful sources of information. Patients are especially interested in tracking down information on treatment options so that they can make the most informed decisions. For those patients who are at the end of their options, stem cell transplants become increasingly enticing. When chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy have all failed to control the cancer, many patients begin researching the possibility of stem cell transplants."
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Comparative Evolution of the Globulin Genes, 2007.
An analysis of the evolution of the globulin genes, focusing on the gamma globulin.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This study provides relevant background on the various globulin genes in general and the gamma globulin gene in particular. The paper aims to determine how this family of globulin genes has changed over time in various organisms, as well as describe where the globulin genes can be found and their functions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Globulin Gene Evolution
Evolution of Globulin Genes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the pioneering work of Cohn and others, researchers have since shown that globulins represent an important source of protein in seed plants and they are found in relatively small amounts in various cereals; in addition, globulins are also found in animal fluids are enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins typically contained in the blood plasma (Haurowitz, 2006). As noted above, to date, three types of globulin have been identified--alpha, beta, and gamma; alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. In addition, the gamma globulins play a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection (Haurowitz, 2006)."
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Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection, 2006.
A review of the events in the life of Charles Darwin that led up to his theory of natural selection.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life of Charles Darwin, focusing primarily on the events that influenced his theory of natural selection. The paper discusses how his arrival in South America, virtually unknown and unexplored at the time, opened his eyes to various natural occurrences that led to his theory of natural selection.
From the Paper
"Darwin also observed that a woodpecker is different from other birds due to its claws being directed backward which helps it to maintain a firm grasp on a tree limb; its stiff tail feathers aids in this support while its stout beak allows for holes to be drilled into the tree bark; its long tongue helps the bird to extract insects from these holes. Thus, the woodpecker must have evolved these adaptations via the process of natural selection, a term which Charles Adami defines as "the process which results in the survival of individuals or groups best adjusted to the conditions under which they live and for the perpetuation of desirable genetic qualities and the elimination of undesirable traits via mutation" (4464).
While Darwin was considering exactly how evolution might have come about, he noticed that some species are better adapted than their counterparts to living in a specific environment and thus are more likely to cultivate more descendants while the less well-adapted species may become lessened or even extinct. Obviously, this thought prompted Darwin to fully grasp his idea of natural selection, even before he understood how it functioned in nature. As Thomas Huxley once remarked, "How extremely stupid it was for my colleagues not to have thought of it earlier" (Barlow, 178)."
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In-Vitro Fertilization, 2006.
A defensive examination of in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.
Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "
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Sex Education, 2007.
This paper discusses the reproductive system and the dangers of casual sex.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the reproductive process and examines the risks involved in casual sex. This paper is written in an informal tone and the writer looks at the subject of sex among adolescents. The writer concludes that the reproductive story is an amazing, wonderful part of the human experience, but that the teenage years are not the right time to be weighted down with the obligations and responsibilities of childbirth. The writer maintains that the more children and parents know, and the deeper the level of sincerity that is embraced while parents counsel them about the dangers, the better the chances that they will be smart enough to avoid the tragedy and pain that is out there waiting.
From the Paper
"Actually, there are some species on the planet that would probably be glad if humans were no longer around to threaten them and pollute their habitat - like endangered whales, for example - but that's an issue to be discussed at another time.
On a serious note, let's talk about the female reproductive process first. You may already know a lot of this information, but maybe your little brother or sister doesn't, so let's go through it step-by-step to be sure we understand. We know that after teens have gone through puberty, reproductive processes are possible - that is, girls can get pregnant once they begin menstruating and boys can get them pregnant once they start producing semen, or sperm."
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Emotions and Learning, 2006.
A discussion regarding the influence emotion has on our ability to learn and remember.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how neurobiological researchers have shown that emotions such as fear, stress, arousal and valance (positivity and negativity) all play a role in stimulating the brain in such a way that learning and memory occur. This paper focuses on the effect these emotions have on the learning process.
From the Paper
"Stress is another emotion that plays a vital role in learning and memory. Stress is actually the heightened awareness that one experiences in a situation where the outcome or consequences may be higher than normal. Everyone experiences stress to some degree on a daily basis; however, it is the most stressful situations that arouse the brain triggering the release of stress hormones. Within milliseconds of the stressful situation, epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted. Seconds later, the secretion of cortisol follows. Research has shown that these stress hormones act on the brain and thereby modulate cognition, learning and memory. Therefore, a person who is under a lot of stress will be more likely to learn and recall information than someone who is not under a lot of stress."
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Digestive System, 2006.
An overview and explanation of the digestive system and the process of digestion.
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough explanation of the human digestive system and the process by which we digest our food. The paper discusses how the human digestive system is an intriguing mechanism involving different organs and enzymes in a complex mechanical and biochemical processes. The paper goes on to name and explain each process.
Outline:
Thesis
Introduction
The Saliva
The Stomach (Chemical and mechanical Breakdown)
The Small Intestine (Enzymatic Breakdown and Absorption)
Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A brief description of the structure of the stomach would help in gaining a better understanding of this important organ. The stomach is divided into four regions namely the Cardia, fundus, the body, and the pylorus. The stomach has two openings namely the cardiac orifice, which connects with the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice on its lower end, which leads to the duodenum. The fundus is the curved up area that extends above the cardiac orifice. The body or the intermediate region is the largest part of the stomach, which gradually leads to the pyloric portion that connects to the small intestine via the pyloric aperture. The stomach wall is composed of four different layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of gastric glands and gastric pits and secretes around 2 litres of gastric juice per day. This gastric juice is made up of HCL, protease (pepsin) and lipase. Parietal cells of the mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid. The goblet cells in the gastric pits that line the mucosa secrete mucus, producing the mucosal barrier that prevents the strong digestive acid from corroding the mucosa. [MSU]"
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Ecosystems, 2007.
An overview of the formation and protection of ecological systems.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the world's ecological systems. It begins by defining ecosystems and describing what makes them up. It then describes the formation of different ecosystems. The paper then looks at what is being done to protect and promote the ecological systems in the world and if these measures are effective.
From the Paper
"The Endangered Species Act of 1973, often referred to as 'nature's safety net,' was passed to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend (Endangered). In other words, when management practices and other conservation laws fail to maintain healthy animal and plant populations, the ESA acts as a last barrier to a species' extinction (Endangered). When a species becomes listed on the ESA list, it stands a good chance of survival, yet then the more difficult, time consuming, and expensive task of reversing the decline, restoring the species to a secure status, and removing it from the list begins (Endangered)."
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