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Exploration of Mars, 1993.
A look at the Bush administration's plans including schedule, costs, technology, goals and problems.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the planned exploration of the planet Mars by the United States, including consideration of President George Bush's call for such exploration, timetables involved, methods to be used, the goals of such exploration, and what potential problems might be encountered.
Bush, as Aviation Week & Space Technology reports, "ordered that at least two substantially different proposals be drawn for new man missions to the Moon and Mars . . . Bush's action reflects a widely held view among top Administration officials that space exploration should substantially improve the nation's technological capabilities and economic leadership" (Aviation, "Bush Calls," 1990, p. 18).
We see, then, that Bush was trying to spur both the exploration of space by the National Aeronautics and Space..."
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Chemical Weathering on Mars, 1993.
Analyzes the planet's geologic processes compared to Earth.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Chemical Weathering on Mars
Recent high pressure experiments have provided insight on the chemical composition of Mars' mantle (11:2239). Such studies indicate that 15.7 percent of the planet is composed of metal..a large proportion of which is iron (11:2239). It is estimated that partial melting of this mantle produces an iron.rich basaltic magma which generally reaches the planet's surface via massive shield volcanos and fissure eruptions (5:90). The extrusion of this turbulent, low viscosity lava has resulted in thinly disseminated iron sulfide mineralization over large areas of Mars (5:90). In addition to these iron.rich flows, the red planet's surface is also characterized by large accumulations of basaltic ash (7:2237). These deposits..some of which are meters thick..have undergone variable degrees of weathering (10:24). It ..."
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Volcanic Activity on Venus, 1992.
Examines evidence gathered from the spacecraft Pioneer Venus.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"This study will discuss the evidence that there is volcanic activity on the planet Venus.
In fact, there is evidence both that there has been in the past considerable volcanic activity, and that there continues to be such activity. Pioneer Venus, the spacecraft which has been orbiting that planet since 1978, has been able to create a map of the geologic features of Venus with the use of radio waves and microwaves , and that map has clearly revealed "volcano-like structures" (Prinn, 1985, p. 46).
In addition, there is evidence that not only has there been volcanic action in the past, but that there is ongoing volcanic activity on the planet. That evidence comes in the form of a "thick, permanent layer of clouds" hanging over the planet, a cloud layer which prevented the direct camera sighting of the ..."
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"Space" by James Michener, 1991.
A critical analysis of the work on the origins and development of the U.S. space program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Space by James Michener deals with the United States' space program, from its earliest explorations with rockets after World War II to the Viking probes of the other planets in our solar system. As with all of Michener's books, Space is well-researched, and the reader can be educated about the many facts of astronauts and space shuttles while being entertained by the fictional characters that the author has created.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has its birth as the second World War is concluding: Michener traces the steps of German scientist Wernher Von Braun (one of the "real" people in this book) and young rocket maker Dieter Kolff as they flee from Hitler's Nazi regime. Hitler had hoped that experts like Von Braun would provide instruments to help him win the war, but there was a defection, and Stanley Mott, an American..."
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Black Holes in Universe, 1990.
This paper contends that existence of black holes in the Universe is still theoretical because there are no measurable or observable phenomena.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Black holes, sometimes called "collapsars," are a class of astronomical object which has attracted great attention both from astrophysicists and the general public in the past two decades. According to theory, if an astronomical body is large or dense enough, its gravitational escape velocity will exceed the velocity of light: thus no radiation from it can escape to the outside Universe. It disappears within an "event horizon." Such an object, from which not even light can escape, would seem to be undetectable, yet black holes are of great interest to astronomers and physicists. A number of indirect methods of detecting black holes have been proposed, and indeed a number of black hole "candidates" have been identified. However, black holes remain a theoretical construct, since no persuasive indirect observational evidence has been found that would rule ... "
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The Sun, 1990.
Origin, nature and physical features.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Except for the Earth itself, the Sun is the one body in the Universe in whose fate human beings are most immediately concerned. Its light and heat make life on Earth possible, and the steadiness of that light and heat over four billion years of Earth's history made it possible for that life to evolve and survive. This paper will be devoted to a brief examination of the Sun's nature, origin, major characteristics, and probable fate.
The sun is a star. It is often called an "average" star, though stars vary so much in size, energy output, and other characteristics that to call any star average is in a sense misleading. But the Sun is indeed roughly intermediate among the various classes of stars. The most luminous known stars are roughly a million times brighter than the Sun, while the least.."
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The Sun, 1988.
Discusses the origin, function, dynamics, sun spots, solar cycle, in context of universal creation and composition.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to describe the origin, function, and dynamics of the sun, including sunspots and the solar cycle.
In order to describe the birth of the sun it is necessary to also discuss the origin of the universe and the formation of the solar system. For even though these happenings occurred billions of years apart, each one led to the formation of the other and they are all related. What makes this even more complicated is that throughout the history of man, there have been many theories concerning these astronomical occurrences, and there are still differing opinions among scientists. The most widely accepted and well-known opinions will be presented here."
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Halley's Comet, 1987.
Discusses discovery, composition, nucleus, 1986 passage, probes from Earth, tail, solar wind and general comet data.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Halley's comet using several current sources which deal with topics such as how a comet works, what causes the comet to be what it is, what new discoveries have been made and what research has been done or is being done on Halley's Comet.
Very recently has come the first unambiguous evidence of organic molecules in the nucleus of Halley's comet. The evidence from recent examination of the infrared spectrum of the comet shows emission by the carbon-hydrogen bonds of a solid in the dust grains surrounding the nucleus of the comet. The temperature of the dust is about 400 K.(a determination made by Giotto, the European comet probe), and yet the wavelength emissions match those observed from bacteria in the library. A dust analyzer on the Giotto shows that the dust is composed of (...)"
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Galileo, 1985.
This paper discusses the factors involved in the acceptability of Galileo's theories in science & theology.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Galileo is perhaps the first scientist, at least since the Greek Archimedes, to be well known to the general public.
He is famous partly for his real achievements in physics and astronomy, partly for legendary achievements (such as dropping cannon-balls off the Leaning Tower of Pisa), and partly for having been tried for heresy by the Inquisition and compelled to recant his belief, now universally accepted, that the Earth moves in space.
Only in the last few years has the Catholic Church officially "reversed" his conviction. Yet his ideas, in spite of the violent controversy they stirred and the official condemna-tion they brought him, came to be generally accepted by educated opinion within a few years after his trial. Why were these ideas, though pronounced heretical, so widely and quickly accept ... "
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Radio Galaxies, 1972.
This paper explanations and hypotheses for these radio galaxies.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Cygnus A is the best known of the group of dumbbell galaxies. It consists of two nuclei in a common halo. It could be an extreme case of double galaxies. Galaxies are often radio sources.. Cygnus A is so-called because of the constellation in which it is located.. The galaxies at the center of radio star Cygnus A are photographed with the 200-inch telescope. These galaxies are practically at the limit of present optical observation. However, they are one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. Minkowski interprets Cygnus A as two galaxies, of about 100 billion stars each, in head-on collision - a catastrophe of tremendous magnitude. A different interpretation is that these two galaxies are the fragments of one original galaxy undergoing fission, that is, blowing apart in an explosion that must be just as violent as Minkowski's ... "
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The Black Hole: An Enigma of Time and Space, 2002.
An insight into the phenomena of the black hole.
3,696 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of black holes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A black hole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper
"Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a ?frozen star? but then later dubbed a ?black hole? by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
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The Case for Water on Mars, 2002.
Scientific analysis of some of the evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Viking landing missions on Mars twenty years ago and their tests for biological processes on the Martian surface. It looks at how a recent series of orbiting Martian missions has yielded a good deal of chemical and geographic observations from afar. The most exciting possibilities have come from the analysis and interpretation of Martian surface formations seen by these missions. The paper includes a detailed description of these formations such as outflow channels, seepage gullies and several others. In further searches for definitive findings, several missions in the near future will land on Mars and hopefully provide the best data yet. This paper details some of the discoveries made to date, the strongest arguments for water on Mars and what the future holds for Martian exploration.
From the Paper
"The thought of life on Mars has intrigued humans for centuries. As Martian astronomy has made incredible leaps in the past 100 years and many spectacular discoveries have been made, we are still not sure if life does or has ever existed on Mars. Over the last thirty years, as our knowledge of biological functions has increased, scientists have focused more and more on the existence of liquid water as the biggest single indicator of possible life. To that end, much work and controversy has surrounded man?s efforts to find evidence of that all important ingredient for the development of life on Mars."
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Galileo and Darwin, 2002.
A look at the discoveries of Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin and the controversies surrounding their theories.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the discoveries of two famous men, Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin, and compares the way in which their respective ideas were accepted in their ages of discovery. It discusses how Galileo's discovery of the telescope and subsequent proving of the solar system's existence, led him to be branded as a heretic. The paper shows how Charles Darwin's 19th Century book "On the Origin of Species" also caused him to be labeled a heretic, especially when he related his theory to the evolution of man. The paper shows how both Galileo and Darwin undermined the Catholic church and in the face of enormous obstacles, eventually led people to accept their theories.
From the Paper
Galileo Galilei once said, " All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them." Contrary to his thoughts, however, all truths are not easy to understand, and some are even harder to sustain. Upon his development of the telescope in 1609 Galileo was able to present empirical evidence to prove Copernicus' heliocentric view of the solar system. Regardless of his evidence Galileo met the same fate as his precursor as his findings were cast aside and he was labeled as a heretic."
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Pluto, Charon, and Planet X, 2002.
The history, search and discovery of the planet Pluto
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the history and the discovery of the nineth planet in the Solar System, Pluto, and its lone moon, Charon. The paper discusses various theories about what originally propelled astronomers to search for this mysterious planet, known as Planet X, and how its name Pluto finally came about after its discovery.
From the Paper
"John Murray, an astronomer from Open University in the U.K. proposes a theory in which two large objects may gravitationally affect the orbits of long period comets. These two objects would have to be about 32,000 AU from the Sun and extremely massive, about the size of Jupiter. John J. Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette proposes a similar theory. His involves two to three Jupiter sized objects orbiting at about 2.3 trillion miles from the Sun. He says that their gravity is responsible for the deflection of roughly 25% of the known 82 Oort Cloud comets into the inner solar system. Matese says that these massive objects do not necessarily have to be planets; they may be undetected brown dwarfs ? undetected because the IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) of the 1980s was not sensitive enough to distinguish an individual brown dwarf against the galactic plane."
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Big Bang Theory, 2000.
An examination of the arguments attempting to support or discount the theory of the origins of the universe.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Background
The Big Bang Theory is an explanation for the beginning of the universe. The universe today is expanding, as can be seen in the way all matter is moving outward. Tracing this movement back through time takes all matter to a single point, leading to the view that at one time all matter was concentrated in a singularity which for some unknown reason exploded, throwing all material now seen in the universe outward from that central point. There are various corollaries to this theory, such as the issue of whether the expanding universe will continue to expand forever or will eventually reach an end point and fall back on itself. There are also various consequences of the Big Bang which can be used to determine if the theory has validity. A number of researchers have examined aspects of the Big Bang theory and developed ideas..."
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Black Holes, 2000.
A definition, creation of, theory, methods of discovery, observation and analysis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Black Holes
Background
Many areas of astronomical research are inter related so that knowledge gained in one area causes a rethinking of other issues and provides evidence to solve old and new problems. One area of research that offers information useful to astronomers and physicists on many different issues is the search for black holes, an ongoing process that has been enhanced by the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope, and a central location for studying black holes is the Space Telescope Science Institute, the nerve center of the Hubble.
Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity so strong that nothing can escape from them, including light. If a star more massive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at..."
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Psychology Of UfO', 1999.
Examines the psychology and mythology of the belief in UFOs as an example of irrational thought.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
People tend to believe all sorts of non-scientific and paranormal concepts and to accept this belief without proof. A prevalent belief is that aliens from some other cosmic body have visited the earth, though there is no direct proof of such an event. Many see this belief as deriving from the prevalence of science fiction in literature, films, and television and from anxiety brought about during the Cold War era, but in fact some belief in alien beings can be found throughout history, though identifying these interlopers as aliens from another planet is more common today than to see them as demons or emissaries from heaven or hell (even though many people believe in visitations from both these realms as well). Psychologists have considered the source of irrational beliefs of all sorts, including a belief ..."
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Mars Pathfinder, 1999.
Examines the mission's success, purpose, cost, findings, technology, Sojourner rover and its future impact.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
From the Paper
"Mars Pathfinder - Generating Useful Data and Goodwill
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
The Mars Pathfinder mission was the second launch in the NASA Discovery Program. Missions falling under this umbrella are of short duration, three years or less, and relatively low cost at 150 million dollars. The specific mission of the Mars Pathfinder was primarily to provide an engineering demonstration of the key technologies and concepts which will eventually be used in future missions. The mission was to demonstrate a low-..."
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Supernovae, 1999.
Examines dying stars, their causes, effects, theories and the example of SNV 1987A.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, $ 55.95
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"The purpose of this research is to examine the phenomenon of supernovae. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which supernova observation and study have emerged in recent years, and then to discuss difficulties associated with supernova definition, study, and understanding, with reference to studies that have been undertaken regarding supernovas in general and the supernova known as SNV 1987A in particular.
On February 23, 1987, a truly cosmic event occurred--or more exactly was found to have occurred. Telescopes in New Zealand and Chile observed what was called the "brightest and closest" supernova to earth since "Kepler's supernova" in 1604 (Rensberger A7; Cowen 120). This was front-page news because telescopes had witnessed the event (marked by uncommon brightness), the historic proximity of the event to earth, and the fact that the initial ..."
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