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Black Holes, 2002.
A study of the subject of black holes.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper describes a black hole as a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Black holes are thought to be formed from stars or other massive objects when they collapse from their own gravity to form an object whose density is infinite. This paper covers the topic of black holes including definition, origin, history and size.
From the Paper
"In the 1930s, researchers began to prove that black holes may actually exist. They showed that when a sufficiently massive star runs out of fuel, it is unable to support itself against its own gravitational pull and should collapse into a black hole.
"The term ?black hole? was coined by physicist John Archibald Wheeler coined in the 1960s. So why did Wheeler choose to call them black holes? The main reason was since no light can escape from inside a black hole, it seemed logical. Before Wheeler invented the term, black holes were commonly referred to as ?frozen stars.? "
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Mars, 2002.
An exploration of the Martian terrain, with reference to the presence of water.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is introduces and discusses features of the Martian terrain suggesting that water, and possibly life, may have been present in the distant past or that water exists today under the planet?s surface. Conclusions about this suggestion are made at the end of the paper.
From the Paper
"The public?s fascination and with the red planet originated with Percival Lowell?s book, ?Mars,? published in 1895. Although Schiaparelli and others had discussed the possibility of Canals on Mars, Lowell?s drawings and his suggestion of intelligent life on Mars thrilled the public."
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The Race to Space, 2002.
Competition between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in the "race to space" in the 1960s.
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief look at the history of the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. It then discusses the roots of rocketry and the birth of modern rocket science. A discussion of the race between the two nations to put a human being into space during the 1960s follows.
From the Paper
"The contest for space explodes into life within the saber rattling environment of the nuclear age. Near the end of the 1950s, the cold war had escalated to frightening proportions. Both countries maintained enormous stockpiles of nuclear and conventional weapons. The United States developed its deterrence based on long-range bombers. By 1955 the US Air Force had ?580 B52s, and 1500 B-47s,?(NASA) all 2080 aircraft capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In 1955, the United States Navy launched the world?s first nuclear submarine. By 1960, the US had over 18,000 nuclear weapons in its arsenal, and developed the liquid fueled Atlas and Titan Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)."
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A Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, 2005.
This paper examines the phenomena of unidentified flying objects.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one of the more curious unexplained phenomena of our age is the continuous sightings of unidentified flying objects. The writer points out that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have been sighted since ancient times and are still sighted each day. Some believe that the UFO phenomenon has something to do with everything from the pyramids to the beginning of life on this planet. Others insist that the entire idea is ludicrous and every sighting can be explained as either a hoax or as a result of "natural" causes. The writer discusses what actually classifies as a UFO and notes that one way of looking at this is to classify UFOs as anything that takes flight that is unidentifiable at the time. The writer maintains that the problem remains that numerous sightings do not fall into these categories and remain in the realm of the unexplained.
From the Paper
"Like many in the private sector, the government sightings are far from all being the same. On February 15th, 1965, a United States Air Force captain stared upward into the sky and, to his amazement, saw three enormous, oval-shaped objects. In 1953, while running the initial tests on a new tracking device, US Air Force operators were astonished to pick up a gigantic object orbiting near the equator. Some type of huge, unknown object was circling the Earth some six hundred miles out. Another, this sighting on May 5th, 1954, depicts a military that is not sure what they are dealing with ..."
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Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
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Mars: An Evolving World, 2005.
An examination of the planet Mars as an object of our fascination, both past and present.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of human observation of Mars, as well as the modern system of exploration and observation. The paper goes on to establish promotions and objections of future human development of Mars, as it would be accomplished through a process of terraforming.
Outline:
Physical Characteristics
History of Observation of Mars
Modern Martian Exploration
The 'Life on Mars' Debate
The Moons of Mars
Martian Geology
Terraforming Mars
From the Paper
"Mars, Ares, Tiw, the god of war; the red planet has been revered as the bringer or bloodshed with its red color in the sky, like the color of blood. The planet adjacent to Earth has been an object of mystery and wonder from the time the first human turned his head skyward, to the time when the first telescope was used to observe Mars and its mysterious "canals," to the present day, as humans continue to send spacecraft to the red planet to expand on existing knowledge."
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The Life of Isaac Newton, 2006.
This paper describes the life and achievements of Isaac Newton.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a detailed biography of Isaac Newton, including his major accomplishments and their impact on society. The paper discusses how he revolutionized science, physics and celestial mechanics. The paper relates that he has proved to be one of the greatest scientists of all times.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton is recorded as being born on Christmas day in the year of 1642, though with our current Gregorian calendar, which was not adopted in England until 1752, his birthday would be January 4th of 1643. Newton was born in Lincolnshire at the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, a manor house near Grantham. Newton was born prematurely and therefore was a small child. Newton was named after his father, Isaac Newton. Newton's father, an ill-educated farmer who owned property (which made him wealthy) but could not sign his own name, was a sickly man. He died three months before his son was born, in October 1642."
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The Planet Earth, 2007.
A look at Earth as compared to the other planets in our solar system.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why Earth is the only planet in our solar system capable of sustaining life and how it is the only planet that has plentiful liquid water and an atmosphere that can protect the planet from the harmful ultra-violet rays of the Sun. The paper attempts to determine what makes Earth so special by using comparative planetology to understand what makes Earth a habitat for life and what makes it so different from the other planets in our solar system.
Outline:
Terrestrial Planets
Jovian Planets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If we were to look at Earth as a starting point to compare the other eight planets in our solar system, the first thing we notice from space is the magnificent blue color and swirls of clouds. This is an inviting sight and is the first hint at why life is found on our planet. Earth has many features that the other planets do not have. Earth has many features that make it unique. Earth is made of rock and metal. It is one of the four terrestrial planets and has the largest Moon in the solar system. Earth has abundant volcanic activity because of its size in comparison to the other terrestrial planets. With the abundance of water and oxygen, Earth's atmosphere stays in balance and is able to continue supporting life. The liquid oceans help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the presence of a stratosphere helps protect the surface from the deadly ultra-violet rays of the Sun. Another unique feature of Earth is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics acts as giant conveyor belt that moves the mantle of Earth around, which constantly changes the look of our planet. Although Earth's interior needs much more exploration, scientists can tell about the composition of the deepest regions of Earth by using seismic waves following an earthquake. By reading this seismic data carefully, scientists get a better understanding of interior Earth."
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Life in the Universe, 2007.
An exploration of the possibility of life on other planets.
1,772 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that in an ever-expanding galaxy, humans cannot be the only intelligent life forms and how somewhere, in some universe exists a form of life equal or superior to, intellectual capability and performance of humans. It looks at the attempts that have been made in the past such as the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence government program and how such methods such as interstellar communication should leave us open for communication with aliens.
From the Paper
"The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence or SETI was the most famous government funded program initiated to find intelligence life. This program was designed to communicate with aliens in far reaches of the galaxy by using radio signals that travel at the speed of light. The radio signals that were sent out included a wealth of information about man kind and the earth. It would send information about us humans; like the location of our home world, population of the earth, and little useful things for anyone that is listening could hear. SETI exists to this day and is still sending out signals. It is also listening with some of this world's largest satellite dishes. So far, they have discovered no evidence of an advanced civilization. "
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Establishing a Permanent Colony on the Moon, 2006.
Examines whether the establishment of a permanent colony on the moon can and should be done.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant and scholarly literature to determine the feasibility of such a Moon colony. It uses realistic budget figures and self-sustaining technologies, followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Potential Resources on the Moon
Specific Lunar Colony Requirements
Tables
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"One approach for a permanent lunar colony advocates such settlements as being early stages in human colonization of the solar system as well as much of interstellar space; indeed, a permanent colony on the Moon has long featured in science fiction but it is now seriously considered by proponents in the United States, Japan and Russia, who foresee a permanent presence of people there within the next decade or two (Lindberg, 2004)."
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Cosmic Dust, 2006.
A discussion regarding the fascination of interstellar gas and dust.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses interstellar gas and dust, listing the reasons why it is interesting. According to the paper, these reasons are simply that interstellar clouds can simply be enormous and appear at least as mystical and beautiful as the stars themselves., and more practically, the interstellar medium is capable of telling us very significant things about the nature of our universe, how it was formed, and what properties dominate it. Like most branches of astronomy, perhaps the most exciting application of studies conducted upon cosmic dust is to cosmology.
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The Martian Enterprise, 2006.
A discussion regarding the feasibility of establishing a colony on the planet Mars.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This research presents the case for establishing a colony on Mars. This paper defines a colony as a human habitation that is self-contained and self sustaining for six month periods of time; i.e. a city with an economy, public services, and a social infrastructure that mirrors the functional structure of terrestrial cities. The paper provides assumptions and considerations as the foundation for the planning of the overall project which has been incorporated as the Mars Colony Corporation (MaCC).
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Eratosthenes and Measurement, 2006.
A biographical account of the life of Greek scholar Eratosthenes and his many contributions to the sciences.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six page paper looks closely at the ancient and historical figure of Eratosthenes, who died around 195 BC. He made many significant contributions to the fields of science, mathematics, astronomy, geography, and many others. His discovery of the diameter of the earth has been proven to be highly accurate today. As thus, his work is of lasting importance.
From the Paper
"Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar from about 276-195 B.C, is remembered chiefly for his scientific measurements of the earth's circumference. His work, albeit somewhat unacknowledged by his contemporaries, resulted in fantastic scientific experiments which are comparably accurate even today. By looking briefly at his biography, and then the results of his experiments, Eratosthenes will be shown to be both a highly important as well as a highly innovative thinker of his age, regardless of how he was considered at the time of his life work. Born in North Africa, Cyrene, Eratosthenes spent much of his educational time in Athens. In Athens he received the education..."
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"Measuring the Cosmos", 2005.
A book review of "Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe" by David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is a book review of David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark's "Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe". It details the main aspects of this history as recorded in the book, and in the process takes the conclusion that the book is a celebration of the human passion for knowledge and the great debates that have accompanied scientific advance.
From the Paper
"Searching the Skies: A Book Review of Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe by David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark Clark and Clark's book is a historiography of the timeless human debate into the fundamental question of "Why?" Why do we exist? Where do we come from? Ultimately, what is the nature of the universe around us? The book follows the careers of the great minds of astrology from early antiquity to the modern era, following science as it haphazardly pushes forth the limits of human comprehension."
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Ancient Observatories, 2005.
A discussion of ancient civilizations and the connection between astronomy and archeology.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how, through the ages, it has become evident that ancient civilizations had methods of creating structures that are unexplained, even to this day. The paper discusses how the manner in which astronomy affects archeology verifies this contention. The paper examines ancient observatories such as Chaco Canyon, Machu Picchu, and Chichen Itza, which have given science the means to explore the methods practiced by ancient societies in correlating the existence of their societies with the heavens.
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Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present, and Future, 2005.
A review of the history of artificial intelligence, where it stands today and what is predicted for the future.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of research into artificial intelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.
From the Paper
"Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."
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UFOs and Illegal Aliens, 2005.
A look at Unidentified Flying Objects and alien life as portrayed by the entertainment industry.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the concept and history of Unidentified Flying Objects, or UFOs, and the influence UFOs have had on the world entertainment, and the influence the world of entertainment has had on our perception of UFOs and alien life.
From the Paper
"Unidentified Flying Objects, (UFOs) were once only saucers tied to a string and filmed by an 8mm camera in the 1950s. By the 1970s they became a bit more believable when 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' presented images of technologically advanced UFOs, with images fitting the preconceived idea of aliens driving them through the desert. Yet, by the time 'E.T.', (The Extraterrestrial) was presented in the 1980s society began to take a closer look at the phenomenon of the UFO, and many within it started to relate their personal experiences in sightings, abductions, meetings, and "close encounters". Today there is a vast array of television programming focused on UFOs, and the aliens who build them."
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"The Concept of Greater China", 2005.
A comparative analysis of Harry Harding's "The Concept of Greater China" and W. H. Overholt's analysis of the same development.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This is a position paper responding to Harry Harding's 1995 criticism of claims to a 'Greater China' which he explains to be an old and very questionable model. It follows with an outline of W. H. Overholt's very pro capitalist American analysis of the same development towards much assumption of the PRC capitalism and democracy and the automatic interest and unity of diverse overseas Chinese groups.
From the Paper
"Harry Harding's article, "The Concept of Greater China", points out several defects in this model, as well as informing the reader that such predictions have been made, in the past, due to an incomplete assessment of various factors. (1993) Economic reform in Mainland China, altered communications, or the rising visibility of Chinese communities, around the world, do not imply that the mythical concept of dazhonghua will be realized in the 21st century. As Harding correctly points out, the peoples that others refer to as "Chinese" share linguistic and cultural features and are from groups having left the Chinese mainland, at different points, through several centuries."
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Astronomy from Ptolemy to Galileo, 2005.
This paper studies science, in particular astronomy, making use of the book "Science without Limits" by James Perlman.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of science in terms of changes in astronomy from the time of Ptolemy to Galileo, based on the book "Science without Limits" by James Perlman. The writer notes how the ancients saw science as a form of philosophy, while by the time of Galileo, observation was being joined with experimentation to examine concepts and find the truth.
From the Paper
"The history of astronomy shows the development of science as a discipline from the ancient world to the Renaissance, from the time of Ptolemy to the time of Galileo. Over that period, astronomy began to shift from a philosophy to a science. Science in the ancient world was not created out of whole cloth and was based on observations and the application of reason. Mathematics were also used to develop ideas about the universe. Mathematics is itself an application of reason, though aspects of mathematics have also been developed through observation and testing. By the time of Galileo, however, science was gaining a more experimental structure, and Galileo himself tested many ideas directly. His astronomy was also based on observations, but he was able to observe more directly and closely with the telescope. Perlman notes that "science in large part . . . is a matter of testing assumptions"."
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