| Papers [172-190] of 1831 :: [Page 10 of 97] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
|
|
Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2007.
This paper discusses osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the two most common types of arthritis.
1,294 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the disease of arthritis. Specifically, the paper discusses the differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and their commonalities. The writer notes that, although there are many types of arthritis, these two are the most common. Both of these forms of arthritis can be debilitating and painful. The writer points out that they can also lead to other complications, such as surgery and continued medication for pain. Arthritis is serious because it cannot be cured, only treated, and because it affects so many Americans and their daily lives. The writer concludes that arthritis should be a top research priority in America, because curing or preventing the disease could make a real difference in so many people's lives. One of the source articles used is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"The symptoms of the disease include stiffness after remaining in one position for a long time (such as sitting or sleeping), a sound of bone rubbing on bone or crunching when the bone is used, swelling or pain in the joint, and tenderness in the joint. Anti-inflammatory drugs, along with mild exercise and even re-alignment of misaligned joints, can treat osteoarthritis. Topical treatments, such as creams and hot and cold packs can also be effective in many cases. X-rays are the most common way to confirm a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, but a doctor may order joint aspiration in cases that are more difficult to diagnose. Often, the most effective treatment for this form of arthritis is surgery to replace the damaged joints. It is the most common reason most Americans undergo hip and knee surgery, and most patients report success and far less pain in those joints after surgery."
"Rheumatoid arthritis does not have as many sufferers as osteoarthritis, and it has different symptoms and treatments. This form of the disease can actually affect other areas of the body, such as the blood supply and lungs, and it is actually causes by inflammation of the joint lining, which causes loss of movement, pain, and swelling."
| |
|
Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper explores the controversial issue of stem cell research.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that stem cell research is one of the most exciting fields of biology today and yet as it generates new discoveries, it also raises many questions. The writer points out that stem cell research has the potential of developing treatment for some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects. Further, the writer notes that while some oppose any type of stem cell research, others oppose only the use of embryonic stem cells but support stem cells derived from adults (such as from bone marrow), from umbilical cords, and from animals. The writer concludes that experts emphasize the need for adequate federal and international uniformity concerning the regulation of embryonic stem cell research to avoid potential abuse.
From the Paper
"Although there are a number of sources for stem cells, each varies in terms of their versatility and usefulness. They can be derived from embryos, fetal tissue, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissue. Fetal stem cells are derived from aborted or stillborn fetal tissue. Embryonic stem cells can come from excess embryos created in fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization, from embryos created specifically for the purpose of research, or from embryos created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the nucleus is removed from a donated egg, replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then induced to divide into an embryo; this process could reduce rejection problems associated with transplantation of stem cells because the replacement nucleus comes from the individual to who the stem cells are given. Generally, embryonic and fetal stem cells are pluripotent and offer the greatest potential, whereas stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood or adult tissues are mainly multipotent or unipotent."
| |
|
Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
| |
|
Genetic Engineering, 2007.
An analysis of the potential benefits of using genetic engineering to improve quality of life.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper argues that genetic engineering should be permitted in certain cases. The paper discusses some of the reasons for the resistance to any kind of genetic engineering. The paper then presents a case of a four year old girl who became the first patient to receive gene therapy and describes the resulting improvement in her and her parents' quality of life. The paper uses this case to discuss the potential benefits of using gene therapy.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, focusing research efforts and publicity on non-life saving genetic modifications, perhaps most damningly, has proved to be a powerful distraction from the real, life-saving potential of innovations in the technology. Because of fears of cloning, or building a super race, research into the abuse of some of the potentially life-sustaining ways genetic engineering can be used has come under question. To end such potential abuses, scientists conducting research into this technology should set voluntary ethical guidelines for themselves. There is certainly a precedent for this within the field of medicine, that of the Hippocratic oath. Scientists dealing with the dangers and the benefits of modifying the genetic code should construct a similar oath for themselves, before the less knowledgeable governing bodies of the nations of the world attempt to do it for them, and limit all genetic engineering research out of fear."
| |
|
Turner Syndrome, 2007.
This paper discusses Turner Syndrome, a disorder characterized by short stature and slow growth among girls.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that, in 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. The writer explains that this pattern has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. The writer points out that girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height and notes that the presence of Turner Syndrome inhibits proper development of the ovaries, thereby adversely influencing the sexual development of the girl. The writer also looks at ailments and disabilities connected to Turner Syndrome. The writer concludes that organizations and associations strive to assist individuals with growth related disorders, their families and health care professionals in terms of extensive research and advocacy.
From the Paper
"The short stature and slow growth of a child is determined by many factors that includes, hereditary elements, ailments calling upon kidneys, heart, lungs or intestines, hormone imbalances, severe stress or emotional deprivation, infection in the womb prior to birth, bone ailments, and genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. During 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. This has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. A Syndrome is typically found to have a combination of features mostly noticed in combination with the others and believed to result from the same cause."
"The researchers have not found out yet as to exactly what causes Turner Syndrome, but they have been confirmed that those are the result of the missing X chromosomes. The effect of the Turner Syndrome varies among the girls in consonance with the influence of such variation of the X chromosomes on the body cells. Girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height mostly attaining the average height of about 4 feet 7 inches."
| |
|
The Effects of Alcohol, 2007.
This paper explores the many harmful effects alcohol has on body processes.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how alcohol slows down brain activity, resulting in slurred speech, slowed reaction time, impaired vision and hearing, impaired thinking and memory and muscle weakness. The paper describes long-term effects associated with alcohol which include liver failure, nerve damage, epilepsy and heart failure. The paper discusses how the majority of adolescents believe alcohol makes it easier to socialize while adults often drink to cope with stress.
From the Paper
"Although alcohol is classified as a food, it is not digested but rather enters directly into the blood stream. Because alcohol dilutes itself in the water volume of the body, vital organs, such as the brain, that contain large amounts of water and need a substantial blood supply, are left especially vulnerable (Dunlap). Within minutes of entering the bloodstream, literally every organ and tissue system, including the brain, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas and kidneys, are infiltrated by alcohol (Dunlap)."
| |
|
Whales and Dolphins, 2007.
This extensive paper describes the evolution of whales and dolphins.
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines recent scientific discoveries about the origins of dolphins and whales. The paper begins by giving a brief description of these animals, followed by an analysis of their behavior. Special attention is given to their interaction in social groups. Finding from field studies about whales are presented according to various species of whales. A brief description of the origins of dolphins is also given. The paper concludes with a thorough discussion of prehistoric whales based on fossil findings, with an emphasis on whale evolution through the various epochs.
From the Paper
"But, how did Whales and Dolphins evolve? In Nicholas Humphrey's essay "The social function of intellect," (Humphrey, 1976) said: "The open sea is an environment where technical knowledge can bring little benefit and thus complex societies - and high intelligence - are contraindicated (dolphins and whales provide, maybe, a remarkable and unexplained exception)" in 1976 and this began the Machiavellian intelligence" hypothesis," which says that more intelligent animals evolved into social or grouping and cooperating animals. This is now widely accepted, though it has received little attention in the controversies that may concern the evolution of whales except from a few cetologists."
| |
|
Drug Usage, 2006.
A discussion regarding drug abuse, and its history.
3,893 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history of the use and abuse of drugs to affect conscious states. According to the paper, drugs, whether alcohol or hallucinogenic drugs such as peyote and opiates, have a long history among human beings. The paper further discusses that although environmental factors certainly play an important role in an individual's vulnerability to drug usage and addiction, recent studies strongly suggest that genetic factors may play a more significant role.
From the Paper
"In 2003, a study involving approximately 20,000 participants found that particular genes can influence personality traits that are linked to unhealthy behavior. In an effort to link human behavior and inheritance, researchers at Oxford University researched data from 46 separate studies, focusing on genes that control chemicals used to transmit signals between brain cells (Von Radowitz 2003). Findings revealed that one version of the human serotonin transporter gene, 5HTT-LPR, was associated with anxious personalities, indicating that "individuals with this gene variant were the sort who find social interaction stressful and may take refuge in substance abuse" (Von Radowitz 2003). Researchers discovered a weaker link between the dopamine D4 receptor and extrovert personality traits, suggesting that such individuals are more likely to smoke tobacco or use drugs due to risk behavior, in other words, they are more inclined to gamble with their health (Von Radowitz 2003)."
| |
|
The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993, 2007.
A look at the extensive damage caused in the US by the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993.
2,036 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993, also known as the Great Flood of 1993, is considered unparalleled in magnitude, extent and impact and was possibly the costliest and most devastating flood to ever impact the U.S. The paper reveals that fifty deaths were reported and the total damage cost was estimated at $20 billion. The paper looks closely at the damage sustained by the land, plants, birds and animals.
From the Paper
"This record flooding occurred from May to September 1993 across North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin and Illinois (Larson 1996). Its magnitude and severity were so overwhelming that the Flood ranks as one of the greatest natural disasters to hit the US. Around 600 river forecast points in the Midwest were above the flood stage all at the same time. It affected almost 150 major rivers and tributaries. Fifty flood deaths were reported (Larson). Causes or factors of the Great Flood were attributed the saturation of soils and increased stream levels in the fall of 1992, the snowpack in the central US, heavy rainfall in late March, the saturation of the northern ends of the Missouri River and an unusually persistent weather pattern from June to early August (Larson)."
| |
|
Human Evolution and Closest Relative, 2007.
This paper discusses the evolution of the human and discusses human origins.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that evolution is defined as a change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation and natural selection. The writer notes that the topic of human evolution all started when human fossils and remains were discovered from different regions on earth. The writer points out that the availability of new technology even allows the study of the genetic structures of the fossils found, which signifies a more reliable and astonishing breakthrough in defining the start of human evolution. The writer concludes that many of the scientific evidences including that of the anatomical, archaeological and genetic provide a full proof view that modern humans descend from earlier hominid populations or our ape-like ancestors.
From the Paper
"Homo sapiens (about 100,000 years ago) is characterized by large brain size, high forehead, small eyebrow ridges, slender skeleton and upright structure. The Homo sapiens fossil record shows anatomical trends toward decreased bone mass. Their diet was more balanced - it included meat, grains and vegetables. The sapiens' tools were more sophisticated, and incorporated the use of raw materials. Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing (according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich. 2000.). The appearance of Cro-Magnon culture about 40,000 years ago was characterized by fine artwork - beads, ivory carvings, clay figurines, decorated tools and even musical instruments."
| |
|
Wilson versus Richard, 2006.
A review of Edmund O. Wilson's book 'Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge' and Mathieu Ricard's 'The Monk and the Philosopher'.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews and compares the work of Edmund Wilson and Mathieu Ricard. The paper takes a look at Wilson's book, 'Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge' and Mathieu Ricard's 'The Monk and the Philosopher'. According to the paper, Wilson believes that science must win out over more romantic understandings of the purpose of human existence. The paper then goes on to discuss how Ricard suggests the possibility of detachment of the mind from the body through the type of philosophical or religious practice that Wilson regards as futile, or at very least, less interesting and useful than science.
From the Paper
"In contrast, to Wilson, Mathieu Ricard offer the more idealistic but perhaps comforting notion that the physical matter of the brain and mind are not synonymous. Ricard suggests the possibility of detachment of the mind from the body through the type of philosophical or religious practice that Wilson regards as futile, or at very least, less interesting and useful than science. Through meditation and achieving a higher sense of consciousness, the mind can control the physical aspects of the human body, suggests Ricard. Ricard believes that there is more to the brain than neurotransmitters and synapses. The human species cannot be subsumed into the sum total of its DNA. "
|
| Term Paper # 95716 |
temporarily unavailable
|
|
|
|
Infanticide, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of infanticide in the animal kingdom and a look at the insights it provides into primate behavior.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of infanticide in the animal kingdom, particularly among primates. It discusses the two ways of looking at the phenomenon from an anthropological perspective and then looks at it from the biologist's point of view. The paper particularly discusses the case for infanticide as a reproductive strategy and suggests that it is a strong case which provides interesting insights into the behaviors of other primate species, especially humans. The paper then describes some of these insights.
From the Paper
"Still, infanticide should be regarded as a reproductive strategy among males. After all, it remains within the female's best interest to mate with a newly dominant male, even if he has killer her infant. Ultimately, this is because the female, having lost her offspring, needs to remain reproductively competitive and to mate with a male. Additionally, if she mates with a non-dominant male, who has not killed her offspring, she runs the risk of the dominant male repeating his actions. Accordingly, she is obligated to mate with the dominant male in order to decrease the risk that her infant will be killed again. It may also be the case that the mothers who are victims of infanticide are physically incapable of preventing the guilty males from mating with them because of the differences in size between the sexes."
| |
|
"The Hot Zone", 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues raised in Richard Preston's book, "The Hot Zone."
1,596 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses Richard Preston's book, "The Hot Zone," in which he recounts a story about a laboratory accident and its aftermath. The paper discusses the ethical issues that surround the laboratory incident, such as the need to inform the public. It goes on to describe possible connections that can be made to current events and the ethical dilemmas that may surround them.
From the Paper
"Concern about ethical treatment in medical matters had been increasing for some time after the revelation of the Tuskegee experiment in which the medical establishment and the government in the 1930s had treated a group of black men in the South for syphilis, giving some a placebo rather than actual treatment and never telling the subjects what they were doing. When details of this experiment surfaced in the 1970s, many first accepted the argument that the cure was as bad as the disease. It soon became clear that this experiment actually took advantage of people who were poor, black, uneducated, and trusting. Analysts have noted how genocide is evoked by the Tuskegee experiment, and some made reference to the Nazi experiments on human subjects during World War II, which had been condemned by the civilized world at the Nuremberg Trials. Other explanations have also been cited, notably with regard to racial differences, to explain how medical personnel could be part of such a breach of ethics."
| |
|
Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An examination of the debate concerning the ethics of stem cell research.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how stem cell research continues to be a controversial subject. It looks at how proponents note the variety of diseases that could be treated effectively by stem cell technology, from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's to spinal injuries to a variety of other diseases, many linked to heredity factors. It also discusses how opponents consider the use of embryonic stem cells unethical. Although the promise of embryonic stem cell technology is great, the question remains - is it worth the cost?
Outline
Introduction
Proponents
Opponents
The Hippocratic Oath and Stem Cell Research
An Alternative Acceptable to Everyone?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Proponents must not only focus on the possible good of embryonic stem cell research, but must also address the question of moral status of the embryo. In so doing, it is noted that an embryo, at the stage of development for stem cell cultivation, has "no central nervous system, no brain, no capacity to suffer, they consist of a few hundred cells" ("No problems", 2006). Even when embryos are naturally conceived, there is a high natural rate of embryo failure, which makes the assertion that an embryo is a person even more difficult."
| |
|
Birds, 2007.
A discussion about birds and their characteristics.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper defines birds as warm-blooded vertebrate animals that are covered with feathers, have wings, a beak and no teeth. The paper describes the different types of feathers and their respective functions. The paper looks at the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems of the birds and their efficiencies. The paper discusses their food and habitats and notes that there are a few species of birds that do not fly, such as the penguin.
From the Paper
"Birds belong to the Aves Classification in biology and live virtually anywhere in the world. They are amniotes (animals whose eggs are protected from drying out), a group that includes mammals, dinosaurs and reptiles). There are approximately 9,000 species, divided into 24 orders and 146 families (which include, for example, Anseriformes (ducks), apodiformes, caprimulgiformes, charadriiformes, ciconiformes, columbiformes, coraciiformes, cucliformes, falconiformes, galliformes, gaviiformes, and so on). Birds are warm-blooded vertebrate animals that are covered with feathers, have wings, a beak, and no teeth. Feathers are actually modified scales. (Enchanted 1)"
| |
|
Stem Cell Research Proposal, 2005.
A research proposal regarding the future of stem cell research.
1,931 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This proposal outlines a plan to research the future of stem cell research. According to the paper, stem cell research is an extremely volatile topic worldwide due to the abilities it can potentially create for the medical field. The plan proposes to explore the history of stem cell research, the uses it currently offers, the controversy surrounding its use and what the future of the field seems to be.
Outline:
Summary
Introduction
The Problem
Objectives
Proposed Procedure
Library
Experts
Survey
Data Collection
Task Target
Budget
From the Paper
"Studies have been conducted for the purpose of identifying the most pressing ethical issues in the area of stem cell research. These studies have aimed their objective at helping to inform the issue of policy making by providing the ethical questions in research format. While these are important studies that have answered many of the more pressing questions the measurement of public feelings and support are what will ultimately drive the policy decisions regarding stem cell research. A recent Canadian study targeted a population of participants who were sent email messages asking them to provide their feelings and ideas about what the most pressing issues surrounding stem cell research are. "Responses were collated and categorized under broad topic areas. The topics were then reviewed by a panel of experts through teleconference discussions(Ogbogu, 2006)."
| |
|
Bio Ethics & Globalization, 2006.
A discussion regarding the contentious issue of stem cell research.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes a look at stem cell research and the possibilities it holds for human development. The paper reviews the issues surrounding stem cell research and discusses both arguments for and against this science. The paper further discusses the impact that globalization has and will have on scientific development.
From the Paper
"This debate has been taken to a higher level as President Bush was required to take a stand in the matter. However, due to the fact that the debate became political, it demanded a wider approach and therefore the attention focused on the issue of abortion and the presidential opinion on the problem. Practical issues such as vote numbers make a clear position to be highly improbable. The issue of federal funding of the research was somewhat dealt with by Bush who in the end, after a thorough analysis of the different points of view, decided that "Embryonic stem cell research offers both great promise and great peril. (...)This year, your government will spend $250 million on this important research. I will also name a President's council to monitor stem cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to consider all of the medical and ethical ramifications of biomedical innovation." (The White House, 2001)"
| |
|
Mysteries of the Universe, 2006.
A review of science versus religion, as a tool to explain the mysteries of the universe.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues of science versus religion when trying to unlock the mysteries of the universe. According to the paper, religion and science are often at odds, especially regarding core issues such as the nature of time, the origins of humanity and the nature of religion itself. The paper goes on to discuss how, rather than be at odds with one another, science and religion should cultivate a shared interface, complementing each other in their mutual endeavors.
From the Paper
"One of the most pressing questions in both religion and science is the nature of disease. Geneticists have been trying to unearth so-called founder mutations: one original genetic mutation that subsequently caused generations of people to carry and/or suffer from a serious illness like sickle cell anemia. Unlike many other mutations, founder mutations can be traced to one original ancestor. The discovery and study of founder mutations allows anthropologists to research the general patterns of human migration, providing a more complete understanding of history. Religion views genetic mutations in a different light. Many fundamentalist Christians, for example, might propose that disease is God-given. Yet if Mary Schweizer, an Evangelical Christian scientist, can unite religion with science then anyone can. Her devotion to fundamental Christian thought is not at odds with her scientific endeavors, according to Yeoman. In fact, Schweizer views science as a spiritual endeavor, as a means to discover the meaning of life, death, and seeming anomalies. Religion and science share common goals and objectives even when their theoretical underpinnings are in conflict with one another."
|
|
|