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Design Process of a Forty-Five Foot Sailing Boat, 2002.
An explanation of the design process used for building a ship, focusing on the technological aspects used in the design.
6,140 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This research paper investigates the development of sailing boat design and construction, providing a selective study of the history of sailing boats including their use, design and construction and evolution. The paper then offers an investigation of the development of computer technology for design purposes, which shows how the accessibility of computer hardware and the availability of software are major factors that enable their use as tools to aid the design process. Finally, a summary is provided as to when, where and how computer technology have been used in the design process of the case study and an evaluation of the previously discussed information regarding the application of computer technology in the design process. This research supports the theory that computers are an essential element to modern ship design.
From the Paper
"Boats are a tool that must be of use to human beings. Boats were first developed in response to certain social needs and as these needs changed so did boats, their design and usage. Boats are primarily for the purpose of transportation of people and goods, no matter what the final intent of the people, the role of the boat is always transportation. The following overview will examine how the use of ships has changed over time and how the design of ships have changed in reopens to changing needs. New technology has undoubtedly had an impact on the design of ships. It is the combination of these factors that have led to the advances in shipbuilding that embody the art as is today."
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Oxford and Cambridge Architecture, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge University.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Oxford and Cambridge universities in the United Kingdom share many features, since Cambridge was built by students from Oxford. It considers the various prominent features of both universities in order to identify the similarities and differences. It also examines how both are great examples of different building styles over the centuries. It looks at how Oxford is the oldest university city in the UK, how it features wide streets and has more than 650 buildings listed for their historical or architectural merit. In contrast, Cambridge was not founded as a university city, but as a city of the Roman Empire, founded in 43AD by the Roman emperor Cantabrigensis. The first university was only built in 1134, although many of the fairly insignificant features of the city remained in place.
From the Paper
"Sir Christopher Wren was also involved in the building of the Sheldonian Theater. The classical theatre was Wren?s first large scale work. It opend in 1669, and was modelled on the roman theater of Marcellus. Robert Streeter painted the ceiling to give the impression of an open sky. The cuppola gives a view of the city?s spires. The theater is currently used for degree cermonies. Additionally, Encaenia, a ceremony taking place during the month of June, takes place here. During this ceremony the founders of the university are remembered, while famous and deserving people also receive honorary degrees. Concerts and lectures are also held here (Pictures of England, 2003)."
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Architecture in Savannah, Georgia, 2002.
This research paper explores the significance of architecture in the urban renewal and development of Savannah, Georgia. It also includes a historical overview of the city and how urban development came about.
3,983 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a historical analysis of the urban plan for Savannah, Georgia. The writer emphasizes the role that architecture played in the development of the master plan for the city. The discussion begins with a brief history of the city, and then focuses on the creations of the first city planner, George Oglethorpe. The research also discusses how the economy shaped the architectural design of the city. It reviews several different landmarks and explains why there construction influenced urban planning. Finally the writer discusses more recent urban renewal projects and reviews the impact that they may have on the historic district of the city.
From the Paper
"It was believed by the colonists that Georgia would prove to be a profitable colony because of the production of silk and fine wines. Eventually the colonists found that the most profitable area of the colony was at the port of Savannah. In time Savannah became an ideal place for the production of rice, cotton and forest products.
Eventually the city of Savannah was captured by the British in 1778 and it was held by the British until 1782. By 1860 Savannah had began to prosper economically from the production of cotton and was heavily dependent upon slavery. In 1864 Union troops entered the city threatening to destroy it. The troops in Savannah surrendered on Christmas Eve and General William Sherman offered Savannah as a Christmas Gift to President Lincoln. The telegraph that presented the gift read, ?I beg to present you as a Christmas Gift, the City of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition; and also about 25,000 bales of cotton.?(War and Occupation) Thought the city was not destroyed the remnants of war caused great turmoil to the economy of the city. However by the 1870?s the city was again benefiting from the production and export of cotton. (War and Occupation)"
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New World Trade Center Designs, 2002.
A look at the various architectural proposals for construction of a memorial site where the World Trade Center once stood.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the finalist proposals for two plans, both of which intend to build the world's tallest buildings, on the World Trade Center site in New York. It also discusses the nine preliminary proposals in which several approaches were suggested to replace the 16-acre site in lower Manhattan, and all included memorials.
From the Paper
"The two firms behind the plans were Libeskind and the international THINK team, led by New York-based architects Rafael Vinoly and Frederic Schwartz. Libeskind's proposal features a 1,776-foot spire overlooking several smaller steel towers. The THINK team proposed two decorative steel towers, reaching 1,655 ft. Both included significant plans for a memorial. The winning design was announced in late February and Libeskind?s plan was the chosen project.
The selected plan for the World Trade Center site includes a museum at the epicenter of the site, as well as two large public spaces dubbed the Park of Heroes and the Wedge of Light, which would be built in such a way that the sun would shine down on them unblocked on the anniversaries of the attack. This is considered one of the most unique memorial proposals in history."
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Design-Build Project Delivery, 2002.
This paper discusses the design-build method of construction whereby a single company is in charge from the projects inception to its completion including planning, design and construction.
2,775 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper, in addition to explaining the design-build method, presents an overview of the history of construction and some of the traditional methods used for bidding on construction projects. The design-build method is ideal for parking garages, hospitals, banks, shopping malls or any other repetitive structural buildings because these types of structures are not architecturally driven and rely on predictable components. The author believes that most developers do not understand or appreciate the full range of benefits that design-build offers them.
From the Paper
"Since developers often choose design-build for accelerated project schedules, contractors need a way to ensure they will have enough skilled workers when they are needed and that they can attract them within the budget that has been established. Design-build project delivery greatly improves constructability and overall worker satisfaction. Many design-builders consult extensively with their subcontractors during the proposal stages and those firms have great sway on how their part of the project will be designed and built. Some union officials see problems with design-build project delivery because they think that this method simply adds one more layer of project management to the process and actually is slower than the design-bid-build delivery method. ?We are at the mercy of the construction manager much more often than before because of design-build,? says Rob Trenkle, director of the construction department of the Laborers International Union of North America. ?When a general contractor is in control of the whole job, there is less confusion and less steps you have to go through.? "
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City Walk, 2002.
This paper argues that, although quasi-public privatized spaces, like Universal City Walk in Los Angeles, show ethnic diversity and do not result in social stratification, they do represent the destruction of democratic public space.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although spaces like City Walk do not outright cause social stratification, they do result in segregation and unreal expectations of what public space truly represents. The paper states that a variety of security mechanisms has been put in place to prevent potential criminal activity. The author believes that, although spaces like City Walk may resemble true democratic public spaces, they actually are designed to attract consumers, thereby, automatically filtering out objectionable or disagreeable visitors.
From the Paper
"City Walk was developed and constructed as a safe haven for consumers. The clientele that City Walk attracts is a young, affluent and classy sort with money to spend. Consumers do not feel threatened due to the prevalence of security patrols and surveillance cameras that are posted throughout the park. City Walk, however, excludes an important part of the true urban population, people such as the homeless and perhaps even gang members who would normally be visible in a democratic public space."
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The Effects of Pop Culture on Society, 2002.
A paper which investigates the negative aspects of popular culture on society.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
During the fifties, America experienced tremendous growth in many aspects of society. As a result, technological advancements led to sophisticated aspects of American life. Media and advertising became mass media and the invention of the television paved the way to a new generation of communication. The paper shows that a result of this growth, which continues to have an impact on society, was the rise of the ?popular? or mass culture - a movement that utilizes the imagery and techniques of consumerism?. This paper focuses on the negative aspects of popular culture on high culture (and therefore, on society), pointing out more than anything, that it devalues all the finer aspects of society.
From the Paper
"Architecture has also been influenced by what is considered to be modern or pop movements. Buildings constructed in geometric forms ?sheathed in glass and steel? startled people in the fifties. However, the most striking buildings earned ?a well-deserved reputation for innovation and beauty, such as the United Nations complex in New York City. Jackson Polluck, a painter who initially rejected the idea of abstract pop art, became famous for dripping and spattering paint on buildings as opposed to brushing them on. Examples of the outlandish types of buildings created in the name of popular art in the early fifties is a restaurant built in the shape of a hamburger and gas stations built to look like they were flying in the wind (Davidson 1150)."
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Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, 2002.
A comparison of the styles and features of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the architectural styles prevalent in Romanesque and Gothic times. It looks at unique characteristics and features of each of these periods and compares the two. It looks at how these two architectural styles were influenced by each other. Some of the famous building and constructions of each period is mentioned and explored - French Gothic cathedral of Notre Dame and the Romanesque style Saint-Sernin Church in Toulouse.
From the Paper
"Romanesque architecture flourished in Western Europe from approximately 1050 to 1200. It was influenced by Roman building techniques, particularly the use of the rounded arch and the grave simplicity and dignityof mood of classical structures. In England, it was frequently called Norman, as it was introduced to Britain by the conquering French in 1066."
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The Architecture of the Maya, 2002.
An examination of the architecture of the Maya and their great contribution to world architecture.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of Mayan architecture which emerged from the rainforests of Guatemala and Yucatan. The writer maintains that the detailed architecture was a fitting monument to the highly sophisticated civilization that existed in the region before the Spanish arrived. This look at the style of Mayan architecture includes a diagram highlighting the areas of construction in Copan. The paper argues that Mayan culture was more than a collection of buildings in that every aspect of architecture was linked to the sacred world around. In conclusion the writer explains that the temple pyramid which symbolizes Mayan architectural skill is also a statement of their cosmographic ideas. Everything has a beginning and end. Everything is the beginning and the end.
From the Paper
"Deep in the tangled rainforests of Guatemala and the Yucatan, the Maya made some of the greatest contributions to world architecture. Their stone cities complete with temples, palaces, tombs, and ball courts are fitting monuments to the complex, and highly sophisticated civilization that existed in these regions many centuries before the arrival of the Spanish. Mayan priest-astronomers made elaborate calculations to catalog the passage of time. Great warrior kings immortalized themselves and their deeds on stelae, recording for future generations the contributions they had made toward maintaining the cosmic order. The Maya were the only Pre-Columbian people to ever have invented a complete system of writing".
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The Arch, 2002.
A discussion of the architecure of the arch.
610 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper examines arches, one of the most common and familiar architectural formations to the eye whether outside a building or in the shape of a bridge. It looks at how arches are generally of three types, rounded, pointed and segmental and evaluates their structural advantages. The robust nature of masonry in constructing arch structures is illustrated by the longevity of the many ruins in Britain, many dating from the dissolution of the monasteries. It shows how arches have also been much used in modern architecture, usually in public buildings, such as the Sydney Opera house, where a striking appearance combined with strong acoustical support is critical.
From the Paper
"Arches are also evident in doorways, forming the curved top to a door or an open entryway. An entryway that is not supporting a wall is obviously less in need of material reinforcement than one bearing down a wall. A rounded arch shape, rather than a square shape always provides more support and reinforcement than a straight edge, because the pressure is distributed across more pressure points along the curved as opposed to a straight edged entry structure. This is one reason why a rounded shape is so popular for entryways. (Durkin ?Architectural Terms?)"
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Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, 2002.
Examining the history of the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris and what impact Victor Hugo's book "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" had on its revival.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the impressive 700 year history of the famous Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. It examines the origins of its construction and how architectural tastes have changed over time, influencing different improvements made to the building. It links this history to the novel written by Hugo known as "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and how through his novel, the Cathedral became famous again. It shows that through this fame, the Cathedral was given a face-lift.
From the Paper
"More than seven hundred years old, the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris exemplifies Gothic architecture. Those who visit it cannot fail to be awed at the magnificent structure, which bears her history proudly, now restored to her former grandeur. Many millions of people in the last century have never set foot in its soaring halls, yet they feel that they know it, because they have read Victor Hugo?s monumental novel, Notre Dame de Paris, or The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The Cathedral inspired Hugo to write his moving book, but the book in turn provided an incentive for the Cathedral to be restored from the ravages of the past. The histories of building and book are intertwined."
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St Sernin Church, 2002.
A look at the St. Sernin Church in Toulousee and the role it played in Christian pilgrimages.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines various facets relating to the St Cernin Church, located in Toulouse, France. It provides historical data about where and when the Church was built and looks at some famous people linked to the Church such as Saint Thomas Aquinas. It shows the role the Church played in the Crusades and other historical facts.
From the Paper
"The St. Sernin Church in Toulouse, France was built between 1080 and 1120 A.D. and is considered an exquisite medieval monument to the architecture of the Romanesque period (French Architecture 2002). The Basilica of St. Sernin was consecrated on July 8th, 1097 by Urban II, after it was restored by the canon, St. Raymond (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14795b.htm). The first bishop of Toulouse, Saint Saturnin, who was martyred in 250 A.D. is emtombed at the Basilica (Lowry 84).?"
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Saint Peter's Cathedral, 2002.
A history of Saint Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican.
1,018 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Saint Peter's Cathedral, situated in the Vatican, Italy. Saint Peter's Cathedral, also known as the Basilica of Saint Peter, stands in what was once the Circus of Nero in Rome, where Saint Peter was crucified in 61 A.D. In around 200 A.D., an altar was constructed at the site and Saint Peter's body was buried beneath it. It examines its architecture and history, the way it was, the way it has changed over time and the way it is today. It looks at how it serves as the home church for the Pope and is a glowing testament to the art and architecture of the Renaissance, one of the most influential periods in world culture.
From the Paper
"Saint Peter's contributed to the art world in many ways. Artists were in great demand to paint the many walls and ceilings, and contribute to art works to be placed in the cathedral, so many artists were kept busy in Italy during the time, thereby increasing the awareness and employment in the arts. There are also many mosaics is the church, so a wide variety of artisans were kept busy for decades decorating the massive structure. Art flourished during the Renaissance, and Saint Peter's kept artisans busy, and helped them develop new methods for their crafts, as Michelangelo did when he created the iron beam system to support the massive concrete dome (Editors)."
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Creating Cultures of Achievement, 2002.
This paper discusses the need for competitive achievements as a way of creating a successful society.
1,382 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper first illustrates the argument that cultures of achievement are essential to democratic society. Then, methodologies for introducing such cultures to a community are proposed and examples of a plausible organization that seeks to achieve this goal in the form of an intra-mural squash club are given.
From the Paper
"In a book called Geography of Nowhere - The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, James Howard Kunstler makes a dismal observation about the landscape of America. Whereas America was once a land of Our-Town-esque Main Streets and cogent communities, it has fallen into an amorphous array of highways, fast food restaurants, parking lots and sprawling pre-fab housing developments. He makes the claim that Eighty percent of everything ever built in America has been built in the last fifty years, and most of it is depressing, brutal, ugly, unhealthy, and spiritually degrading. The diffusion of American society to the corners of the carbon-copy suburbs and exurbs is lamentable, however, one is forced to ask why people fled the urban neighborhoods that had formed the nuclei of social interaction.
Robert Putnam, Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, blames the alienation of the individual from society on the decline of group-oriented social activities. Not only does he see these as key to building better communities, he claims that they are essential to the American Republic. His book, Bowling Alone, has been considered the most important work on society in America in the 1990?s. In an interview about his book, Putnam described why he considered a competitive sport such as bowling to be such a crucial element in society. Writing in 1994, Putnam notes that although bowling alone, which is non-competitive, is up by 10% since 1980, the existence of competitive bowling leagues was down by 40%."
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"Sick Building" Syndrome, 2002.
This paper investigates indoor pollutants, focusing on microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC's).
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a general overview of air pollutants and the discovery of ?sick building? syndrome. Next the paper focuses the pollutants known as on MVOC?s - microbial volatile organic compounds, studying their impact on human beings. It looks at the effects of molds on human health; namely, allergy, infection, irritation of the mucous membrane and sensory, or toxicity. It looks at the products of mold called mycotoxins, and their influence on health. The paper then turns to discuss analysis techniques, listing eight reasons why sampling is difficult. It also records criteria for ensuring the reliable measuring of indoor air VOC?s. The third section of the paper deals with the growth and metabolism of indoor fungi and bacteria, focusing on the breeding and multiplying of molds. The paper concludes with a discussion on what can be done to minimize the problem and on the processes involved in treating a ?sick building?.
Table of Contents
Introduction
MVOCs as Indoor Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Beings
Analysis Techniques
Growth and Metabolism
Conclusion: What Can Be Done
From the Paper
"Air pollution pertains to substances and gases in the air that threaten health and life. Among these are pollutants and irritants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide; particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic substances and some natural substances, like pollen. But most of the pollution comes from the by-products of industrialization ? fossil fuel combustion, transportation, transportation, power plant emissions and those from other industrial processes. The burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity alone is the greatest source of air pollution in the USA. These outdoor pollutants can undermine health and cause environmental disturbances, such as acid rain, and are toxic."
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Fire Hazards of Trusses, 2002.
A study of hazardous fires in which trusses have caused fatalities.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper investigate fire fatalities, caused by faulty structural trusses. It describes specific fires in which burning buildings crumbled onto firefighters and its inhabitants. The paper examines new techniques and equipment used to fight fire in buildings with trusses and it advises on evacuating all rescue personnel from a truss structured building once the roof ignites.
Table of Contents:
The Risks of Trusses in Fire Cases
Fire Suppression Under Trusses Structures
Possible Attempts for Under-Trusses Firefighting
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Structures often play the important role when a building is on fire. Upon many reviews, there are a lot of fires claiming for lives of the inhabitants of the building, but there are also some cases, which had taken the firefighters? lives as well. Such cases should not have happened, but limited information of the building?s structures and length of fire could have caused it.
Chesapeake automobile warehouse happened to be a fatal case of fire (NFPA, 2002). The 12-year old building was constructed under lightweight wood trusses. There were two steel frames and another brick construction located at the building. The trusses were built using the combination of wood and metal plates that joined them altogether."
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Lancaster, CA, 2002.
A discussion of the history and urbanization of the Californian suburban city Lancaster.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Lancaster, CA , one of the greatest success stories of Los Angeles County which grew from a non-existent area to a busy suburb in less than a century. It evaluates its history from its discovery in 1876 through the major building projects that were undertaken during the economic boom of 1920s to receiving city status in 1977 and examines its development with services such as post offices, schools and hotels over the years. Today Lancaster is a highly urbanized city and it boasts of a very well educated community. With a land area of close to 229.975 square kilometers, this city is quite self-sufficient as people have easy access to all modern facilities and well-known supermarket chains.
From the Paper
"It is amazing that by 1930s, there were literally no medical clinics in the area. Lyle Sadler in his early recollections of Palmdale and Lancaster confirms the lack of medical facilities in this area. He writes, ?For many years there were no doctors in Palmdale and a good part of the time none in Lancaster either--people took care of themselves and each other or went for Mom Everett, a midwife who delivered most of the babies, scarcely ever lost one either. She was a pretty good substitute for a doctor.? (See reference 2) Therefore the opening of its first big hospital in 1963 was a grand occasion for people here."
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15th Century Spanish Art, 2002.
An exploration of the art of 15th Century Spain.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through 15th century Spanish art. The writer examines different works of art from the time period and relates them to styles that were used by the artists of that time.
From the Paper
"Art has been a part of mankind since the beginning of time. Throughout the centuries and the cultures there have been eras in art that have affected what was popular and what was not. Art styles have been individual to the artist who created the work, however there have been definite ideas and preferences that have been heavily influenced by the era in which the patrons reside. Spanish art has been particularly interesting because of the metamorphis it has experienced throughout its history. Parts of the changes were triggered by political changes as well as religious surges. Spanish art in the 15th century was also heavily influenced by the Gothic era."
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Kimball Courthouse, 2002.
A study of the architecture of the Kimball, Minnesota courthouse.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historic architecture of the Kimball, Minnesota courthouse building. It describes the sense of history through the preservation of historical features such as the stage, the bell tower, tin ceilings and carriage door bricks. The paper provides a description of the exterior and interior of the building and provides the social purpose for this site.
From the Paper
"Settled long ago by courageous pioneers, Kimball, Minnesota still maintains its small town feel. Today courageous pioneers are fighting to preserve a historic showpiece, the traditional City Hall. The 92-year old City Hall stands proudly in the middle of downtown representing Kimball?s heritage. Many small towns are losing their historic buildings to age and lack of the building?s ability to meet the community?s needs. In fact, the Kimball building is starting to deteriorate and its fate lies in the hands of the people. Following is an analysis of the exterior and interior of the building."
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