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Glass Pyramid, 1992.
An analysis of the 1988 Paris edifice by the Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei at the entrance to Louvre Museum.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 12 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the Glass Pyramid, which is located at the entrance to the Louvre Museum in Paris. Unveiled in 1988, the Glass Pyramid was designed by the esteemed Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei. This structure is an important work because it provides an example of the introduction of modern architecture into a historic context. The Louvre has existed since the late 12th century A.D., and it has undergone many architectural changes over the course of the years. As a result of these changes, the buildings of the Louvre complex show a variety of different architectural styles. Pei's Glass Pyramid adds an element of modernism to this conglomeration of historical styles. As such, it helps to bring the Louvre up to date. An important feature of the Glass Pyramid is that it modernizes the Louvre without detracting from the beauty of the historic..."
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Philip C. Johnson, 1992.
An analysis of the development of the architect's work, style, experimentation and influence.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 11 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the work of Philip C. Johnson on the architecture of today. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Johnson's architectural designs emerged in the twentieth century, and then to discuss the elements of Johnson's approach that may be said to reach importance vis-a-vis the general scheme of architectural development in the contemporary period.
Johnson's work is widely acknowledged to be firmly modernist in character. His initial ten years of work in the architectural field saw him function as a commentator and architectural curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, a strong advocate of the shift toward modern, simple, cool architectural lines and materials such as glass and steel. This embrace of the modern style in architectural projects persisted from 1942, the year of..."
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German Architecture, 1992.
A brief examination ofsome 19th century developments in German architecture focusing on the early 20th century rise of the Bauhaus school under Gropius and later Van der Rahe.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Germany - Architecture
Architecture in the nineteenth century was not stylistically unified. There was a nostalgia for the past which resulted in a revival of a number of styles, another link with the Renaissance period. Karl Freidrich Schinkel was the most important early Romantic architect. There was a Gothic revival in this era that was seen by critic John Ruskin as opposed to the evils of capitalism and as symbolic of the freedom allowed to medieval artisans (Lucie-Smith 375). After 1830 European design and fashion had imitated historical styles in an archaeological, patriotic, and bourgeois manner. In Germany, new ideas derived from engineering, and a revolutionary industrial aesthetic were introduced around 1900. Yet these ideas were only hesitantly accepted. Jugendstil was the German version of Art Nouveau..."
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| Term Paper # 18801 |
temporarily unavailable
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The Architecture of Great Britain, 1991.
This paper examines some of the major historical developments in British architecture, from Inigo Jones in the 17th century through Sir Charles Barry in the early 19th century.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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"The architecture of Great Britain has a long history, and over that history architecture has ranged from the simplest hovel to the most elaborate palace. The first architect of the English Renaissance was Inigo Jones. He went to Italy twice, once in 1600 and again in 1613; he returned a thoroughgoing Palladian, and not a follower of the Early Baroque. He built a Banqueting Hall at Whitehall in London that conforms in every respect to the principles embodied in Palladio's treatise, though it does not copy any specific building by Palladio. The building is rather symmetrical, self-sufficient, and more like a Renaissance palazzo than any other building above the Alps. The style of Jones is supported by Palladio's authority as a theorist, and it stood as a beacon of classicist orthodoxy in ... "
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Sir Christopher Wren, 1990.
This paper discusses the life of the 17th Century British architect Sir Christopher Wren and his work: Designs, influence, style, rebuilding of London and major works.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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"This paper will discuss the life of Sir Christopher Wren and his work as an architect. Special emphasis will be placed on Wren's importance as an architect in London following the Great Fire of 1666. Christopher Wren was born in East Knoyle, England, in October of 1632. In his early life, Wren pursued a career in science and astronomy. After distinguishing himself as an excellent student in mathematics, the 25-year-old Wren became a professor of astronomy at Gresham College in London. A few years later, Wren took a position as professor of astronomy at Oxford University. It was not until the 1660 s that Wren began a career in the field of architecture. In 1661, King Charles II appointed Wren to serve as assistant to the Surveyor-General to His Majesty's Works. The Surveyor-General was a Minister to the King responsible for all public construction throughout ... "
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Architecture in Pompeii, 1990.
This paper discusses the architecture of Pompeii: Examples, styles, influences, materials, history of city and construction.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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"Pompeii was rediscovered and excavated in the eighteenth century as one of the finest and most preserved examples of Roman architecture. Combined with the Roman influence was a pattern of development from several of the contemporaneous Mediterranean cultures of the time, which gave Pompeii a unique architectural flavor. It is this uniqueness that will become the central focus of this paper on the cultural history of Pompeii as reflected in the town's domestic architecture. The paper will begin with a brief history of the city of Pompeii, and then overview the different cultural influences which shaped the city itself. Then, the domestic architecture will be described, with a more detailed look at the influences of the Oscans, Greeks, Etruscans, Samnites, and Carthaginians. Of special note will be the influences of Rome on the city prior to the eruption of Mount ... "
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The Installation and Use of Glass Blocks, 1990.
This paper presents various applications for glass blocks in building design and describes the composition of blocks and methods of installation.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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"Glass blocks are non-loadbearing masonry units which are made by molding two sections of glass and bonding them together. The interior of the block is hermetically sealed in order to prevent condensation. Most such blocks allow light to pass through, but they are often designed to distort the view to ensure privacy. Some blocks, however, are relatively transparent, and special blocks have been designed to direct light upward or downward for certain building requirements. Bulletproof blocks have also been developed.
The recommended sizes for glass blocks, always square, are 6 inches, 8 inches, and 12 inches, each with a recommended 1/4-inch mortar joint. Round-ended blocks are also available to cap the sides or tops of block walls. Other sizes and shapes are also available. The mortar-bearing surfaces of the glass blocks have ... "
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Bathrooms, 1990.
Describes the steps & procedures needed when designing or remodeling bathrooms.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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"Designing and remodeling bathrooms can be accomplished in a variety of ways for a variety of prices, from the high end which can cost many tens of thousands of dollars to the low end which can be accomplished for a few dollars. The three major components of the bathroom design are the bath, the sink, and the toilet. In addition to these, there are various accoutrements which complement the larger elements and which enhance the decoration. However, these objects themselves may be made from a variety of different materials of varying costs, from custom-made products at the high end to mass-produced products at the low end.
There are certain requirements of bathroom design which apply no matter what specific materials are being used, and these design principles help the designer achieve the overall.."
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Baroque Architecture, 1989.
Cultural & religious background of Baroque approach & impact on English artistic expression, comparing Italian Bernini & Englishman Christopher Wren.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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"The Religious Background of the Baroque and the Artistic Communication with England
The period which has come to be called the baroque is intriguing because it grew out of a unique set of political, religious and cultural circumstances. Blunt ties the style to origins in Rome for good reason, as the situation surrounding the Catholic church at about 1600 had a lot to do with the origins of the style. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century had led to deep introspection on the part of the Catholics. The leaders in the church realized that some positive action was necessary in order to avoid further political embarrassment, continued corruption and massive attrition from the church. The Protestants had attacked the church mainly with charges of selling offices of authority, men holding numerous offices simultaneously, and the..."
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Greek & Roman Art & Architecture, 1989.
Discusses Greek form vs. Roman space in architecture and idealism vs. realism in sculpture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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"Greek and Roman art and architecture were both innovative and distinguished by features which can be compared and contrasted. In both cultures the major trends in art and architecture were set in their respective archaic periods. However, the comparison and contrasting of both are best restrained to the more mature periods of each society.
Classical Greek art begins around the Fifth Century B.C. During this time the Greeks had consolidated their military victories by ousting the Persian invaders, reduced civil unrest by removing the old kingships and replacing them with oligarchies and democracies, and limited the mercantilism of the Greek poli or city.states (Greer 66-69). In terms of art and architecture, however, it should be remembered that Greek art was largely commissioned by the demos of relatively small cities (...)"
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Great Egyptian Pyramid, 1989.
Explores theories on purpose behind construction of pyramid. Discusses religious beliefs, tomb theory, architectural aspects, "value of measurements," scientific purpose and puzzles of construction method.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 95.95
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"The definite purpose of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is unknown to any living person, but many scholars have speculated on the purpose and on the many other mysteries associated with the Egypt-ian pyramids. Thousands of articles and books, both scholarly and popular, have been written about the Egyptian pyramids. After all, "the Pyramids of Egypt are immensely large, immensely ancient, and by general consensus, extremely useless" (Mendelssohn 9). Towering above them all, the Great Pyramid of Khufu stands alone, unique in both size and proportion. Its base covers 13 acres, or 7 midtown blocks of the city of New York. Over this large area, over two-and-a-half million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing as much as 70 tons, as high as a modern forty-five story building (Tompkins 1). The Pyramid continually captivates the minds of scholars and sparks the imagination of nearly everyone who discover (...)"
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Byzantine Art, 1980.
This paper discusses Byzantine Art, post-Roman Empire art: Political and religious contexts, architecture, statuary, geometric painting, icons and monumental sculpture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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"The following research concerns Byzantine Art. Byzantine Art developed after the split in the Christian world which took place after the division of the Roman Empire. Christianity came to the fore in the Roman Empire during the first three centuries of the Christian era. The emperor Constantine was converted in the fourth century A.D., and this was but the official recognition of a development toward Christianity that had long been in preparation. This new religion gave hope to the masses of people for whom living conditions had become impossible. Rome finally fell not so much because of outside invasions as from internal social decay, poverty, corruption, and the loss of control by the civil government. When Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, the empire was divided into west and east..
Constantinople was the new name for the Greek town of ... "
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Ancient Greek and Roman Housing, 1978.
This paper discusses Greek and Roman houses according to their individual components and the artistic vision they reflect and to compare the two: Exterior and interior, including styles, artistic vision and social/political influences.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to discuss Greek and Roman houses according to their individual components and the artistic vision they reflect and to compare the two. Since architecture is not an art which arises from a vacuum but generally reflects the needs and philosophic level of its time, mention will be made of the social, political, economic and philosophical aspects of the architecture in question.
The foundation of the classical Greek building, whether temple, amphitheater or house rested on the foundations, grounded in the Greek system of thought, of order, proportion and space.
In determining the order of Greek architecture, we may refer to its congruity with the Greek city-state and the needs of its citizens. In Greek urban life, Greek architecture was: "first and foremost, the expression of a community and, more, especially ... "
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The Design of Early Gothic Cathedrals, 1972.
The paper discusses the key magic of numbersand the practical design of Early Gothic cathedrals.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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"The great cathedrals which are the high points of any cultural tour of Europe are almost all the product of a single century. In the space of about 100 years, beginning about the middle of the 12th century, medieval artisans succeeded in developing the Gothic style from the Romanesque style, and began building some of the noblest testimonials to the human spirit ever created. This effusion was most clearly marked in France, probably because it was the first part of Europe to achieve a national identity and a stable government.
The first Gothic cathedral is generally considered to be that at St. Denis, begun by the Abb? Suger in 1137. Within the next half-century, other notable French cathedrals were begun: St. Etienns at Sens in 1140, Noyon in 1150, Laon in 1160, Notre Dame de Paris in 1163, Bourges in 1199, Rouen in 1202, Rheims in ... "
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The Ancient Greek Amphitheatre, 2002.
A discussion of the evolution of the Ancient Greek Amphitheatre.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the architectural form and cultural function of the amphitheatre from its modest beginning in ancient Greece through to the Roman influenced theatre of today. It examines how, although some aspects of their design and function are debatable because so little of their physical structure exists today, Greek theaters can be chronologically classified into three categories: The early Athenian, Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman. It discusses how all of these theaters could be divided into essentially three parts: the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra and the skene (or scene building) and how these standards developed over time.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form the orchestra of a theater is simply a circular plot of land designated as a place for dance and this idea defines the orchestra employed during this time. It was circular in shape with a diameter of about 66 feet and was believed to be a locus for supernatural powers. An altar (or thymele), described as "a short drum of marble decorated with low-relief carvings of garlands and satyrs, or other Greek icons? was usually erected in the epicenter of the orchestra. It was primarily used prior to performances for sacrifices in honor of the god Dionysus, however plays with religious content often incorporated the altar into the performance. A level surface area, raised one foot from the orchestra and situated below the skene, termed the proscenium, served as the area in which the majority of the dramatic action transpired."
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The Pyramids, 2001.
This paper discusses the purpose, structure and design of the ancient pyramids.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ancient Egypt was one of these first civilizations and how the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were the first real kings in the world and because they were so powerful, they had the ability to build such astonishing structures such as the great pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest stone buildings in the world, standing for nearly 5,000 years and how their size, strength and age is the reason pyramids fascinate people to this day. It describes how the Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were said to be the pharaoh?s ?Castle of Eternity? in order to preserve their bodies for the next life. It examines the architecture, the design, the materials and the strict criteria to which they had to conform as well as the logisitics of how they were built at the time.
From the Paper
"The base of the pyramid had to be a perfect square. This meant that all four sides had to be perfectly even in length. All four angles would have to be perfect right angles. This would prove to be difficult for the large distances that had to be measured. Each side of the Great Pyramid is measured at 755 feet in length. The Egyptians didn?t have measuring tapes like we have today. They made these measurements with cords of palm-fiber or flax-fiber, which tended to stretch when used to measure such distances. After this the base would finally be ready for the start of construction. While the base was being prepared and measured stone was already being quarried and brought down the river to be placed near the proposed sight for the pyramid (Pace, Mildred)."
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The World Trade Centre, 2002.
A discussion of whether the World Trade Center was defectively designed and whether it should still remain standing today.
1,009 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the chronological events that occurred on September 11 2001 that led to the eventual collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC). It provides structural information on the exact architecture of the two towers and examines how the downfall of these two buildings occurred through a series of steps that eventually led to the cataclysmic chain reaction of each floor smashing into its corresponding lower floor, eventually destroying both towers. The primary factor leading to this disaster was the immense heat the structural design withstood and the impact of the airliners that hit them. It concludes that the WTC Towers were not defectively designed since no designer could have ever anticipated a catastrophe of the magnitude that occurred.
From the Paper
"The structural integrity of the WTC depended on these closely spaced columns around the perimeter. Lightweight steel trusses spanned between the central elevator core and the perimeter columns on each floor. These trusses support the four-inch concrete slabs that separate each floor and tied the perimeter columns to the core. These trusses supported the vertical forces acting on the building. These steel structures were coated with an aluminum alloy for extra strength."
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The Ancient Galilean Synagogue, 2002.
A look at the Galilean Synagogue and how this represents a classic synagogue of ancient times.
4,251 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the synagogue as the place of assemblage of the Jews in terms of the name, origin, history, organization, liturgy, building, interior setting and styles of architecture. This paper also looks at the Capernaum synagogue as a specific example of the Galilean style of synagogues and looks at this synagogue in terms of its role, meaning, people and community
From the Paper
"Luke describes Jesus in volume 15 as teaching in the Galilean synagogues (philiphoward.sch.uk). Therefore, within the historical, cultural, religious setting of Judaism, Jesus thus appears as a rabbi (philiphoward.sch.uk). Jesus is seen as teacher, a communicator, and a man of words (philiphoward.sch.uk). It is natural that Jesus teaches in synagogues because the synagogue is the place of Jewish community teaching (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism is a religion, first and foremost, of the family and most Jewish worship and teaching occurs within the family, within the home (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism also has, however, a strong sense of the wider community, which is where the synagogue has its role (philiphoward.sch.uk). The word 'synagogue' comes from the Greek 'synagog_', which means, literally, 'meeting' (philiphoward.sch.uk). Strictly speaking, the 'synagogue' is the 'meeting', the 'assembly', the 'congregation' of the community; the word applies most accurately to the community itself (it is rather like the Christian church (philiphoward.sch.uk). "
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