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Mapping the Gene, 2007.
This paper explores the impact of the genome project on drug design and discovery.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the advances made as a result of the mapping of the human genome are substantial in medicine and most specifically, in pharmacology. The paper explains that the traditional "trial and error" methodology of medicine discovery of the past century has ended with the new methodology being that of creating drugs to design. The paper looks at the scientists' accomplishments and their tests on animals and humans.
Outline:
Introduction
Searching the Public Genome Database
Using Microarrays to Narrow the Options
Identifying and Isolating the Drugs
Testing on Animals
Testing on Humans
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1998 a team used the reasoning of other drug companies who have "often found new medicines by seeking compounds similar to ones they already know, and since most pharmacologically active compounds are based on proteins" or in actuality "chemicals manufactured naturally from genetic instructions" to attempt improvement on the drugs used for lower blood-pressure which are known as 'ace inhibitors'. The researchers went to work and "plugged in some genetic sequences found in the gene for ace and came up with 10,000 genes that might have comparable activity." (Lemonick, 2001)"
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Food Biotechnology, 2007.
This paper presents a critical review of literature related to food biotechnology.
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This work examines specific issues in food biotechnology today. The paper discusses which agencies are responsible for regulation of food products and what this regulation involves. Also discussed are the products that food biotechnology has enhanced. The author notes the consumer's potential unease with food biotechnology, and cites education as helping the public overcome this mistrust. The paper includes an extensive literature review.
Outline:
Introduction
Specific Requirements for Food Additive Ingredients
Food Biotechnology is not New
Consumer Doubts
Issues Management Plan
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the work of Sally L. McCammon, Science Advisor to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service for the U.S. Department of Agriculture: "If genetically engineered organisms are to gain greater acceptance, decisions that address concerns associated with the application of biotechnology to agriculture must be science based. Science also must be the base by which regulatory officials can sure and build upon credibility, remain current and assure a rational basis for decision-making." (1999) McCammon states that the science-based assessment means that "the review of any particular product is done using scientific criteria relevant to that product. Advances in biotechnology -- being able to determine what has actually happened at the molecular and biochemical levels -- have increased the ability of regulators to scrutinize product safety and the effect of product modification upon safety. The scrutinies of certain products and the rigor by which evaluations are performed have also increased due to biotechnology." (1999)"
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Biotechnology, 2007.
This paper describes the growing high-tech biotechnology industry and its accomplishments.
1,836 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper defines biotechnology as the application of technology, especially genetics, to industrial or manufacturing aspects of life sciences. The paper describes the history of this industry and its global successes. The paper discusses how biotechnology promises to feed the world, reduce environmental harm and expand agricultural markets and production possibilities. The paper concludes that probable judgment on the acceptability of biotech products by consumers will still have to be rendered on this vastly-untried field.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
History
Market Structure, Income Statement and Economic Efforts
Forecast and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Technology is the application of a scientific method and scientific knowledge to industrial or commercial objectives (Hand 2002). Biotechnology is the application of technology, especially genetics, to industrial or manufacturing aspects of life sciences. Biotechnological applications include the production of drugs, synthetic hormones and bulk foodstuffs; the bio-conversion of organic waste; and the use of genetically altered bacteria. Because it possesses intensive investment in research and development, a crucial role for knowledge capital in creating value, and high growth opportunities, biotechnology is classified as high-technology (Hand)."
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Fear and Anxiety in the Canine, 2007.
A discussion on the pharmacological treatment of fear and anxiety in canines.
3,974 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines can range the entire spectrum from mild to life-threatening conditions. The paper discusses the help that pet owners, military and police dog handlers, veterinarians and others concerned about the welfare of their animals will need when confronted with these types of conditions in their household dogs and other canines. The paper provides an overview of the problem including causes and symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines, followed by a critical analysis of the current and peer-reviewed literature concerning the pharmacological treatment of these disorders today. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion.
Outline:
i)Introduction
ii)Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Causes and Symptoms of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Pharmacological Treatment of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Table I
iii)Conclusion
iv)References
From the Paper
"From a clinical perspective, Sher and Trull (1996) note that there are a number of naturally occurring behavior disorders that are typically treated in veterinary practices that may have relevance to a number of human conditions; these conditions include, but are not limited to, stereotypic disorders (e.g. excessive grooming), aggression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders. These authors add that researchers generally use a wide variety of experimental manipulations to induce specific signs and symptoms or more complex syndromes in animals that have some similarity to human psychopathologic phenomena with the majority of these behavior disorders in animals (Sher & Trull, 1996)."
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Thomas Hunt Morgan, 2006.
A review of the life and work of Thomas Hunt Morgan.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Thomas Hunt Morgan. According to the paper, Morgan was an American pioneer in the fields of genetics and embryology. The paper discusses Morgan's studies of mutation in Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly.
Outline:
Early Influences
Work in Embryology
Drosophila
Recognition and Continuing Influence
From the Paper
"The early 20th century ushered in considerable interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and Morgan was no exception. While Morgan agreed with evolution as a given, he wanted to know more about how natural selection occurs. The future Nobel Prize winner was interested in further explanations on the role of heredity in the transmission of variations among the species."
"Morgan was also interested in the work of geneticist Georg Mendel, who studied chromosomes. In 1910, Morgan publicly disagreed with the prevailing notion in embryology, that a fully-formed adult was already locked inside the ova or sperm cell. Rather, Morgan argued that there was no single chromosome that guaranteed the heredity of specific traits (Shine and Wrobel 1976)."
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The Burned Hand, 2007.
This paper discusses the nervous responses and associated system interactions when a hand is burned on a hot stove.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that even brief heat of more than 120 degrees Fahrenheit, when applied to the skin, will cause damage to the cells in that skin. The author points out that, at the time the skin receptors signal the brain that a burn has occurred, the hand instinctively draws back from the source of the heat and the muscles in the hand contract upon realizing an injury has occurred. The paper relates that the spinal column and the brain act as the control center for the entire body sending and receiving signals from the control center to different areas of the body.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Scenario
Overview of Burns as per Medical Classification
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
Figure: Skin's Anatomy and Function
The Epidermis and Dermis
Skin Hot and Cold Receptors
Figure: Flowchart for Body and Brain Process at the Time Hand is Burned on Stove
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of a third degree burn the full layers of skin are affected and will appear white or charred and very deep burns will leave bones and muscles exposed needing specialized treatment and possibly grafting of skin to prevent scarring. These are the three burn types that might be dealt with in this scenario however only in some extreme accidental hand on the stove scenario would a third degree or even second degree burn be applicable."
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Cloning, 2007.
An argument in favor of cloning for the medical benefits that it can provide.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an argument in favor of cloning. The paper discusses the cloning of cells, tissues, organs or an individual, which is performed deliberately by human effort. The paper suggests that it is this type of cloning that holds the hopes of the medical future and that can positively affect a variety of other areas, despite the risks critics fear.
From the Paper
"Cloning can also be used for applications other than those that directly affect humans. Endangered species are another category that can benefit from cloning technology, and further supports the argument that this is valuable technology. In 2004, male and female clones of African wildcats were successfully mated to produce eight kittens, the first time wild species clones had been bred. This project was sponsored by the Audubon Nature Institute in New Orleans ("Clones Cloning Around") and is only the first step in a technology that could save some of the world's most endangered species. Hundreds of endangered species could be saved by this technology, perhaps brought to a point where they could be reintroduced into the wild."
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Bioinformatics Search Engine, 2007.
Describes the Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent, a research project developed under the guidance of one of Western Washington University's biosciences professor.
959 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a recent initiative of the The National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is a national resource for molecular biology information. The project is known as Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent. This web-based search engine browses and does periodic searches of the protein databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool or BLAST. The writer describes the benefits of this project, which include its interfacing with the NCBI BLAST and the continuous updates and enhancements done by NCBI on the system.
Includes Charts:
Chart - Content of Protein Sequence Databases
Fig. 1 - General Subsequence and Database Input Area
Figure 2 - Options for Advanced BLASTing Input Area
Figure 3 - Format input area for report outputs
From the Paper
"The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families. The summary of the Content of Protein Sequence Databases with the sequences they contain are as follows: (NCBI, 2006)"
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Plants, 2007.
This paper explores the structure and function of plants, including the root, stem, flower and seed system.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how plants not only provide pleasing scenery but are essential sources of food and oxygen too. The paper describes how the seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. The paper discusses the plant's two organ system; the shoot and the root system. The paper relates that leaves contain the chlorophyll and are the most important part of the plant when it comes to photosynthesis. The paper points out that flowers are not part of every plant, but when they are present they have reproductive organs.
Outline:
Introduction
Structure
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The plant gets its beginnings from a seed. The seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. Plant life begins much in the same way that human life begins. Each seed includes an embryo, a food source and a protective outer coating. It can lay dormant for a period of time before germination occurs (Plant structure
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/summary.html). The structure of the plant system is very similar to the human system when it comes to the necessary elements for pollination and reproduction."
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Planktonic Animals, 2006.
A discussion regarding planktonic animals.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at a vast diversity of animals and organisms that inhabit sections of bodies of water, oceans, seas and other known bodies of fresh water. The paper focuses specifically on plankton and zooplankton. The paper then lists various examples of zooplankton and taxonomy.
Outline:
Plankton
Zooplankton
Examples of Zooplankton and Taxonomy
From the Paper
"The most common among freshwater zooplanktons are four major groups of animals: protozoa, rotifers, and two subclasses of the Crustacea, the cladocerans and copepods. The planktonic protozoa have restricted locomotion. They lack the mobility to actively swim. But the rotifers, copepod microcrustaceans and cladoceran, and specific immature insect larvae usually move lengthily in dormant water. Many pelagial protozoa are meroplanktonic, their lifecycle as planktonic animals usually occurs only during summer season. These forms expend the remainder of their life cycle in the sediments, often enclosed throughout the winter period. Bacteria sized water element are common food of many protozoans. Most of the known rotifers are non-predatory. They feed on bacteria, small algae, and other organic matter. Crustaceans are invertebrates that live in water as well as on land and can vary from microscopic to sixty centimeters. They are a large group of arthropods which is around 55,000 species. The most common among crustaceans are lobsters crabs shrimps and barnacles."
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Biometric Information, 2007.
This paper argues that the gathering of biometric information does not invade privacy, but in fact protects it.
1,166 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents evidence that information collected by biometric companies does not threaten the public's privacy. The writer argues that the information gathered is not a threat to public privacy concerns and in fact can be useful for several reasons. The writer maintains that the ability to identify people using biometric information has recently come under fire by opponents who believe that gathering information is an invasion of people's property. The writer insists that while there are some seemingly valid arguments for erring on the side of privacy the actual technology and use of the information is not a constitutional breach of privacy nor should it be considered a violation of privacy.
Outline:
Introduction
What It Is
What Types of Information Qualifies for Biometric Identification
History
Opposition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today's technology allows for the gathering of information including fingerprints, DNA, voice recognition and other elements of each person that are not easily replicated by any other. In some cases, such as the case of DNA strands, the match between two people is sometimes estimated to be one in 100 million or more. While some people believe that the gathering of biometric information is an invasion of privacy they are already submitting to it perhaps without realizing that is what is happening. Many banks currently use fingerprints and scanners to provide identification as to whether or not to allow a person to withdraw money from the bank."
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Animal Rights, 2007.
This paper explores the subject of animal rights and looks at the debate over animal experimentation.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the nature of animal rights necessarily converges upon the modern debate of animal experimentation. After all, the writer points out, if it is morally acceptable to experiment upon animals, then one has said something important about the extent to which non-humans can have rights within society. Additionally, the writer notes that one can make further claims as to the type of experiments that are morally justifiable and precisely which animals may be afforded any rights. Overall, the writer maintains that the case for animal rights must center upon what types of organisms can reasonably be protected under the law -- if they can voluntarily act under the confines of law.
From the Paper
"First, it must be established that human societies have been formed for the mutual advantages of those within them. Each person, as a member of society, is required to contribute something to its overall functioning, and in doing this, they are allowed to receive the contributions of others. So, the criterion for becoming a legal member of a society is that you are able to freely choose to make a contribution or not. So, despite the observation that animals may be able to contribute something to human life that is mutually beneficial--like a puppy providing us with happiness and us providing it with food--it is irrational to assert that animal species should be allowed to choose whether to enter into this bargain or not. Society is not designed, and cannot be designed, for animal benefit in general; only specific examples of mutual advantage can be found. Therefore, not all animals can have legal rights as citizens."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
This paper discusses weapons of mass destruction, which pose a legitimate threat to world safety today.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at several different types of weapons of mass destruction, which, when in the wrong hands, can do a great amount of damage. The type of weapons of mass destruction mentioned include biological weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons, and radiological weapons. Throughout this paper the writer discusses the various types of weapons of mass destruction and looks at what the individual weapons are called. The writer then examines what these weapons can do and mentions the symptoms of these weapons. Further, the writer explores how they are used and the precautions that can be taken to protect society from them.
From the Paper
"Although anthrax may be the most well known biological weapon, there are several other biological agents which can be used as weapons that are worth noting. These include the Ebola virus, Bubonic plague, Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Ricin, Botulism toxin, Saxitoxin, Rocky Mountain spotted Fever, Typhus, Q fever, and others."
"Biological weapons are not used strictly to attack humans; instead they may be used to attack crops and animals as well to disrupt an area's agricultural supply. Additionally, by attacking the agricultural supply, this may be a way of transmitting the biological weapons to human beings."
"One way to prevent succumbing to some forms of biological weapons is through good hygiene, in much the same way one can prevent the spread of everyday bacteria and viruses."
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"Darwin on Trial", 2007.
A review of the works of Phillip E. Johnson, particularly his book "Darwin on Trial."
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of Phillip E. Johnson, who is considered one of the important leaders in the "Intelligent Design" movement, which is an offshoot of "creationism" and has been used by those who oppose evolution. The paper describes his book, "Darwin on Trial" as a good one to read for those who want a balanced look at both sides of the current debate between the ideas of evolution and the ideas of creationism.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief Summary
Critical Interaction
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Phillip E. Johnson is considered one of the important leaders in the "Intelligent Design" movement, which is an offshoot of "creationism" and has been used by those who oppose evolution, or are in the belief that "evolutionists" are ignoring the role God played in the construction of Earth and the universe. Johnson's books have become an important tool in the hands of fundamentalist Christians, evangelicals and other conservative Christians. Johnson is not a scientist, he is a law professor, with a specialty, he writes on page 13, of "...analyzing the logic of arguments and identifying the assumptions that lie behind those arguments." The fact that he is a lawyer who employs "logic" and critically analyzes "assumptions" gives him the license he needs to painstakingly critique the "relevant scientific information" relating to evolution. His book is a good one to read for those who want a balanced look at both sides of the current debate between the ideas of evolution, and the ideas of creationism (or "intelligent design")."
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James D. Watson and DNA, 2006.
A review of 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' by James D. Watson.
3,083 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most significant scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, the discovery of the helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). According to the paper, Watson revealed this discovery in his book, 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA'. This paper reviews Watson's book and the fact that DNA was not discovered by a single person, nor by a group of scientists. The DNA discovery was the result of a complex series of advancements, discoveries and inspirations by many independent groups.
From the Paper
"Watson next goes on a series of European excursions and vacations; including being able to finally listed to Pauling. When he returns to Cambridge in the fall, Watson exhibits less preoccupation with DNA, and hears of the discovery by some bacteriologists that some bacteria actually reproduce sexually. This causes Watson to muse that the microbial genetics of them could be understood within a few years after DNA's structure is discovered. In the meantime, Watson writes that Franklin's X-Ray data "were getting prettier and prettier," (Watson 148). Furthermore, he credits her with obtaining the data indicating that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA was actually on the outside of the molecule; still, "She gave no sign . . . of liking helices any better," (Watson 148). Watson continues to explain his faith-based understanding of DNA when he writes, "The idea of the genes' being immortal smelled right," (Watson 153). After this leap of inference, however, Watson learns that Pauling is about to unveil another discovery regarding DNA; this worries most everyone at Cambridge. "
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The Peregrine Falcon, 2007.
An overview of the peregrine falcon and how it was threatened with extinction.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the peregrine falcon, which has one of the longest migrations of any North American bird, moving some 15,500 miles in a year, from the tundra to South America. In particular, the paper looks at how the US put the American peregrine falcon on the federal endangered species list in 1970 and how, during the past two decades, the bird has made a dramatic recovery.
From the Paper
"The American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) was delisted in the Entire Range on August 25, 1999, with habitat conservation plans underway by numerous agencies in several states, including California, Washington, and New Mexico (Species). On October 05, 1994, the Arctic Peregrine Falcon was delisted in the Entire Range, and at present there are no habitat conservation plans underway (Species). The Eurasian Peregrine (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range, however according to the FWS, there are no habitat conservation plans underway, nor refuges reported (Species)."
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Cerebral Cortex, 2007.
This paper examines the physiology and function of the cerebral cortex.
6,425 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the role of the cerebral cortex in the human brain. The physiology of this part of the brain is presented in detail. Additionally, the function of the cerebral cortex is discussed, especially in light of new scientific research. The paper also examines the evolution of this part of the brain. The author also considers the relationship between the cerebral cortex and intelligence. The author concludes that cognitive psychologists strived hard to learn more about the structure and functions of cerebral cortex. The neurons of the cerebral cortex exert the highest level of regulation in the status of the nervous system.
Outline:
Introduction
Cerebral Cortex-Physiological Structure
Cerebral Cortex and intelligence
Cerebral Cortex-Properties
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cerebral cortex refers to a structure of brain among the vertebrates that takes into account humans as well. As the outermost layers of the cerebrum are normally of grey color, it is commonly called as grey matter. The grey matter is constituted by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers and the white matter the layer below the grey matter is constituted primarily by myelinated axons. This links the various regions of the central nervous system. The thickness of human cerebral cortex measures up to 2 to 4 mm which is 0.08 to 0.16 inches and normally is folded. The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex in respect of higher animals, particularly among the higher mammals, appears to be folded. As a result of this many grooves on the outermost layer of the brain known as sulci are formed. There also exist some ridges on the outermost layer of the brain known as gyri. Such folding of the cortex enhanced the cortical surface area. (Cerebral cortex: Wikipedia)"
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Primate Language, 2007.
An examination of language development, focusing on primates' ability to communicate.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how language educators and researchers continue to debate how language is developed in humans. The paper further examines the differences between humans and other higher primates regarding language. The paper explores how, in order to gain more insight on how language evolved in early humans, researchers closely study language acquisition in primates.
From the Paper
"What Stokoe finds most interesting is the turning of the head, just as signers of American Sign Language turn their head and gaze to mark a change from one part of a complex structure to another. Concludes Stokoe: Children are fortunate that elementary sign language preceded spoken language. As people get older, they forget how they used their bodies, eyes and heads. However, once speech is acquired at another stage and a person is fully articulate, it is still possible to go to "Nevada or Oklahoma and enter into conversation with a chimpanzee." "
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The Columbian Exchange, 2007.
An analysis of the roots, purpose and significance of the Columbian Exchange.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "
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