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Mosque of Baybars, 1993.
A look at the 13th Cent. royal building in Egypt. Examined in terms of the site, material, features, impact on history and role of sultan Baybars. Includes illustrations.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" The Great Mosque of Baybars
The mosque of Baybars is the earliest remaining royal mosque of the Mamluks near Cairo, Egypt. It is situated outside the gates of Fatimid city, which was a suburb of Cairo. This mosque was commissioned by Baybars I, the fourth Mamluk sultan of the Bahrid dynasty. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the building and to place the structure and its creation within a historical context.
Baybars is said to have been born in 1233, one of a group of Turk slaves who were purchased by a sultan, Malik Salih. He became active in military conquests and gained the throne in 1260, apparently after murdering at least two political figures who were obstacles to his ambition.. He reigned for seventeen.."
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Modernism and Postmodernism, 1993.
A look at the definitions, the effects of each on public space, social functions, nostalgia and politics.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The readings under discussion concern the issues of modernism and postmodernism and the manner in which each has been manifested in terms of the shaping of urban space. Modernism is, after all, part of an effort to create a new environment to replace the old around the turn of the century, following in the wake of similar changes in political, social, literary, and other spheres of society. The application of these ideas to public space extends their meaning directly to society as a whole, attempting to alter the way we think of ourselves in relation to our external, public environment in keeping with the other changes taking place in human thought and attitude. Postmodernity was similarly a reaction to modernity and again a new way of viewing the world and our relationship to it. Each successive movement seems to build on the last either by..."
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Pantheon, 1993.
A history, description and the role of Emperor Hadrian.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The Pantheon
Hadrian's Pantheon is one of the grand architectural creations of all time: original, utterly bold, many-layered in associations and meaning, the container of a kind of immanent universality..
The Pantheon was built by an unknown architect under the supervision of the Emperor Hadrian. It is the most significant representation of imperial Roman architecture of the Hadrian period. Although there have been some alterations through the years, both the exterior and the interior are preserved in nearly their original form of 18 centuries ago.. The big-span dome and the materials used reveal details of the building technology of that time. The Pantheon became an inspiration for scholars and..."
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Trinity Church of Boston, 1993.
An examination of the church by the architect, H.H. Richardson, constructed in 1874-77, including an overview of materials, colors, site, design and philosophy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Trinity Church of Boston: A Richardson Masterpiece
Trinity Church of Copley Square in the Back Bay area of Boston was designed by architect H. H. Richardson and built between the years of 1874 and 1877 (Freeman 21). Richardson had been educated at Harvard, and after the Boston fire, he found that his Harvard connections brought him opportunities for architectural commissions. He had previously designed the New Brattle Square Church (now called First Baptist Church) in which he exercised a Romanesque Revival vocabulary into a personal design mode which was admired and imitated by contemporaries of Richardson (Miller & Morgan 36).
Granite was chosen for the major building material because of its strength. It was quarried from Dedham, Quincy, Westerly, Rhode Island, and the Maine coast (Southworth & Southworth 220)."
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The Alhambra and the Kinkakuji, 1993.
A description and comparison of the Spanish palace and Japanese temple built in the late 14th century, including an overview of styles, decorations, designs and the impact of religions and cultures.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 18 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The Alhambra is the name of a palace located in Granada, Spain. It was built in the late fourteenth century by Islamic Moors who were occupying the country at the time. The Kinkakuji (or "Golden Temple") in Kyoto, Japan, was also built during the late fourteenth century. It was commissioned to be built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, a Samurai Shogun leader. Both of these works are notable for their merging of architectural structures with garden landscapes. Both buildings are also notable because their unique characteristics were influenced by the religious philosophies and cultural beliefs of their builders. However, many differences can also be seen in comparing these two works. These differences are largely due to the fact that the Spanish Moors were influenced by the expansive beliefs of Islam whereas the Japanese Shoguns were influenced by the calm, meditative..."
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Frank Lloyd Wright, 1993.
The life and career of the American architect including style, innovations, theory and major works.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Frank Lloyd Wright's work was always unique and focused on achieving practical and functional aims. Early in his career, Wright conceived of the idea of "organic architecture." Using this idea, he "adapted his creations to their environments as well as to the special needs of their inhabitants, using open planning, natural colors, forms, and textures in his designs" (Smith 241). Wright's development as an architect was consistent in terms of his efforts to merge each building with its surroundings. In addition, his work showed consistency in the use of open space and the employment of unified themes. At the same time, there were certain innovations in Wright's development which appeared as abrupt changes in style or content. This paper will examine Wright's life and career, making note of both the consistencies and innovations that were exhibited in his work."
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"The Gothic Cathedral" by Otto Von Simson, 1993.
A summary and critical review of the 1956 work on 12th century architectural style and religious significance.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Gothic Cathedral by Otto von Simson
In the introduction to his book, The Gothic Cathedral, author Otto von Simson explains his purposes and interest in writing the essay, as he terms it. The book, which was published in 1956, is von Simson's effort to explain the relationship between Gothic architecture and the place of such a work in the religious experiences of the architect. Of course, it is not possible to know precisely what was in the mind of the creator of the Church at Saint-Denis, Abbot Sugar, because he lived in the twelfth century, but von Simson and other art historians are fascinated with the relationship between Medieval religious thought and aesthetic expression. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the sections of The Gothic Cathedral leading up to and including von Simson's discussion of Suger of..."
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Arts and Crafts Movement, 1993.
A look at the philosophy of the architectural school of the late 19th century and the views of the proponents John Ruskin, Louis Sullivan and Augustus Welby Pugin.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Architecture and Morality
Architects Auguste Welby Pugin, John Ruskin, Louis Sullivan, and the protagonists of the Arts and Crafts Movement would have disagreed with the statement, "Architecture and morality have nothing in common." It is the purpose of this paper to explore the philosophies associated with these architects and the Arts and Crafts Movement and their relationship to the above statement.
The Arts and Crafts movement began as a mid-Victorian reaction to the ugliness and inequality caused by industrialization. It was a sacred search, a quest for a return to quiet beauty, simplicity, and honest craftsmanship (Anscombe, 1981, p. 7). Architecture was seen as a reflection of the health of the society. In the 1880s the designers who chose to..."
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Church Decorations in European Areas Beyond Byzantine Control, 1993.
A look at examples, styles and themes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Byzantine Influences: Church Decorations in Areas Outside Byzantine Control
Among the churches outside the territories of Byzantine political control, many show some degree of the Byzantine style of church decoration, as well as some alterations due to local influence. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss in detail six works of art from outside of the areas of Byzantine rule and the degree of Byzantine influence and departure from it.
St. Mark's in Venice dates from the years of 1063 to 1095. Its architectural plan is that of the cruciform--one dome at the crossing and one on each of the arms of the cross, one of the most important plans for churches developed by the architects of Justinian (Rice 98). The St. Mark's is the most important surviving example of this cruciform type of architectural design."
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Medieval Dome, 1992.
Discusses the evolution of structure from the 6th Cent. A.D. in the Byzantine Empire, focusing on the Hagia Sophia dome and examining innovations, design, materials, styles and examples.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 13 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the evolution of the dome in the medieval period. The medieval dome first rose to prominence during the sixth century A.D. in the Byzantine Empire. At that time, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ordered the construction of Hagia Sophia. Domes had existed before that time, as can be seen in the second-century design of the Pantheon in Rome (Janson 258). With Hagia Sophia, however, the dome was given greater importance than ever before. The dome of Hagia Sophia was certainly the largest and most impressive one yet. Its architects, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, achieved a remarkable effect through their innovative use of structure and space. As claimed by the Byzantine historian Procopius, the structure of Hagia Sophia "seems not to rest upon solid masonry, but to cover the space with its golden dome ..."
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Trinity College Dublin, 1992.
An architectural study, examining style, structure, design, site, organization and aesthetics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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"A present Fellow of Trinity once observed that the architecture of the College reminded him of the music of Handel. One sees this at once .. the beautiful West Front, the porticos of Sir William Chambers in the Front Square, the gracious lines of classical architecture (Maxwell, 1956, p. 1).
Professor Constantia Maxwell, professor at and historian of Trinity College Dublin, chose to begin her history of the College with a reference to its stately architecture, with its eighteenth.century neoclassical restraint, which she goes on to contrast to the turbulent late sixteenth century, in which the College was founded.
Indeed, the architecture of the College is what first and most directly impresses the visitor. Its academic tradition is ..."
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Islam and Art, 1992.
Discusses the impact of the Islamic religion on its architecture, calligraphy and images.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the ways in which the religion of Islam is clearly reflected in its arts.
At the heart of Islam is the same monotheism which marks Judaism, and it is no surprise to discover that, as Pal writes, there are important parallels between Islam and Judaism with respect to their views on art. Pal writes that "As a religion Islam did not develop an artistic or iconographic tradition as Christianity or Buddhism did, but rather remained closer to Judaism in its emphasis upon the abstract" (Pal, 1973, p. 9).
There has been some misunderstanding with respect to the Islamic attitude toward imagery in art. Richardson writes that "Decorations in mosques such as the Islamic Center are confined to calligraphy and geometric designs. Islam forbids any art that depicts the human figure including that of Prophet Muhammad. Any ..."
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Greek Temples, 1992.
Examines the development of Greek architecture and influences of Egypt, Persia and Crete.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Oriental influences on the development of Greek temple architecture. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Greek temple architecture attained its highest form, and then to explore the scholarly debate on the origins of such architecture in a manner that has the effect of showing the extent and kind of influence upon the perfection of geometric and monumental structures that may have come from more archaic civilizations in Persia and Crete, but especially from Egypt.
To understand the extent of Oriental influences on the emergence of Greek temple architecture, it is important to realize what any such influences might have wrought. In this connection, an important term that is used repeatedly throughout the literature of classical Greek architecture is Doric Order. An ..."
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The Dome in Roman and Renaissance Architecture, 1992.
An analysis of renaissance architecture, with an emphasis on St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"The Basilica of Saint Peter
Saint Peter's Church, Basilica of St. Peter, is the largest church in the world; located in the Vatican, Rome, over the grave of Peter the Apostle; has 29 alters in addition to the high alter. Interior length, 615 ft; width at front, 87 ft; length of transept 450 ft. First consecrated in 326 A.D.; rebuilt with many changes in plans, among which was Bramante's, which was later changed from a Greek cross to a Latin cross ground plan. After 1547, construction was under the direction of Michelangelo, who designed the dome, which has a diameter of 138 ft and a height of 404 ft to the top of the lantern; consecrated in 1626.
Hagia Sophia, is an outstanding example of Byzantine architecture (Constantinople); originally built as a church by..."
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Glass Pyramid, 1992.
An analysis of the 1988 Paris edifice by the Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei at the entrance to Louvre Museum.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 12 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the Glass Pyramid, which is located at the entrance to the Louvre Museum in Paris. Unveiled in 1988, the Glass Pyramid was designed by the esteemed Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei. This structure is an important work because it provides an example of the introduction of modern architecture into a historic context. The Louvre has existed since the late 12th century A.D., and it has undergone many architectural changes over the course of the years. As a result of these changes, the buildings of the Louvre complex show a variety of different architectural styles. Pei's Glass Pyramid adds an element of modernism to this conglomeration of historical styles. As such, it helps to bring the Louvre up to date. An important feature of the Glass Pyramid is that it modernizes the Louvre without detracting from the beauty of the historic..."
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Philip C. Johnson, 1992.
An analysis of the development of the architect's work, style, experimentation and influence.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 11 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the work of Philip C. Johnson on the architecture of today. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Johnson's architectural designs emerged in the twentieth century, and then to discuss the elements of Johnson's approach that may be said to reach importance vis-a-vis the general scheme of architectural development in the contemporary period.
Johnson's work is widely acknowledged to be firmly modernist in character. His initial ten years of work in the architectural field saw him function as a commentator and architectural curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, a strong advocate of the shift toward modern, simple, cool architectural lines and materials such as glass and steel. This embrace of the modern style in architectural projects persisted from 1942, the year of..."
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German Architecture, 1992.
A brief examination ofsome 19th century developments in German architecture focusing on the early 20th century rise of the Bauhaus school under Gropius and later Van der Rahe.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Germany - Architecture
Architecture in the nineteenth century was not stylistically unified. There was a nostalgia for the past which resulted in a revival of a number of styles, another link with the Renaissance period. Karl Freidrich Schinkel was the most important early Romantic architect. There was a Gothic revival in this era that was seen by critic John Ruskin as opposed to the evils of capitalism and as symbolic of the freedom allowed to medieval artisans (Lucie-Smith 375). After 1830 European design and fashion had imitated historical styles in an archaeological, patriotic, and bourgeois manner. In Germany, new ideas derived from engineering, and a revolutionary industrial aesthetic were introduced around 1900. Yet these ideas were only hesitantly accepted. Jugendstil was the German version of Art Nouveau..."
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Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, 1991.
This paper discusses Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier's architectual plans for the ideal city: Planning, technology, role of family, automobile and social organization.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
Two Ideal Cities
"Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier were both visionary architects and urban planners. Wright and Le Corbusier both hated the state of modern cities and both wished to transform the nature of cities. Wright once said, "To look at the plan of any great city is to look at the cross section of some fibrous tumor.". Their ideas on how this transformation should be achieved, however, were completely different. The solutions they found to practical problems of urban planning reflect their differing social theories and value systems.
Le Corbusier was born in Switzerland, while Wright was born in America. Both architects grew up away from the great urban centers that they ended up revolutionizing. Frank Lloyd Wright's ideal city was called the Broadacre City, and he presented the ... "
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The Architecture of Great Britain, 1991.
This paper examines some of the major historical developments in British architecture, from Inigo Jones in the 17th century through Sir Charles Barry in the early 19th century.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The architecture of Great Britain has a long history, and over that history architecture has ranged from the simplest hovel to the most elaborate palace. The first architect of the English Renaissance was Inigo Jones. He went to Italy twice, once in 1600 and again in 1613; he returned a thoroughgoing Palladian, and not a follower of the Early Baroque. He built a Banqueting Hall at Whitehall in London that conforms in every respect to the principles embodied in Palladio's treatise, though it does not copy any specific building by Palladio. The building is rather symmetrical, self-sufficient, and more like a Renaissance palazzo than any other building above the Alps. The style of Jones is supported by Palladio's authority as a theorist, and it stood as a beacon of classicist orthodoxy in ... "
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