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"Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter . . . and Spring", 2008.
A review of "Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter . . . and Spring", a Korean film by directro Ki-duk Kim.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Ki-duk Kim's film "Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter . . . and Spring". The paper holds that the film teaches the viewer a great deal about Buddhist philosophy, through everything from the scenery to the characters, including animals. The paper argues that the director is not always subtle about his Buddhist message. However, it concludes that he does seem to present a view of Buddhist philosophy that allows the viewers to draw their own conclusions.
Outline:
Summary
The Meaning of the Film
What the Film has Taught Me
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter . . . and Spring opens during the springtime at a floating temple on a lake set somewhere in Korea. This part of the movie features a small boy who is studying with the elderly monk who inhabits the temple. Although he is preparing to become a monk later in life, Ki-duk Kim shows the boy committing acts of cruelty against animals. The monk attempts to teach the boy respect for the natural world around them by assigning him a punishment for tying rocks to the animals. The monk's warning that the boy will carry a stone in his heart forever if he kills an animal, along with the punishment, sets a theme for the boy's mental state over the course of the movie. Animals, too, play a part throughout the film beginning with the animals being tormented and continuing through to the monk using the cat's tail to paint the characters of the sutra."
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China, 2008.
This paper discusses the role of government policy in attracting
foreign direct investment (FDI) in China.
2,860 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with the advent of its reformist policies in the late 1970s, China opened what is potentially one of the world's large markets to foreign direct investment (FDI). The author points out that, initially, the government tried to draw that investment into areas that were familiar to emigres resulting in a spectacular influx of FDI. The paper reports that, in subsequent years, the government has attempted to redirect FDI to other areas, with much less success. The author points out that FDI is allocated through the decentralized, largely market-oriented mechanism, which supports the view that the Chinese central government has only a limited capacity to compel private groups and local governments to adhere to policies it believes are in the national interest The paper concludes that China has received a huge amount of FDI, which will have profound impacts on that country in the coming decades.
Table of Contents:
The Reform Period and Foreign Direct Investment
The Goals of Reform
China and FDI: The Initial Success
The Inability to Control Special Interests
The Lack of Social Embeddedness
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indeed, the change was sufficiently sudden that in several instances, the ideological rationale for the change was not formulated until after markets were opened to foreign investment. The rationale for the new policy was reflected in several areas. In terms of economic development, the Chinese conceded that despite major gains, their economic condition was not improving at a rate comparable to that of other comparably situated countries. The new policies were advanced as allowing China to secure needed new sources of capital, advanced technology, advanced management skills."
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China: The Individual vs. Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976 in relation to Chinese society that always favoured the state or the society over the individual.
3,894 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how the Cultural Revolution showed continuity with the Chinese past, in that individuals were certainly expendable to the state in achieving group aims. The paper explains how Communist Chinese society would liquidate an educated, low middle class that posed no direct threat to the state or the position of Mao, but were convenient scapegoats for what Mao set out to achieve. Thus, the paper highlights how the individual did not matter at all; only the overall group objective.
Outline:
Introduction
The Unity of the People
Removing the Individual
Having the Answers
Mao as 'God'
Glorifying the Worker
The Cultural Revolution Generation
The Legacy of the Cultural Revolution
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Chinese civilization has had repeated trouble in accommodating groups that are separate or somehow challenge centralized authority whose most recent form has been the government of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). When Emily Honig described the Subei before and after the 1949 Revolution she referred to a very visible instance of Chinese inequality. (1992) Honig wrote that "the dominance of Subei people in unskilled, low-paying jobs may obscure the equally important aspect of the work experience of Subei people in Shanghai - many never entered the formal labour market at all, or worked outside it." (281)"
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Foreign Direct Investment and Government Policy, 2008.
This paper explores the nature of the control that the Chinese government has over its economy, specifically, over foreign direct investments.
3,104 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly considers the "strong" versus the "weak" state-centered approaches and describes the various institutional arrangements which China instituted for allocating foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper looks at the evolution of China's regional development policy between the late 1970s and the present time. The paper then attempts to correlate the Chinese government's regional policy preferences to the allocation of FDI among the provinces. The paper concludes that the central government has only a limited capacity to compel private groups and local governments to adhere to policies it believes are in the national interest.
Outline:
The State Centered Approaches
Strong and Weak Versions
China: A Weak State-Centered Economy
China and FDI: The Initial Success
The Inability to Control Special Interests
The Lack of Social Embeddedness
The Failure of Redirection of FDI in China
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Does a modern government have the power to direct foreign capital investments, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), to particular regions which the government wishes to see developed? To ask this question is to ask if the politics of economic development in a given country is or is not "state-centered." To say that a nation can impose a state-centered approach to issues of economic development is to say that the government can assert authority over both the population it governs and also over actions that take place within its territory. In the modern world, foreign capital investment in developing countries has raised a serious challenge to the assumption that states do control what goes on within their territory."
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The Family in the People's Republic of China, 2008.
An analysis of the changes that occurred to the family unit with from the Communist Revolution in 1949 through much of the 20th century.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the changes that occurred to the traditional Chinese extended family with the Communist Revolution of 1949 that produced the People's Republic of China (PRC). It suggests that the sense of ongoing reliance on the family in the PRC offers to millions of citizens fewer social benefits or overall security than what they were used to in the past. It specifically discusses the changes induced through much of the 20th century in World War II, the Revolution and forced collectivization, political coercion, the Cultural Revolution and the death of Mao.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Family Size and Structure
Personal Orientations
Predictions
Concluding Notes
From the Paper
"Understanding change in the Chinese family in the Reform Era involves examining changes induced through much of the preceding 20th century in adjustments to World War II, the Revolution, and forced collectivization, political coercion, the Cultural Revolution and the death of Mao. Reform's shift towards capitalist development has evoked tremendous institutional changes in a PRC where much else remains the same, as in the urban-rural divide mentioned earlier that is said to be accentuated by rapid economic growth now afoot. Between the lines one sees a very large sector quite harshly affected and for whom the family will be the needed mooring in an unpredictable economic environment. One also sees that the family may change but does not dissolve, adapting to present circumstances that are legal and cultural as much as economic towards an altered Chinese family that remains just as important than before and certainly more than the individualism associated with capitalist development, elsewhere."
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"McDonald's in Hong Kong", 2008.
A critical analysis of "McDonald's in Hong Kong" by James L. Watson.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "McDonald's in Hong Kong" where James L. Watson explores whether Hong Kong's acceptance of McDonald's is evidence that Hong Kong's culture is under siege by the global culture. The paper looks at Watson's belief that the citizens of Hong Kong are not passive victims of McDonaldization but are actively exporting their own contributions to global culture. The paper is of the opinion that this work is worth reading for its insights into Hong Kong culture, but asserts that its conclusions do not seem to be warranted by the evidence presented.
From the Paper
"Watson concedes that McDonald's has enjoyed "roaring success" in Hong Kong, despite the fact that it offers traditional McDonald fare in a city where the residents have long enjoyed very different staple foods (Watson 125). However, he contends that the people have managed to do this without becoming any "less 'Chinese' than their grandfather" (Watson 125). (And presumably they are also just as Chinese as their grandmothers.) Indeed, he asserts that the question itself needs to be reframed in a way that takes cognisance of consumers' views. Using eye witness accounts of evolutions that McDonald's has undergone since it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, Watson shows how the locals have subtly changed the way that McDonald's is run, in such a way as to be more consistent with the way they perceive the world."
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Management Styles, 2008.
This paper analyzes the fundamental differences between management styles in western and eastern cultures.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights three major differences between eastern and western cultures that affect management styles. The author reports that the philosophical underpinning of the west is based on rationality and maximizing self interest; whereas, eastern cultures focus on changing behaviors and circumstances for different behaviors. The paper states that western culture is focused on individuality and on proactive decision-making; however, eastern management styles are based on a strict manager-subordinate chain with more of a group oriented focus on the successful completion of tasks. The author points out that the eastern management style is more directive with workers expecting assigned tasks and clear directions; whereas, in western culture, the idea of initiative is praised and workers are expected to question assumptions, take risks and undertake tasks that were not necessarily assigned. The paper includes a graph and a table.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Management Styles in Western and Eastern Cultures
The Role of Culture in Business Management: Western versus Eastern Philosophies
Motivation and Performance Measures in Western and Eastern and Eastern Cultures
Western and Eastern Workers: Interactions with the Organization
Cultural Differences and Communication
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On a practical note, Korn/Ferry International conducted a survey in collaboration with the Economist Intelligence Unit and found that a vast amount of respondents (72%), saw the East as a major influence in the macro business environment, and were considered major players within the overall globalization process, as different geographic spheres became more integrated. However, the Eastern leaders were not considered particularly able to excel in the global market place (this excludes Japan); as only 20% of the respondents thought Eastern cultures were adaptive to the global business environment and practices."
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The Korean War, 2008.
This paper uses the primary paradigms in international relations to enhance our understanding of the Korean War.
3,502 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Korean War through the lens of three of the major paradigms in international relations: realism, world society and theory of dependence. The paper shows how no one paradigm of international relations exactly fits all aspects of the Korean conflict. The paper explains how we must therefore consider a convergence of paradigms to fully understand this war.
Outline:
Introduction
The Primary Paradigms
The Korean War: A Realist Analysis
The Korean War: A Dependency Theory Analysis
The Korean War: World Society Theory
Analysis
From the Paper
"There exist a number of different paradigms to explain the events of the Korean War. The theoretical model of Realism has long been one of dominant theories of international relations, although as a formal school of thought it has only existed since the Second World War. The primary assumptions of this theoretical model is that the global political system is fundamentally anarchic in that nation-states are effectively sovereign with no check on their actions other than from other nation-states. The relations between these states is predicated on their differential power levels - state power being understood in military and economic terms - with each state pursuing its own national security and other interests."
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The Asian Financial Crisis, 2008.
This paper explores the causes of the Asian Financial crisis of 1997 and suggests preventative policies.
2,398 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and how its policies and oversights made problems worse in Southeast Asia and looks at Korea as an example. The paper looks briefly at the role of "crony capitalism" in Southeast Asia and focuses on Malaysia and Thailand in particular. The paper also examines structural factors, reviews the inherent irrationality of investors and explains the role of capital control regulations and premature liberalization in producing or deepening the crisis. The paper concludes that the IMF must allow developing nations to take matters into their own hands when looking at structural issues, while those countries must develop comprehensive oversight and "firewalls" that reduce cronyism and incompetence.
From the Paper
"The causes of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 are too numerous to be easily synthesized into one neat capsule. Nonetheless, looking at the matter from afar, it appears as though there was excessive foreign borrowing, far too much over-lending (although it is not clear if this over-lending was domestic, it may be inferred that too much bank capital went towards dubious, speculative ventures) and such an over-reliance upon foreign capital that, when the industrial sector began to slow down, the outflow of foreign capital was utterly debilitating."
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USA and China Hostilities, 2008.
This paper addresses the issues of America's trade imbalance with China and China's industrial spying.
1,396 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses America's trade imbalance with China that is fueled by China's failure to prevent copyright infringement and the sale of counterfeit goods as well as China's artificial currency devaluation. The paper also looks at the issue of Chinese spies stealing industrial secrets from American and European firms. The paper provides suggestions for improvement and argues that America needs to peacefully use their economic position to force China to compete fairly. The paper asserts that America should use legal, diplomatic and media pressure to force China to behave ethically.
From the Paper
"The United States and China have a long history of hostility and distrust. In recent years this hostility has centered on several economic issues. These include America's trade imbalance with China, a deficit fueled in part by a huge Chinese market in pirated American intellectual property and brand name knock-offs. Further, U.S. and European firms claim that Chinese industrial spies have stolen technology for products ranging from computer chips to cruise missiles."
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The Chinese Communist Party, 2008.
This paper explores the role and nature of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the early 21st century.
2,614 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Daniel C. Lynch in his article "Dilemmas of Thought Work in Fin de Siecle China", Gordon White in "Riding the Tiger" and Feng Chen in "Rebuilding the Party's Normative Authority." The paper discusses how these writers show that those who anticipated capitalism as the bringer of democracy did not understand the largely administrative but also intellectual role played by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the low expectations of the Chinese regarding the CCP. The paper explains how all three articles show signs of the CCP attempting to show its sovereignty, but is challenged by ordinary Chinese indifference.
Outline:
Introduction
Daniel C. Lynch
Gordon White
Feng Chen
Analysis and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Daniel Lynch reviewed the nature of thought-work in the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the end of the 20th century and explained the failure of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to regain control over thought-work or to build the long promised socialist-spiritual civilization for which the Chinese masses were instructed to be patient, for so very long. Society and culture in the PRC have changed radically since the rise of Chinese capitalism in relation to the forces of Globalization. Gordon White wrote on ideological decay as one price of the Reform Era's economic and social changes, what seemed a mere shift to a mixed economy in 1978 taking on all sorts of mammoth changes through the later 1980s and 1990s to make much CCP ideology irrelevant. Feng Chen referred to the CCP as an institution that was under renovation and which described itself as the proper normative authority. However, as all three agree, the role of the CCP and Beijing has been more and more concerned with ordinary administration and laws and policies serving the all-important business sector."
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The Rise of Inequality in China, 2008.
An analysis of the historic development and implications for China of its growing economic inequality.
3,702 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the issue of growing economic inequality in China. It discusses the issue in terms of its historic development and how it has shaped China today. It also describes its implications for China's future social and economic evolution and discusses the reason that this problem has been masked in the popular view of China today as an economic superpower.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Ideology of Equality in Communist China
China's Economic Reforms and Increasing Inequality
The Scale Inequality in Contemporary China
Inequality and Political and Migration Pressures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the increasing levels of inequality in China - not only in terms of rural vs. urban, but also inland vs. coastal - present a clear and present threat to the legitimacy of the Communist government given its ideological origins in socialist egalitarianism. While the economic development of China and its opening to world trade has brought great wealth and development to parts of the country, other parts have suffered even more so. The geographic localization of this problem in rural/inland areas, as well as the discontent of many migrant workers in the urban areas, represents a disturbing prospect for the future of not only stable economic development in China, but for the continued rule of the Communist party and political stability in China as a whole."
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A Consumerist China, 2008.
This paper discusses consumerism vs. poverty in China's capitalist development.
2,684 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works of Maurice Meisner and Minxin Pei concerning the high social, political and economic price of China's approach to development. The paper then explains the phenomenon of Chinese consumerism that exists while millions struggle to obtain basic subsistence. The paper portrays the disparity in the American-style high consuming class and the working or unemployed poor.
Outline:
Introduction
Consumerism - Chinese Style
Disparities and Frustrations
Time and Unfulfilled Promises
Consumerism and Culture
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Meisner noted a small percentage of urban population are members of the nouveaux riches that support "the world's most rapidly growing market in luxury goods." (1999 534) Otherwise there is much conspicuous lesser spending. A report for business people planning to do retail business in the PRC in 2005 with China's permission of foreign distributors with World Trade Organisation membership stated that the Chinese consumer still shops daily, likes processed and packaged foods, expects shopping to be an outdoor, urban activity and favours products to do with sport, leisure and general convenience. (Iyengar 2004) Car ownership is proportionately low and the distances great so that distributors have to work hard, if promoting a new product in China, to see that it reaches every targeted region. Mail order business is unknown and Internet shopping just beginning. The leisure culture taking form in the 1990s showed little sign of declining. Consumers were less automatically taken by foreign manufactures but wanted goods that made their lives more convenient. A Euromonitor International article referred to a positive attitude in the PCR towards owning one's housing, letting housing out to others, high demand for household durables and leisure goods that allowed for a busier lifestyle. (2006)"
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Korean History: A Comparison of Accounts, 2008.
This paper evaluates competing written accounts of the status of women in a specific period of Korean history.
2,209 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the perspective of four different authors on the era dating from approximately 892 until around 1592 on the Korean Peninsula, in order to highlight how biased historical explanation actually is. The paper examines a text published by the Korean National Commission for UNESCO in Seoul, Roger Tennant's book "A History of Korea," Martina Deuchler's "The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology" and Han Hee-sook's journal article "Women's Life during the Choson Dynasty". The paper concludes that Martina Deuchler's book offers the richest analysis and most persuasive historical account of the changing status of Korean women.
Outline:
Introduction
Broadly Comparing Historical Accounts
Complex Accounts of Korean women: Deuchler and Han
Chinyeong
Kyongguk Taejon
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However this project demands a much closer focus in order to be effective as an exercise in historical comparison. Therefore, we will look specifically at the issue of how and why the status of women changed in Korea from Silla times through to early Choson. This examination will not be a simple narrative of the social shifts that impacted the lives of Korean women during this time period. Rather, we will identify different explanations of why that change occurred, and consider different statements about which changes were the most important. It will become clear that various authors bring their own ideological agenda to the telling of history, and that the act of omission constitutes a major tool in shaping the events of the past."
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Chinese Growth and Democracy, 2008.
An in-depth evaluation of the social and political price of current economic policies in China.
2,307 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper examines evidence of repression in China, even in face of its capitalist growth. The paper disproves the belief that capitalist development will automatically create the circumstances that are conducive to democracy. The paper discusses the ideas of Maurice Meisner who equates the People's Republic of China's actions with Stalinism and asserts that the government, using industrial and finance capitalism as the goals, employs Stalinist ruthlessness to groups that it opposes or excludes.
Outline:
Introduction
Signs of Discontent
Indications of Repression
What is Presented, Officially
Stalinism Revisited
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Maurice Meisner's late 1990s assessment of Chinese economic planning and its social effects convey how one should not be distracted by modest political reforms as promising any great liberalization within a People's Republic of China (PRC) regime that remains fundamentally Stalinist. (1999 538) Elsewhere, Meisner referred to a "fearful social price" that is being paid, and will be paid into the future, for high-growth rate capitalist development from which perhaps two-thirds of an immense and deprived population gain, millions of others left behind. (p.532) If one enjoys studying the longer history of China, political liberalization does not seem a likely result of what the PRC is facing now, or in the coming years."
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Empress Cixi's Long and Peculiar Reign in Late Qing China, 2008.
A study of the reign of Chinese Empress Cixi in the late Qing dynasty.
4,125 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life and rule of Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908). The paper asserts that, like her contemporary, Queen Victoria of England, she was able to wield power and insisted on doing so. But unlike Queen Victoria, the paper points out that she had risen from a concubine of the lowest rank at the Beijing court and is popularly remembered as a ruthless woman. The paper concludes that Cixi's rigid and backward views let the Western powers take advantage, quite easily, of China's low development and that she was a human disaster for China and for the Chinese.
Outline:
Introduction
Ordinary Origins
The End of Emperor Xianfeng
A Narcissist at Court
An Empress of Early Warlords
Rumours and Observations
A Revised Empress
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"In 1861, Xianfeng died and as the mother of his heir, Tongzhi, Cixi was given the title of Empress. Several other regents were appointed to run the Chinese empire and before long there was intrigue. Two of the other regents were accused of crime against the state and were permitted to commit suicide to avoid execution. A third regent was beheaded and his property went to Cixi as a virtual civil war raged in five provinces where millions died in the fighting or of starvation, large parts of the interior laid waste and several cities destroyed. Rather than responding to the crisis, the empress continued to meet with the previous emperor's uncle, Prince Kung (q.v), an experienced courtier in order to learn the arts of politics."
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The Globalization of 'Coolness', 2008.
A discussion of popular culture, racism and the transformation of the
Asian "image" in Canada.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the upsurge in the production of popular culture for mass audiences, with reference to the transformation of "Asian" subculture in Canada; from racist portrayals only decades ago, to their defining "coolness" today. The paper argues that the social transformation of the popular image of this non-western group reflects how pop culture is closely linked to economic power and globalized cultural production in the post war era. The paper explains that Canadian social historians have argued that the Canadian mass media played a critical role in the shaping of racist ideologies and stereotypes to exclude Asians from Canadian mainstream society. In conclusion, the paper shows that as Asian economic growth continues, it appears likely that Canadian pop culture will assume more and more elements of Asian popular culture in the years to come as the "coolness" of Asian culture becomes ever stronger.
Outline:
Introduction
Images of Asia and Canadian Racism
The Cross-Cultural Origins of Cool
Cross-Cultural Coolness and Economic Power
From the Paper
"Today Canada, and in particular its large cities of Toronto and Vancouver, are highly multicultural societies defined by mass media and integrated into the global marketplace. In this highly mediated space, Asian popular culture - from the Hong Kong action movies of John Woo, to the cross-cultural popularity of "bubble tea", anime and manga, to children's television programs such as Sailor Moon and Dragonball Z - has played a significant role in the shaping of our society. This fact is particular ironic given that, only a few decades ago, the popular image of Asian in Canadian society was highly racist."
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The Economic Growth of India, 2008.
This paper analyzes the economic growth of India since 1990.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the early 1990s, India began to redirect its political and economic apparatus towards a more free-market orientation, which has resulted in a cycle of remarkable growth and expansion. The author points out that, beginning in 1991, political leaders ended the traditional License Raj economic model, which resulted in monopolistic behavior and stifled foreign direct investment. The paper relates that some of India's economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. The author points out that India deems all public expenditure to be development related and views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment. The paper reports that a value added tax (VAT), other tax code adjustments and a fully convertible currency were introduced.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Initial Reforms
Market Liberalization
Current Economic Status
From the Paper
"The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004 and this spending has continued to fuel economic growth. These large spending and investment packages are achievable because of the market reforms made during 1991. While much of India's population that exceeds 1b individuals is classified as impoverished, it still represents one of the largest tax bases in the world after China. Such a large potential tax base was going relatively untouched until 1991 when the tax codes and collection apparatus procedures were also reformed."
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Japan's Occupation of Hong Kong, 2008.
A discussion of Japan's occupation of Hong Kong in the 1940s.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.
Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."
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